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01.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Multi-Granular Attention-Driven Reinforcement Learning Framework for Web Intelligent Enhancement Systems

arXiv:2606.19690v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: From the past few years, web intelligent enhancement systems increasingly rely on heterogeneous and dynamic web data to deliver personalized, context-aware services. However, traditional machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning models often struggle with semantic understanding, adaptability, and scalability in continuously evolving web environments. In this research, a Multi-Granular Attention-based Reinforcement Web Intelligent Enhancement System (MGAR-WIES) is proposed to address the challenges by integrating semantic graph modeling, attention mechanisms, and adaptive reinforcement learning. Initially, heterogeneous web data comprising structured, semi-structured and unstructured sources are collected and preprocessed for generating unified feature representations. These representations are transformed into a dynamic semantic graph, where entities and their relationships are modeled by using graph embeddings enhanced by attention mechanisms for capturing both local relevance and global contextual dependencies. Subsequently, an adaptive multi-agent reinforcement learning strategy leverages the attention-aware semantic states to optimize personalized web actions like content recommendation, navigation optimization, and service adaptation. Finally, the continuous online feedback is further integrated to update graph representations and learning policies in real time by ensuring sustained adaptability and performance. The proposed MGAR-WIES acheived better results in terms of accuracy (80%) when compared with existing approaches.

02.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

Benchmarking Deep Learning Models for Laryngeal Cancer Staging Using the LaryngealCT Dataset

Laryngeal cancer imaging research lacks standardised public datasets to enable reproducible deep learning (DL) model development. We present LaryngealCT, a curated benchmark of 1,029 computed tomography (CT) scans aggregated from six collections from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). Uniform 1 mm isotropic volumes of interest encompassing the larynx were extracted using a weakly supervised parameter search framework validated by clinical experts. Six 3D DL architectures (custom 3D CNN, ResNet18,50,101, DenseNet121 and MedicalNet-pretrained ResNet50) were benchmarked on (i) early (Tis,T1,T2) vs. advanced (T3,T4) and (ii) T4 vs. non-T4 classification tasks. On the independent test set, the 3D CNN achieved the strongest overall performance across global and per-class metrics (Accuracy 0.854, F1-macro 0.841) in early vs. advanced classification. In the T4 task, AU-ROC values exceeded 0.82 for most models, but sensitivity for T4 disease remained limited (less than or equal to 0.412), with ResNet101 showing the most promising calibrated T4 recall (0.706. Model explainability assessed using GradCAMpp with thyroid cartilage overlays for T4 classification task revealed anatomically plausible peri-cartilage activations, although spatial overlap was modest. Through open-source data, pretrained models, and integrated explainability tools, LaryngealCT offers a reproducible foundation for AI-driven research to support future clinical decision-making in laryngeal oncology.

03.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

On Defining Erasure Harms for NLP

The deployment of NLP systems has raised concerns about harms they might produce, including representational harms. Recent literature has begun to conceptualize and measure one such harm, the harm of erasure. Nevertheless, the field lacks a clear and cohesive conceptual foundation for identifying and measuring erasure. Existing conceptualizations of erasure are often broad – making it difficult to identify what is needed to establish and measure erasure – or else specific to particular settings – facilitating measurement for those settings but potentially challenging to adapt to other settings. To address this gap, we develop and propose a structured definition of erasure that clarifies what components are necessary for establishing whether erasure has occurred, which practitioners need to explicitly articulate and operationalize in order to measure erasure.

04.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

The Token Not Taken: Sampling, State, and the Stochasticity of AI Agents

arXiv:2606.08998v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Agentic AI systems can behave differently across runs: the same request may produce a different plan, a different tool call, a different code edit, or a different final answer. Such variability arises from several layers that are often conflated. At the core of many current agents is a foundation model, a large pretrained model adaptable to many downstream tasks, embedded in an orchestration loop that plans, calls tools, observes results, and updates state. One explicit intrinsic source of variability in such systems is token generation: the model computes scores over possible next tokens, the scores are converted into probabilities, and a decoder may sample tokens using a pseudo-random number generator. A small sampled token difference can then propagate upward into a different tool call, code path, search query, or agent state. Other sources of variability are extrinsic to token sampling, including changing environments, live data, serving infrastructure, batch effects, and numerical details. By separating these layers, this tutorial clarifies what it means to call agentic AI systems stochastic, when such variability can be reproduced under matched conditions, and why deterministic execution need not imply identical behavior in deployed settings.

05.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Social Structure Matters in 3D Human-Human Interaction Generation

arXiv:2606.24255v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Although text-to-motion generation has achieved strong progress in synthesizing realistic single-person motions from language, extending it to text-driven 3D human-human interaction (HHI) remains non-trivial, as HHI requires modeling the underlying social structure that governs phase progression, actor roles, and inter-actor coordination. In this paper, we formulate HHI generation as a social structure modeling and grounding problem: the model must first infer how an interaction unfolds and how the two actors coordinate their roles, and then realize this structure as continuous, physically plausible, and partner-aware 3D motion. To study how such structure should be modeled, we first examine the capability boundary of large language models (LLMs) for HHI generation. Our analysis shows that LLMs can think by recovering phase decompositions and partner-aware roles, but cannot directly move, as they fail to generate dynamic, physically plausible, and interaction-aware motion. This motivates our planner-executor paradigm, Think with LLM, Move with Motion Skill. The LLM planner converts implicit interaction semantics into motion-aligned social supervision by decomposing interactions into phases, assigning partner-aware actor roles, and aligning them with motion sequence. The motion executor then grounds the planned social structure into coordinated two-person motion by adapting a pretrained solo motion model with LoRA, previous-phase self-conditioning, and ego-relative partner conditioning. Together, our Solo-to-Social framework bridges social organization and motion realization, producing 3D HHI with improved phase consistency, role alignment, and partner-aware coordination.

06.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Self-Adaptive Scale Handling for Forecasting Time Series with Scale Heterogeneity

arXiv:2606.20010v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Current time series forecasting (TSF) research predominantly focuses on scale-homogeneous data, where different time series share similar numerical magnitude ranges. However, in real-world industrial scenarios such as financial product sales, different time series often differ by orders of magnitude (scale heterogeneity). Since these series share similar temporal patterns, joint modeling is desirable for better data utilization, yet existing scaling methods either compress low-scale signals (global normalization) or destroy semantic discriminability and amplify inverse-scaling errors (window-based scaling). This paper proposes a self-Adaptive Scale-handling (AS) module that learns adaptive scale factors tailored to each input, preserving semantic discriminability while reducing inverse-scaling errors. AS consists of Scale Calibrating (SC), which calibrates prior mean scaling factors through neural networks, and Scaling Selection (SS), which decides whether to apply calibration or retain the original factor, avoiding over-calibration. Experiments on real-world fund sales datasets from Ant Fortune and Alipay show that AS seamlessly integrates into popular TSF models and consistently improves their performance. The code and dataset are available at the link https://github.com/Meteor-Stars/ASTSF.

07.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

CoLA: Cross-Modal Low-rank Adaptation for Multimodal Downstream Tasks

Foundation models have revolutionized AI, but adapting them efficiently for multimodal tasks, particularly in dual-stream architectures composed of unimodal encoders, such as DINO and BERT, remains a significant challenge. ParameterEfficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods like LowRank Adaptation (LoRA) enable lightweight adaptation, yet they operate in isolation within each modality, limiting their ability in capturing cross-modal interactions. In this paper, we take a step in bridging this gap with Cross-Modal LowRank Adaptation (CoLA), a novel PEFT framework that extends LoRA by introducing a dedicated inter-modal adaptation pathway alongside the standard intra-modal one. This dual-path design enables CoLA to adapt unimodal foundation models to multimodal tasks effectively, without interference between modality-specific and crossmodal learning. We evaluate CoLA across a range of vision-language (RefCOCO, RefCOCO+, RefCOCOg) and audio-visual (AVE, AVS) benchmarks, where it consistently outperforms LORA, achieving a relative gain of around 3% and 2%, respectively, while maintaining parameter efficiency. Notably, CoLA enables the first multitask PEFT framework for visual grounding, bridging a key gap in efficient multimodal adaptation. Code is available at https://github.com/peterwisu/CoLA

08.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

Anomalies in Multivariate Time Series Benchmarks Are Mostly Univariate

arXiv:2606.02670v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Many recent multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD) models incorporate cross-channel modeling, under the implicit assumption that the structure of anomalies may be spread across multiple channels. We evaluate this assumption on eight widely used public benchmarks by introducing a per-segment diagnostic framework that flags, for each labeled anomaly, whether at least one channel deviates individually from its normal history, whether the cross-channel correlation structure changes, or both. The framework shows that no cross-channel rupture occurs without an accompanying univariate deviation across a range of reasonable thresholds. A complementary metric also reveals that on six of the eight benchmarks, at least half of the labeled anomaly segments deviate univariately on 89% to 100% of their timesteps, reaching 100% on three of these datasets. To verify that our framework captures cross-channel structure when present, we construct synthetic data of phase-shifted sinusoidal channels with shared noise. Each anomalous segment is altered through one of two channel-wise corruptions that preserve the per-channel marginal distribution while breaking cross-channel structure, and our framework correctly characterizes these segments as cross-channel-only. On these data, channel-dependent (CD) models successfully exploit the cross-channel signal whereas channel-independent (CI) ones fail. The CI/CD comparison of a recent SOTA detector on real benchmarks further confirms that CD modeling brings no measurable gain. We conclude that current MTSAD benchmarks are unsuitable for validating cross-channel modeling capabilities, and we call for the development of more structurally diverse evaluation sets. The code for this study is publicly available.

09.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25

Towards Structuring an Arabic-English Machine-Readable Dictionary Using Parsing Expression Grammars

Dictionaries are rich sources of lexical information about words that is required for many applications of natural language processing and human language technology. However, publishers prepare printed dictionaries for human usage not for machine processing. This paper presented a method to structure partly a machine-readable version of the Arabic-English Al-Mawrid dictionary. The method converted the entries of Al-Mawrid from a stream of words and punctuation marks into hierarchical structures. The hierarchical structure expresses the components of each dictionary entry in explicit format. A dictionary entry is composed of subentries and each subentry consists of defining phrases, domain labels, cross-references, and translation equivalences. We designed the proposed method as cascaded steps where parsing is the main step. We implemented the parser using the parsing expression grammars formalism. In conclusion, although Arabic dictionaries do not have microstructure standardization, this study demonstrated that it is possible to structure them automatically or semi-automatically with plausible accuracy after inducing their microstructure.

10.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

NVMOS: Non-Verbal Vocalization Quality Assessment in Speech

arXiv:2606.15888v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Non-verbal vocalizations (NVs), such as laughter, sighs, and coughs, are important acoustic cues for emotion and intent. Existing speech quality assessment methods typically focus on overall naturalness, while non-verbal TTS evaluations mainly examine whether a target NV appears with the correct type and position. However, the perceptual quality of NV events themselves remains underexplored. To address this gap, we construct an NV-MOS dataset containing outputs from multiple NV-TTS systems and naturally occurring NV samples, with ratings collected from three acoustic experts on a perceptual quality scale. We further analyze audio-capable multimodal large language models such as Gemini and find clear inconsistencies between their scores and expert ratings. These results suggest that general-purpose multimodal models cannot reliably replace human judgments for NV quality assessment. We then propose NVMOS, to our knowledge the first model that can reliably predict the perceptual quality of NV events in speech. Experimental results show that, with a local NV-event focusing module, NVMOS reaches expert-level or stronger agreement with human MOS.

11.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

SPATIA: Multimodal Generation and Prediction of Spatial Cell Phenotypes

Understanding how cellular morphology, gene expression, and spatial context jointly shape tissue function is a central challenge in biology. Image-based spatial transcriptomics technologies now provide high-resolution measurements of cell images and gene expression profiles, but existing methods typically analyze these modalities in isolation or at limited resolution. We address the problem by introducing SPATIA, a multi-level generative and predictive model that learns unified, spatially aware representations by fusing morphology, gene expression, and spatial context from the cell to the tissue level. SPATIA also incorporates a spatially conditioned generative framework with confidence-aware OT reweighting and morphology-profile alignment for modeling target-state morphology distributions. Specifically, we propose a confidence-aware flow matching objective that reweights weak optimal-transport pairs based on uncertainty. We further apply morphology-profile alignment to encourage biologically meaningful image generation, enabling the modeling of microenvironment-dependent phenotypic transitions. We assembled a multi-scale dataset consisting of 25.9 million cell-gene pairs across 17 tissues. We benchmark SPATIA against 18 models across 12 tasks, spanning categories such as phenotype generation, annotation, clustering, gene imputation, and cross-modal prediction. SPATIA achieves improved performance over state-of-the-art models, improving generative fidelity by 8% and predictive accuracy by up to 3%.

12.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18

Stochastic Adaptive Gradient Descent Without Descent

arXiv:2509.14969v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We introduce a new adaptive step-size strategy for convex optimization with stochastic gradient that exploits the local geometry of the objective function only by means of a first-order stochastic oracle and without any hyper-parameter tuning. The method comes from a theoretically-grounded adaptation of the Adaptive Gradient Descent Without Descent method to the stochastic setting. We prove the convergence of stochastic gradient descent with our step-size under various assumptions, and we show that it empirically competes against tuned baselines.

13.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

UniTeD: Unified Temporal Diffusion for Joint Perception and Planning in Autonomous Driving

Diffusion models have shown strong potential for multi-modal planning in end-to-end autonomous driving. However, most existing methods confine diffusion to the planning module, conditioning on fixed outputs from separate discriminative perception networks. This decoupled design propagates perception errors to the planner, increasing optimization difficulty and reducing robustness. To overcome these limitations, we propose UniTeD, a Unified Temporal Diffusion framework that jointly models perception and planning through iterative denoising in a shared generative space. By enabling bidirectional information exchange, the framework facilitates mutual refinement between tasks and improves robustness via noise-conditioned multi-task training. We further extend this unified diffusion paradigm to a streaming setting by incorporating temporal context. A Temporal Transition Module (TTM) is introduced to resolve the noise-level mismatch between historical and current frames. In addition, we propose an Anchor Refresh Strategy (ARS) to alleviate the training-inference distribution shift commonly observed in sparse diffusion-based end-to-end driving frameworks. Without bells and whistles, UniTeD achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple benchmarks, surpassing both recent discriminative end-to-end methods and diffusion-based planning approaches.

14.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18

AI-Driven Assessment of Human Tutors: Linking Training Performance to Real-Life Practice

arXiv:2606.18617v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: There exist numerous tutor training platforms. However, few provide AI-driven training and evaluation for human tutors based on real-life performance. We present an AI-driven system that assesses both open responses during training and authentic real-life tutoring. Unlike platforms that only assess learning through online training or simulations, our system utilizes Generative AI (Gemini-2.5-pro) to analyze transcriptions of authentic tutoring, measuring the transfer of tutor skills to real-life application. Human tutors instructing students remotely in math (N=86) completed six scenario-based lessons, averaging a significant 7.4% learning gain. Using mixed-effects models across 405 session-to-lesson pairs, we found that training performance significantly predicted real-life transcript scores with an effect size of 0.25 SD. Model comparison (AIC/BIC) indicated averaging open response and multiple choice performance during training predicted real-life tutor performance best, although open responses were comparatively more predictive. Exploratory analysis showed that after training, tutors were significantly more likely to encounter pedagogical opportunities to apply their skills (61.1% to 68.9%) and demonstrated higher execution quality within those opportunities (65.5% to 68.1%). Interrupted time series analysis suggested that these tutor improvements were part of a gradual trend over time rather than an immediate intervention effect of training. We illustrate an AI-driven method to link tutor training with real-life assessment. In doing so, we contribute open datasets, AI prompts, and scoring rubrics to support transparency and reproducibility.

15.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19

Quantifying Entanglement via Quantum Wasserstein Distances

arXiv:2606.04969v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We propose a bipartite entanglement measure defined as the minimal order-1 quantum Wasserstein distance from a state to the set of separable states. Owing to the universal data-processing inequality of the Wasserstein metric, the measure satisfies all fundamental axioms within a single geometric framework. A Lipschitz dual formulation yields explicit lower bounds for pure and mixed states, a sharp constant for two-qubit systems, and an expected value for Haar-random pure states. We further establish a quantitative connection to entanglement witnesses: any negative witness expectation value certifies a lower bound, and the dual variational bound is exactly the maximal violation achievable by a Lipschitz-1 witness. The approach naturally provides subadditivity, trace-distance estimates, and bounds on local observables, while pointing toward large-deviation conjectures. This work introduces a framework at the interface of entanglement theory, optimal transport, and experimental entanglement detection.

16.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16

LLM-Based Synthetic Ground Truth Generation for Audio-Based Emotion Classification via In-Context Learning

arXiv:2606.14784v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Understanding human states and interaction dynamics is a core goal of human-computer interaction (HCI). As interaction paradigms become more immersive, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a powerful platform for studying collaborative work. In such settings, evaluating team collaboration states, including team performance and team resilience, requires continuous and reliable inference of latent team-level cognitive and affective states from multi-modal sensor data, such as speech signals. However, generating ground truth labels for these latent states remains challenging due to sensor-induced noise, contextual variability, and sparse expert annotations. Traditional self-reporting approaches provide only static and delayed measurements and are therefore insufficient for capturing dynamic team processes reflected in continuous speech data. In this work, we propose a large language model (LLM)-driven, agentic inference workflow for automated emotion-related synthetic ground truth generation from streaming speech data in multi-user VR environments. Leveraging the generalization capabilities of LLMs, we use In-Context Learning (ICL) with few-shot demonstrations of paired audio-based samples and their corresponding transcriptions. ICL tends to achieve task adaptation comparable to model fine-tuning while circumventing the computational overhead of parameter updates. To construct informative and robust in-context prompts, we adopt a retrieval-based selection strategy that dynamically identifies relevant audio demonstrations based on similarity in the acoustic feature space.

17.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15

Trap-Quenched Matter-Wave Optics for Dual Species Lensing

arXiv:2606.14577v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Dual-species atom interferometry in space promises precise tests of the Universality of Free Fall (UFF), with a sensitivity that grows quadratically with the extended interrogation time accessible in weightlessness. These tests demand exquisite control over the expansion energies of both condensed sources as well as over their differential center-of-mass dynamics. We propose a trap-quenched collimation technique featuring in-trap excitations of collective modes compatible with state-of-the-art atom-chip setups. Using NASA's Cold Atom Laboratory aboard the International Space Station, we demonstrate it on a single-species $^{87}$Rb condensate. By controlling the center-of-mass release dynamics we observe free expansion times up to 700 ms and measure a two-dimensional expansion energy of $k_B \cdot 78\pm 9 \;\mathrm{pK}$ in the imaging plane. A detailed model of the magnetically-induced dynamics indicates that this corresponds to a two-dimensional expansion energy of about $k_B \cdot 15^{+12}_{-5}\; \mathrm{pK}$ along two of the condensate's eigenaxes. Finally, we theoretically study this trap-quenched collimation scheme for a $^{41}$K-$^{87}$Rb mixture, predicting a simultaneous collimation that meets the expansion energy requirements for a state-of-the-art UFF test at the $10^{-15}$ accuracy level.

18.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12

SAM-Deep-EIoU: Selective Mask Propagation for Multi-Object Tracking

Multi-object tracking has a heavy-tailed difficulty distribution: most frames are easy for a lightweight base tracker, while a small fraction are intrinsically hard. Video object segmentation (VOS) models can often preserve identity through the hard frames where the base tracker fails, but they are much more expensive in compute and memory. We propose selective mask propagation, a tracking algorithm that dispatches from a base tracker to a VOS model only on windows where an assignment-uncertainty signal fires. The base tracker's output is modified only when the VOS model makes a confident prediction that contradicts the base tracker's identity assignment; weak or inconclusive predictions preserve the base output. The method is training-free, treats both the base tracker and the VOS model as black boxes, and can benefit from replacing the VOS component with a more capable model. On DanceTrack, selective mask propagation improves three different base trackers. On SportsMOT, where identity preservation is central to sports analytics, SAM3-Deep-EIoU with global track association achieves state-of-the-art performance on the benchmark with 86.8 HOTA.

19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

Multi-Head Attention-Based Feature Extractor Integration with Soft Actor-Critic for Porosity Prediction and Process Parameter Optimization in Additive Manufacturing

arXiv:2606.20087v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Additive manufacturing process optimization requires precise parameter control to minimize defects such as porosity. Traditional reinforcement learning (RL) approaches using discrete action spaces suffer from slow convergence and susceptibility to local optima, limiting their effectiveness for high-precision manufacturing tasks. This study addresses these limitations by employing a continuous action space combined with a novel architecture that integrates a multi-head attention mechanism with the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm. The attention-based feature extractor enhances the agent's ability to capture subtle variations in low-dimensional input features, enabling more effective exploration-exploitation balance for navigating value spaces with local minima. We validate our approach on porosity prediction and process parameter optimization in laser powder bed fusion, demonstrating faster convergence and higher final reward values compared to standard RL methods including DQN, PPO, TD3, and vanilla SAC. The proposed methodology achieves a convergence value of 322.79 within 14 episodes, outperforming existing approaches while maintaining stability throughout training.

20.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18

Where Will They Go? Modelling Multimodal Pedestrian Manoeuvres from Ego-centric Videos

Pedestrian trajectory prediction from an ego-centric camera is challenging since it depends on complex interactions with vehicles and scene context, as well as the intention of the pedestrian. By modelling correlation and intent from the historical and future trajectories of the pedestrian, it will usually result in a multimodal (i.e. multiple modes) distribution. Existing stochastic predictors often sample multiple futures from a single unimodal distribution, which can yield sub-optimal 'mixed-mode' trajectories that lie between distinct motion patterns and become implausible in real scenes. In this paper, we propose MMPM, a mode-aware framework that separately models future trajectory distributions into semantically meaningful modes based on the pedestrian's crossing behavior. MMPM consists of two modules: behavior-aware Pedestrian Interaction Module (PIM) that jointly captures pedestrian-vehicle and pedestrian-environment interactions by introducing gaze, head and hand gesture, and a CVAE-based Mode-aware Trajectory Predictor (MTP) module to model the future trajectory distributions on two modes, crossing and non-crossing the road, separately. A query-based decoder further enforces mode consistency during decoding. Experiments on PIE and JAAD datasets show that our method surpasses state-of-the-art baselines. Our proposed MTP is model-agnostic, which can be integrated into existing frameworks such as BiTrap-NP and SGNet-ED to further improve future trajectory prediction performance. We additionally introduce a data-driven validation protocol that matches predictions to spatio-temporally consistent ground-truth trajectories, demonstrating improved frame-wise displacement errors over previous work.

21.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

Steering Vision-Language Models with Joint Sparse Autoencoders

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have shown promise for analyzing language models, but applying them to vision-language models (VLMs) often yields representations that are difficult to use as controllable cross-modal steering directions. We introduce the Joint Sparse Autoencoder (JSAE), which uses an explicit alignment constraint to jointly factorize sequence-pooled vision and language activations into shared, interpretable image/caption-level features. Applied to LLaVA, JSAE recovers cross-modal features for recognizable concepts (e.g., food and animals). Through bidirectional interventions (additive steering and suppression), we observe a layer-dependent asymmetry under our protocol: additive steering peaks at mid-to-late (pre-output) layers and weakens at both ends, whereas suppression scores remain within a comparable range across all probed layers within statistical noise. Experiments on three VLMs, namely LLaVA-v1.6-Mistral-7B, Llama3-LLaVA-8B, and the MoE-based Qwen3-VL-30B, show related layer-localized effects across architectures. Together, these results suggest that explicitly aligned sparse representations support more controllable intervention-based analysis of multimodal features, within an identifiable layer range, than the unconstrained alternatives tested here.

22.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12

Let's Ask Gauss: Improved One-Run Privacy Auditing

arXiv:2606.12733v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Privacy auditing provides an important safeguard by estimating the actual information leaked by a model, thus ensuring that theoretical privacy guarantees hold in practice. We study empirical privacy auditing for differentially private (DP) machine learning, focusing on efficient one-run methods for mechanisms such as DP-SGD. Prior one-run approaches threshold training examples or "canaries" into binary membership guesses, which discards useful information. We show that, in the white-box DP-SGD setting, canary-aligned signals naturally form a sequence of random variables whose normalized sum is asymptotically Gaussian. Leveraging this distributional perspective, we develop a DP-auditing framework that leads to tighter privacy lower bounds from a single training run.

23.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-17

Quantum statistical functions

Authors:

arXiv:2602.05821v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Statistical functions such as the moment-generating, characteristic, cumulant-generating, and second characteristic functions are standard tools in classical statistics and probability theory. They provide a systematic means to analyze the statistical properties of a system and find applications in diverse fields. While these functions are ubiquitous in classical theory, a quantum counterpart has remained underdeveloped because of the noncommutativity of operators. The absence of such a framework has obscured the connections between statistical quantities and the nonclassical features of quantum mechanics. Here, we construct a framework for quantum statistical functions that addresses these limitations and unifies the languages of quantum statistics. We show that the functions reproduce standard statistical quantities such as expectation values, variance, and covariance upon differentiation. By extending the framework to include pre- and post-selection, we define conditional functions that generate conditional statistical quantities, including the weak value and the weak variance. We further show that multivariable functions, defined with specific operator orderings, correspond to the Kirkwood–Dirac, Margenau–Hill, and Wigner distributions. By generalizing Bochner's theorem within the theory of compactly supported distributions, we obtain a criterion that separates classical statistics from quantum statistics, linking the failure of positive definiteness of the multivariable function to the emergence of quasiprobability. As an application, we import the classical method of moments and generalized method of moments into quantum estimation, introducing quantum estimators that exploit the proposed functions. Our framework reproduces quantum statistical quantities and incorporates the nonclassical features of quasiprobability, providing a basis for further study of quantum statistics.

24.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

Identifiability Without Gaussianity: Symbolic World Models and Near-Infinite Temporal Consistency

Klindt, LeCun, and Balestriero (arXiv:2605.26379) proved that Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPAs) achieve linear identifiability, the linear recovery of the world's true latent variables, if and only if the world's latent dynamics follow a Gaussian, stationary process. This Gaussian boundary implies a fundamental limit on temporal consistency: for any non-Gaussian physical system, the representation error of a statistical World Model grows monotonically with time. We prove that this limit is an artifact of the statistical alignment mechanism, not a property of World Models in general. We introduce the Physics-Grounded Symbolic Architecture (PGSA) and prove three results: (1) a PGSA achieves exact linear identifiability for all physical regimes, regardless of the latent distribution; (2) the per-step error of a PGSA is bounded by numerical precision alone; and (3) as a direct consequence, a PGSA maintains temporal consistency for an unbounded number of transitions, a property we term near-infinite temporal consistency. We further prove that statistical World Models cannot achieve this property for any non-Gaussian system, regardless of model capacity or the volume of training data. The algebraic cores of four of the theorems are formalized in Lean 4 with Mathlib4 v4.31.0 (zero sorry placeholders); the Klindt et al. converse is taken as an external premise. The contrast establishes that symbolic grounding in the causal generator of the world's dynamics is the sufficient condition and, in non-Gaussian regimes, the only condition for near-infinite temporal consistency.

25.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25

Tracing Target Answers in Poisoned Retrieval Corpora via Token Influence Attribution

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are vulnerable to corpus poisoning attacks that manipulate model outputs through malicious retrieved documents. Existing detection methods typically rely on auxiliary classifiers or additional LLM-based verification, introducing substantial computational overhead. We present TRACE, a lightweight detection framework that identifies poisoning attacks by tracing answer-related tokens through token influence attribution. TRACE first discovers recurrent high-influence keywords across retrieved documents and then performs a secondary verification to confirm their influence on model predictions. Experiments on three QA benchmarks and six LLMs demonstrate strong detection performance while simultaneously uncovering attacker-specified target answers.