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01.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Difference-Making without Making a Difference

作者:
Sander Beckers↗

arXiv:2606.24832v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Over a series of seven papers, Andreas & Günther have introduced seven definitions of actual causation and have classified them as belonging to three different, competing, types of accounts: factual difference-making, counterfactual difference-making, and regularity-based. I show that their most recent - factual difference-making - definition instantiates all three types, thereby proving that these are distinctions without a difference. I further compare their novel account to the other six accounts on several crucial examples, revealing that this undermines all seven of their accounts.

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02.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

RaBiT: Residual-Aware Binarization Training for Accurate and Efficient LLMs

作者:
Youngcheon You↗Banseok Lee↗Minseop Choi↗Seonyoung Kim↗Hyochan Chong↗Changdong Kim↗Youngmin Kim↗Dongkyu Kim↗

arXiv:2602.05367v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires extreme quantization, forcing a critical trade-off between low-bit efficiency and performance. Residual binarization enables hardware-friendly, matmul-free inference by stacking binary ($\pm$1) layers, but is plagued by pathological feature co-adaptation. We identify a key failure mode, which we term inter-path adaptation: during quantization-aware training (QAT), parallel residual binary paths learn redundant features, degrading the error-compensation structure and limiting the expressive capacity of the model. While prior work relies on heuristic workarounds (e.g., path freezing) that constrain the solution space, we propose RaBiT, a novel quantization framework that resolves co-adaptation by algorithmically enforcing a residual hierarchy. Its core mechanism sequentially derives each binary path from a single shared full-precision weight, which ensures that every path corrects the error of the preceding one. This process is stabilized by a robust initialization that prioritizes functional preservation over mere weight approximation. RaBiT redefines the 2-bit accuracy-efficiency frontier: it achieves state-of-the-art performance, rivals even hardware-intensive Vector Quantization (VQ) methods, and delivers a $4.49\times$ inference speed-up over full-precision models on an RTX 4090. Code is available at https://github.com/SamsungLabs/RaBiT.

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03.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18

Do Neural Networks Lose Plasticity in a Gradually Changing World?

作者:
Tianhui Liu↗Lili Mou↗

arXiv:2602.09234v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Continual learning has become a trending topic in machine learning. Recent studies have discovered an interesting phenomenon called loss of plasticity, referring to neural networks gradually losing the ability to learn new tasks. However, existing plasticity research largely relies on benchmarks with abrupt task transitions, without examining whether the abruptness itself contributes to the observed plasticity loss. In this paper, we investigate the role of transition abruptness by simulating gradually changing environments through input/output interpolation and task sampling. We perform theoretical and empirical analysis, showing that the severity of plasticity loss is closely tied to the abruptness of task transitions, and can be substantially reduced when the environment changes gradually.

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04.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

VEPHand: View-Efficient Photometric Hand Performance Capture at Scale

作者:
Zhengyang Shen↗Kai-Hung Chang↗Erroll Wood↗Deying Kong↗Bo Peng↗Timo Bolkart↗Jinlong Yang↗Bowen Zhao↗Danhang Tang↗Sasa Petrovic↗Emre Aksan↗J\'er\'emy Riviere↗…

Robust, high-fidelity 3D hand capture, while fundamental to digital human creation, remains challenging with practical multi-view systems that balance rich photometry with the geometric ambiguities of reconstruction arising from limited viewpoint density. This paper presents an end-to-end pipeline for dynamic hand performance capture and registration, specifically designed for view-efficient setups ($\sim$20 views). We address key challenges with two primary innovations. First, to overcome reconstruction difficulties like limited view overlap and background clutter, our mask-free neural method robustly extracts detailed hand geometry and appearance from unmasked images using scene parameterization and scenario-specific density regularization. Second, addressing registration challenges such as accurately capturing non-linear skin deformations and ensuring plausible results during severe self-contact, we propose a physics-inspired framework. It aligns reconstructions to a personalized hand model by optimizing intrinsic volumetric offsets within its canonical tetrahedral mesh, alongside pose parameters. This approach, supported by robust losses and optimization, captures fine surface deformations, ensures plausible results under severe articulation and self-contact, and demonstrates strong tolerance to input noise. We demonstrate the scalability and robustness of our automated pipeline on an extensive dataset of over 12,000 sequences, from which we also derive a large-scale, high-quality synthetic 2D/3D hand dataset for training downstream tasks. This showcases its effectiveness for single hands, intricate two-hand interactions, and natural hand-object manipulations. Our method achieves state-of-the-art reconstruction fidelity in view-efficient, unmasked scenarios and highly accurate registration. Our project page are available at https://zyshen021.github.io/VEPHand/.

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05.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24

A specialized reasoning large language model for accelerating rare disease diagnosis: a randomized AI physician assistance trial

作者:
Haichao Chen↗Songchi Zhou↗Zhengyun Zhao↗Shikai Hu↗Xianghong Jin↗Hongwei Ji↗Li He↗Shuli Li↗Yiming Qin↗Xin Tan↗Runfeng Shi↗Yih Chung Tham↗…

Rare diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, yet timely diagnosis remains a major public health challenge due to scarcity of specialized clinical expertise. While large language models (LLMs) show promise to support rare disease diagnosis, current models are constrained by insufficient clinical deployability, limited clinically grounded evidence, and scarcity of training data. Here we present RaDaR (Rare Disease navigatoR), an open-source, compact reasoning LLM (32B parameters) for rare disease diagnosis. RaDaR was trained with 49,170 publicly available free-text cases and 104,666 synthetic cases with reasoning-enhanced training. RaDaR showed the strongest performance among evaluated open-source models, including the 671B DeepSeek-R1, across public benchmarks and four external validation centers. In a retrospective cohort, RaDaR prioritized the final diagnosis before documented clinical suspicion in 61.06 percent of cases, corresponding to a potential lead time of 1.87 months and 50.18 percent of the within-center interval. In a randomized physician-assistance trial, RaDaR assistance improved physicians' rare-disease diagnostic accuracy by 21.44 percentage points compared with internet search alone. Synthetic-data ablations suggested that phenotype-anchored narratives provide useful training signal for long-tail rare diseases, with a monotonic scaling trend within the tested data range. Together, RaDaR and its development and validation framework provide a deployable rare-disease reasoning model and a reproducible development framework for diagnostic AI under data scarcity.

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06.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

Reliability-Asymmetric Spacecraft Autonomy: Co-Designing a Capable Learned GNC Stack with a Verified, Adaptation-Aware Runtime Shield

作者:
Alireza Shojaei↗

arXiv:2606.25366v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Deep-space missions need onboard autonomy that is both capable and certifiable. Rule-based autonomy is certifiable but brittle, while learned autonomy is capable but hard to verify. We present AMPLE-GNC, a three-tier guidance, navigation, and control stack. Its capability path combines a small foundation-model commander that maps natural language to PDDL+, a constraint-screening verifier, and a fault-adaptive controller. All three are bounded by a runtime shield with nine linear-temporal-logic invariants whose predictor soundness is machine-checked by the Kind 2 model checker. On a 6-DOF Basilisk testbed, we make three contributions. First, we deploy an edge commander. Fine-tuning a pretrained 360M model with grammar-constrained decoding gives a hard output-validity guarantee and 84% planner-executable actions. On a de-leaked test, novel-phrasing generalization is 38% exact and 51% action, rising to 48% exact after phrasing-diversity re-finetuning; we separate syntactic validity from semantic accuracy. Second, we introduce a fault-adaptive controller. Rapid Motor Adaptation infers latent actuator faults online and recovers 97.8% of actuator-sign faults and 94.4% of continuous-gain faults within the training randomization envelope. Fault-unaware PD and from-scratch end-to-end RL both score 0%, while the strongest classical-adaptive baseline reaches 55% on continuous gain. Beyond the envelope, a split-conformant retrain scores 57-67%, and adding 4x more in-regime data worsens performance, showing that randomization breadth, not data volume, drives generalization. Robustness is flat under star-tracker noise to 0.005. Third, we show that a latching safe-hold shield can suppress even a capable controller. A split-conformal recovery-deadline certificate with adaptation-aware engagement reconciles safety and recovery, keeping the controller 94.5% autonomous while still catching non-recovery.

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07.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15

Evidence-Gated LLM Priors for Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization

作者:
Jiangyu Chen↗Ban Yi↗

arXiv:2606.01730v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as heuristic advisors for black-box optimization, yet their suggestions and self-reported confidence are not necessarily calibrated to downstream objective values. This issue becomes more pronounced in multi-objective Bayesian optimization, where different objectives may require different expert knowledge and where an LLM expert can be useful for one objective but misleading for another. We study how to use LLM-generated expert priors in discrete multi-objective Bayesian optimization without blindly trusting them. We propose an objective-wise reputation-market mechanism that treats each expert-objective pair as a falsifiable prior source. Expert weights are updated online from observed objective feedback, discounted over time, and gated by market-level trust. We then introduce a decoupled counterfactual gate that can use the LLM prior without confidence, use it with confidence, or abstain from the LLM prior entirely. Across controlled synthetic stress tests and three molecule optimization benchmarks with \qwenflash{}-generated expert priors, we find that dynamic objective-wise calibration improves robustness over fixed LLM priors. However, raw LLM confidence is not reliably beneficial: on ESOL, confidence is positively correlated with prediction error; on FreeSolv, confidence can help; and on Lipophilicity, ignoring confidence remains strongest. Our fixed three-arm counterfactual gate improves over the first counterfactual variant on ESOL and FreeSolv, while an attempted margin portfolio exposes a useful negative result: margin selection should be acquisition-aware rather than based only on one-step prior error.

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08.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-17

Many-body spectral transitions through the lens of the variable-range SYK2 model

作者:
Andrea Legramandi↗Soumik Bandyopadhyay↗Philipp Hauke↗

arXiv:2412.14280v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model is a cornerstone in the study of quantum chaos and holographic quantum matter. Real-world implementations, however, deviate from the idealized all-to-all connectivity, raising questions about the robustness of its chaotic properties. In this work, we investigate a quadratic SYK model with distance-dependent interactions governed by a power-law decay. By analytically and numerically studying the spectral form factor (SFF), we uncover how transitions present in the single-particle limit carry over to the many-body system. Non-trivial cancellations in the one-loop contributions lead to a robustness of the SFF under a considerable reduction of the interaction range. Further suppression leads to a breakdown of perturbation theory around the infinite-range path-integral saddle and the appearance of new spectral regimes, marked by a higher dip and the emergence of a secondary plateau. Our results highlight the interplay between single-particle criticality and many-body dynamics, offering new insights into the quantum chaos-to-localization transition and its reflection in spectral statistics.

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09.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

Compact Object-Level Representations with Open-Vocabulary Understanding for Indoor Visual Relocalization

作者:
Zhaopeng Cui↗Jiarui Hu↗Jingbo Liu↗Boming Zhao↗Xiyue Guo↗Boyin Feng↗Haocheng Peng↗Yujun Shen↗Hujun Bao↗Guofeng Zhang↗

Indoor visual relocalization plays a critical role in emerging spatial and embodied AI applications. However, prior research was predominantly devoted to low-level vision schemes, struggling to perceive scene semantics and compositions, which limits both interpretability and applicability. In this paper, we explore the issue of how to organize rich object information in a scene, including semantics, layout, and geometry, into a structured map representation, thereby utilizing object units exclusively to drive the camera relocalization task. To this end, we propose OpenReLoc, a camera relocalization system designed to provide scene understanding and accurate pose estimation capabilities. Leveraging recent foundation models, we first introduce a multi-modal mechanism to integrate open-vocabulary semantic knowledge for effective 2D-3D object matching. Additionally, we design object-oriented reference frames as position priors, paired with a reference frame selection strategy based on the Distance-IoU (DIOU), enabling extension to scalable scenes. Moreover, to ensure stable and accurate pose optimization, we also propose a dual-path 2D Iterative Closest Pixel loss guided by object shape. Experimental results demonstrate that OpenReLoc achieves superior relocalization recall and accuracy across various datasets. Our source code will be released upon acceptance.

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10.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Catastrophic Compositional Generation: Why Vanilla Diffusion Models Fail to Extrapolate

作者:
Duncan Soiffer↗Chandler Squires↗Yuan Guan↗Jason Hartford↗Pradeep Ravikumar↗

arXiv:2606.23920v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The task of compositional generation involves using a conditional generative model, trained only on a subset of the possible conditions, to produce samples from compositionally-defined target distributions such as a geometric combination of the source distributions. In this work, we argue that this task is often infeasible for vanilla conditional diffusion models: we conjecture that no inference-time technique can efficiently produce samples from the target distribution in certain well-motivated settings. This idea is supported by theory-guided generalization arguments and carefully-designed experiments on both synthetic and realistic data. In particular, while recent methods such as Feynman-Kac correction reduce inference-time approximation error, our results show that score estimation error has a more catastrophic effect on performance when the target distribution is out-of-distribution with respect to the sources, highlighting the need for a different approach to this task.

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11.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11

LatticeBridge: Rare-Event Sequential Inference for Faithful Structured Sequence Synthesis

作者:
Faruk Alpay↗Bugra Kilictas↗

Structured sequence generation often requires a model to satisfy several input-derived constraints in a single output. Standard decoding methods may assign high probability to fluent continuations while placing low mass on continuations that realize all required anchors jointly. We study this regime as a rare-event sequential inference problem. LatticeBridge combines a compact prefix language model, instance-compiled surface automata, and a twisted sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) decoder with resampling, multilevel splitting, and a source-support proposal term derived from instance-provided phrases. The constraint representation is compiled from each input instance and does not rely on manually curated lexical classes. On 2,610 attainable validation tasks spanning CommonGen, E2E NLG, and WikiBio, the particle decoder improves exact anchor satisfaction and mean anchor coverage over greedy, beam-filtered, and best-of-k ancestral baselines under a shared proposal model. Since exact anchor satisfaction alone does not rule out unsupported attribute substitutions, the evaluation reports required-anchor coverage, source coverage, source-intrusion diagnostics, overlap, runtime, and particle statistics jointly. The benchmark characterizes the faithfulness-overlap-latency frontier under a fixed proposal model.

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12.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19

Truncated Wigner dynamics of biclique quantum spin glasses

作者:
Dries Sels↗

arXiv:2606.20187v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Quantum spin glasses are often considered testbeds for studying quantum optimization algorithms and as such have been the subject of various quantum advantage claims. Here we investigate the near adiabatic dynamics of biclique quantum spin glasses within the (discrete) truncated Wigner approximation (TWA). Benchmarks on small systems show that TWA recovers sample-to-sample fluctuations of the Edwards-Anderson order parameter, over a wide range of annealing times, with increasing fidelity when the system size increases. We extract critical exponents from the Binder cumulant in line with theoretical expectations, reproducing recent quantum experiments. The computational cost of the method is minimal and it can easily be applied to tens of thousands of qubits.

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13.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25

Wide-field NV magnetometry under simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions

作者:
Masahiro Ohkuma↗Eikichi Kimura↗Shumpei Ohyama↗Miu Tezuka↗Ryo Matsumoto↗Shinobu Onoda↗Yoshihiko Takano↗Shintaro Azuma↗Kenji Ohta↗Keigo Arai↗

arXiv:2606.25378v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We demonstrate wide-field optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) under simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. Although NV-center magnetometry has been widely used for spatially resolved magnetic-field imaging, its application to extreme environments combining pressure and temperature remains challenging. In this work, we show that ODMR can be observed at 5 GPa and 500 K, demonstrating the feasibility of NV spin readout under such combined extreme conditions. We further perform wide-field ODMR of iron at 7 GPa and 500 K, where the stray magnetic field from the sample is spatially visualized through the pressure cell. These results establish NV-center magnetometry as a promising platform for imaging magnetic phenomena in materials under high-pressure and high-temperature environments.

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14.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

LLM-based Embeddings: Attention Values Encode Sentence Semantics Better Than Hidden States

作者:
Yeqin Zhang↗Yunfei Wang↗Jiaxuan Chen↗Ke Qin↗Yizheng Zhao↗Cam-Tu Nguyen↗

Sentence representations are foundational to many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. While recent methods leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) to derive sentence representations, most rely on final-layer hidden states, which are optimized for next-token prediction and thus often fail to capture global, sentence-level semantics. This paper introduces a novel perspective, demonstrating that attention value vectors capture sentence semantics more effectively than hidden states. We propose Value Aggregation (VA), a simple method that pools token values across multiple layers and token indices. In a training-free setting, VA outperforms other LLM-based embeddings, even matches or surpasses the ensemble-based MetaEOL. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when paired with suitable prompts, the layer attention outputs can be interpreted as aligned weighted value vectors. Specifically, the attention scores of the last token function as the weights, while the output projection matrix ($W_O$) aligns these weighted value vectors with the common space of the LLM residual stream. This refined method, termed Aligned Weighted VA (AlignedWVA), achieves state-of-the-art performance among training-free LLM-based embeddings, outperforming the high-cost MetaEOL by a substantial margin. Finally, we highlight the potential of obtaining strong LLM embedding models through fine-tuning Value Aggregation.

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15.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of SAM 3 for Automated ITV Generation from 4DCT Images

作者:
Changwoo Song↗

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) captures the full respiratory cycle of thoracic anatomy, yet current Internal Target Volume contouring workflows process each phase in isolation, discarding temporal coherence and leaving contours vulnerable to phase-specific artifacts. We present a lightweight framework that applies parameter-efficient fine-tuning to the Segment Anything Model 3 (SAM 3) via low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to align its text-prompted segmentation with the medical domain using only seven annotated 3D CT volumes. Furthermore, the framework incorporates a hard negative mining strategy to improve boundary discrimination in low-contrast thoracic regions. At inference, phase-wise predictions are refined through phase-coherent temporal filtering and spatial connectivity analysis. Since respiratory motion is continuous and periodic, genuine anatomy appears in contiguous blocks of phases, whereas transient artifacts appear sporadically and are thus effectively suppressed. Experiments on pulmonary and cardiac structures yield median Dice scores of 0.968 and 0.910 with 95th-percentile Hausdorff distances of 0.998 mm and 2.931 mm, respectively. The proposed framework effectively eliminates the severe false-positive predictions inherent in the zero-shot inference of the unadapted SAM 3. With only seven annotated volumes, the framework retains over 95% of full-data accuracy, and the entire pipeline is trainable on a single consumer-grade GPU, demonstrating a scalable, data-efficient solution for adaptive radiotherapy.

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16.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25

Finite-Shot Sensitivity for Moment Estimation in Quantum Metrology

作者:
Shaowei Du↗Shuheng Liu↗Weidong Li↗Luca Pezz\`e↗Augusto Smerzi↗Qiongyi He↗

arXiv:2606.25920v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The quantum Cramér-Rao bound can be saturated only asymptotically and does not specify how many measurements are needed for a concrete estimator to approach it. We develop a finite-measurement theory for method-of-moments estimation, where the parameter is inferred from the sample mean of a calibrating observable rather than from the full likelihood. For general quantum statistical models, the expansion is written in terms of the calibration curve and the central moments of the measured observable. Nonlinear calibration curves make the usual moment estimator biased at finite measurement number; we construct a bias-corrected estimator with bias $O(\nu^{-3})$. This gives sensitivity corrections beyond the leading error-propagation term of the chosen moment protocol. We identify a general density-matrix condition under which the full $1/\nu^2$ correction vanishes. In unitary examples, the leading residual correction appears at order $1/\nu^3$, is governed by calibration curvature, and can be reduced or cancelled by higher-rank components of the same measured observable. The resulting thresholds quantify how many measurements are needed before the asymptotic sensitivity of a moment-estimation protocol is operationally visible.

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17.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12

Prediction-Powered Causal Inference by Automatic Debiased Machine Learning and Semi-Supervised Riesz Regression

作者:
Masahiro Kato↗

arXiv:2606.12892v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This study investigates semiparametric efficient estimation of causal and structural parameters in a semi-supervised setting. In our setting, unlabeled auxiliary regressors are available in addition to labeled observations consisting of outcomes and regressors. Our goal is to construct estimators of causal and structural parameters whose asymptotic variances are smaller than those of estimators constructed using only labeled data. We refer to this framework as prediction-powered causal inference (PPCI). We first derive the efficient influence function and the efficiency bound, which imply that the use of auxiliary regressors can attain a smaller asymptotic variance than the efficiency bound attainable from labeled observations alone. Then, by combining the efficient influence function with the debiased machine learning (DML) framework, we propose methods that we call DML-PPCI. If we construct an estimating-equation estimator, we refer to the method as EE-DML-PPCI; if we construct a targeted-learning estimator, we refer to the method as TMLE-DML-PPCI. The asymptotic variances of both estimators match our derived efficiency bound. In the construction of the estimators, estimation of the efficient influence function plays an important role. In our study, the efficient influence function is also a Neyman orthogonal score, which depends on the Riesz representer and the regression function. For Riesz representer estimation, we develop semi-supervised generalized Riesz regression with convergence rate guarantees.

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18.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

ABACUS: Adapting Unified Foundation Model for Bridging Image Count Understanding and Generation

作者:
Anindya Mondal↗Sauradip Nag↗Anjan Dutta↗

ABACUS is a unified vision-language model that handles object counting, crowd counting, referring-expression counting, and count-faithful image generation without any benchmark-specific training required. Our model is built on existing 3B-parameter unified foundation model and is adapted for object localization tasks using three key innovations: density-aware adaptive zooming with objectness maps for spatial grounding; a boundary-aware count policy via GRPO to eliminate crop-boundary errors; and a cycle-consistent GRPO strategy where the understanding branch self-critiques generated outputs, closing the understanding-generation gap without any external annotations. ABACUS achieves state-of-the-art results across seven benchmarks, outperforming both task-specific specialists and larger generalist models.

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19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Can Scale Save Us From Plasticity Loss in Large Language Models?

作者:
J. Fernando Hernandez-Garcia↗Tom\'as Figliolia↗Beren Millidge↗

arXiv:2606.24752v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The loss of plasticity - the ability of a network to learn new information after having already learned older information - is a fundamental challenge in creating artificial neural networks capable of continual learning. Although this phenomenon has been known for decades, it has mostly been studied in older, relatively small architectures and rarely in natural-language domains. To determine whether loss of plasticity remains a problem in the modern transformer-based LLM paradigm, we study plasticity loss in GPT-style Transformer models trained on a multilingual continual learning problem. Consistent with prior work, we find evidence of plasticity loss across models ranging from 5M to 314M non-embedding parameters, as measured by deterioration on a held-out Vietnamese probing task. We further find that the onset of plasticity loss follows a predictable scaling law, growing sublinearly with model size. These results suggest that larger models may delay the measurable effects of plasticity loss, but that increasing parameter count alone is likely to be insufficient to completely prevent it. We also find evidence of plasticity loss under stationary multilingual training, challenging the view that the phenomenon is exclusive to continual learning with abrupt task changes. Overall, our results suggest that even large Transformer language models trained on natural-language will eventually lose the ability to efficiently adapt to new data after sufficiently long training, in both continual and stationary settings.

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20.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12

Estimating Individualized Treatment Effects in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Causal Transformation Models (TRAM-DAG): A Multi-Centre Observational Study with External RCT Validation

作者:
Oliver D\"urr↗Lisa Herzog↗Pascal B\"uhler↗Susanne Wegener↗Beate Sick↗

arXiv:2606.12623v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Personalized medicine in acute ischemic stroke requires moving beyond average treatment effects (ATE) to individualized treatment effect (ITE) estimates to support treatment decisions. In acute ischemic stroke, mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to be more effective on average than lysis in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), such as the MR CLEAN study. We aim to identify which individual patients benefit most from mechanical thrombectomy compared to lysis. The outcome of interest is the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at three months, an ordinal measure of functional disability (0: no symptoms, 6: death). We demonstrate that causal transformation models on directed acyclic graphs (TRAM-DAG) can be used for ITE estimation after being fitted on observational MAGIC multi-center stroke patient data. To ensure comparability with the MR CLEAN population, which we use for validation, we train the TRAM-DAG on a MAGIC sub-population with NIHSS at admission >= 6, corresponding to one inclusion criterion of MR CLEAN. The fitted model is then used to estimate ITEs for stroke patients in the MR CLEAN population. While these ITE estimates cannot be confirmed experimentally, we show that their average is consistent with the trial's reported ATE. Furthermore, the ITE estimates correctly rank trial patients by their observed frequency of a good outcome (mRS at three months

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21.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

A Neuromorphic Reinforcement Learning Framework for Efficient Pathfinding in Robotic Mobile Fulfillment Systems

作者:
Junzhe Xu↗Zecui Zeng↗Lusong Li↗Yuetong Fang↗Renjing Xu↗

arXiv:2606.20031v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Dynamic environmental changes, confined workspaces, and stringent real-time constraints make pathfinding in Robotic Mobile Fulfillment Systems (RMFS) a challenging problem for conventional search- and rule-based methods, which typically suffer from high computational complexity and long decision latency. While reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful alternative, deploying learned policies with extreme energy efficiency on resource-constrained hardware remains an open challenge. We present SDQN-RMFS, an end-to-end framework that achieves high-fidelity deployment of an RL-trained policy from a full-precision artificial neural network (ANN) through to a neuromorphic chip. By computing only when triggered by sparse events, this framework unlocks ultra-low-power RMFS pathfinding. Our full-stack pipeline operates as follows: an ANN policy is first efficiently trained via a collision-allowing strategy to densify informative trajectories, and then converted into a spiking neural network (SNN) via a hard-label knowledge distillation approach. This effectively addresses the output distribution mismatch, preserving policy capability across the ANN-to-SNN pipeline while substantially reducing inference latency. Hardware experiments demonstrate up to 11,281$\times$ energy savings and a nearly two-fold reduction in latency compared to a high-performance GPU baseline, while maintaining decision quality on par with the original trained policy. These results establish physical neuromorphic inference as a practical and energy-sustainable pathway for large-scale RMFS operations.

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22.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11

UniIntervene: Agentic Intervention for Efficient Real-World Reinforcement Learning

作者:
Haoyuan Deng↗Yitong Gao↗Yudong Lin↗Haichao Liu↗Zhenyu Wu↗Ziwei Wang↗

arXiv:2606.12372v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning (HiL-RL) has emerged as an effective paradigm for real-world robotic manipulation, enabling online policy improvement with human guidance. However, current HiL-RL frameworks remain intervention-intensive, relying on frequent human corrections to redirect the policy out of unproductive exploration, which incurs high labor cost and limits real-world scalability. To address this, we propose UniIntervene, an agentic intervention model that detects unproductive exploration and autonomously recovers the policy toward high-value states, taking over the bulk of interventions from human operators. Specifically, UniIntervene first performs future-conditioned action-value estimation, predicting the latent consequence of the current action and evaluating its induced value, which provides a more stable progress signal. Building on this, a temporal value-risk critic aggregates recent value dynamics and triggers intervention when the estimated value exhibits sustained stagnation or degradation. When intervention is required, UniIntervene retrieves a high-value recovery target from a memory of past intervention episodes and produces executable corrective actions through a goal-conditioned recovery policy. In this way, UniIntervene turns intervention from passive human correction into a value-aware recovery process for efficient real-world RL. Extensive experiments on diverse real-world manipulation tasks demonstrate that UniIntervene improves the average success rate by 8.6% while reducing human interventions by 57% relative to state-of-the-art HiL-RL baselines.

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23.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15

XRDiff: Crystal Structure Prediction from Powder X-Ray Diffraction Data Using Diffusion Models

作者:
Nofit Segal↗Mingda Li↗Benjamin Kurt Miller↗Rafael G\'omez-Bombarelli↗

arXiv:2606.14003v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Determining the crystal structure of a material from its powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern is a central challenge in materials science. PXRD is an accessible and widely used characterization technique, yet recovering the atomic structure from diffraction data requires solving an underdetermined inverse problem due to the loss of phase information. Generative modeling can provide a prior over atomic structure and learn the mapping from PXRD patterns to crystal structures via simulated structure-spectrum pairs. We present XRDiff, a diffusion model that recovers crystal structures from PXRD given either the stoichiometry or, in a more challenging setting, the elemental constituents and total number of atoms in the unit cell. We evaluate on datasets where each stoichiometry has multiple polymorphs and all polymorphs of a given composition are held out together, ensuring that high performance reflects genuine use of the diffraction signal. XRDiff achieves strong structure recovery rates on simulated benchmarks, indicating that the model learns a spectrum-to-structure mapping precise enough to differentiate between polymorphs. To address generalization to experimental data, we compare a full-spectrum encoding against an encoding based on peak descriptors. The peak-based encoding generalizes substantially better, outperforming even a model trained on full spectra with augmentations fitted to the experimental noise distribution. These results demonstrate that representations robust to the noise and artifacts present in real-world PXRD offer a practical and scalable path toward closing the simulation-to-experiment gap, enabling zero-shot crystal structure solution from experimental PXRD with full or partial chemical composition input.

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24.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19

Analyzing Error Propagation in Korean Spoken QA with ASR-LLM Cascades

作者:
Donghyuk Jung↗Youngwon Choi↗

We analyze how automatic speech recognition (ASR) errors propagate through ASR-LLM cascades in Korean spoken question answering (SQA), focusing on downstream semantic failures that conventional ASR metrics cannot fully capture. Our analysis shows that the relative downstream degradation caused by ASR errors is consistent across LLMs with different absolute performance, suggesting that cascade degradation largely tracks ASR-stage information loss. We further identify single-character Korean ASR errors as a Korean-specific loss channel, where even a minimal transcription difference can change the intended question and degrade downstream QA performance. Finally, an auxiliary comparison shows that a large audio language model outperforms an ASR-LLM cascade with an approximately matched language backbone in noisy Korean SQA, indicating the potential of direct audio input to mitigate transcript-induced information loss.

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25.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

Search Discipline for Long-Horizon Research Agents

作者:
Adithya Srinivasan↗Devesh Paragiri↗

arXiv:2606.11522v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Autoresearch agents now propose, evaluate, and select scientific candidates against a metric, and that metric is usually an aggregate reduced over a heterogeneous space of regions, slices, or cohorts. We show that when scientific validity lives in that disaggregated structure, the aggregate can rank the wrong candidate first. The headline number improves while the structure underneath inverts, so a decision made on the number accepts a candidate that quietly breaks the model. The failure is not domain-specific. It appears wherever a candidate's validity is multi-dimensional but its verifier is a single reduction. We demonstrate the inversion on a fire-model task in the Ecosystem Demography model. The highest-scoring candidate and a slightly lower one are within noise of each other on global score, yet the top-scoring one collapses the protected boreal regions while the other preserves them. What separates them is the per-region behavior, not the headline number. This decision should not be left to the agent that produced the candidates. The agent optimizing the score is the last party likely to catch the score being wrong, and a prompt has no remaining turn once the agent has stopped. We move the decision to an external control loop that audits each candidate on its disaggregated behavior and acts after the agent has decided. It can demote a candidate the agent would have accepted, and it can reopen a run the agent had declared finished. Our contribution is the inversion finding itself, and a search-discipline protocol that decides on reviewable candidate-effect evidence instead of the score.

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