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01.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22

Substantia Nigra and Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Exert Opposing Effects on Novelty Recognition in Parkinson's Disease

作者:
Li↗Jiang↗Liu↗Yang↗Yao↗Zhang↗Xie↗Hollunder↗Strange↗Meng↗Wang↗Shi↗…

Episodic memory plays a critical role in supporting adaptive behavior; however, whether it can be causally regulated in humans via deep subcortical stimulation remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the differential effects of substantia nigra (SN) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on episodic memory, as well as the underlying mechanisms of its associated brain networks, using a recognition memory task combined with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Parkinson's disease. SN-DBS increased recognition sensitivity and reduced false alarms at both frequencies, whereas 10 Hz STN-DBS reduced sensitivity and increased false alarms. Functional connectivity analyses in the absence of DBS stimulation identified a false recognition-related network linking nigral, pallidal, subthalamic, medial temporal, frontal, and occipital regions. SN-DBS-related false alarm reduction tracked modulation of this circuit and was marked by its baseline vulnerability state. These behavioral effects mapped onto target-dependent parieto-occipital and SN-visual retrieval pathways, supporting a model in which DBS bidirectionally regulates recognition memory through target- and frequency-dependent subcortical-cortical circuits.

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02.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-11

On multidimensional infinite dihedral group extensions of Gibbs Markov maps

作者:
Jaime Gomez↗Dalia Terhesiu↗

arXiv:2601.08961v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We obtain a local central limit theorem for cocycles associated with a class of non abelian and non compact group extensions of Gibbs Markov maps. This class consists of multidimensional infinite dihedral groups. Unlike in the set up of the random walks on groups, we cannot use the convolution of measures on the group and instead we resort to an approach based on irreducible representations. Depending on the dimension of the group, we obtain either mixing, and thus ergodicity, or dissipativity. Also, we obtain the asymptotics of the first return time of the group extension to the origin.

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03.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11

Schützen: Evaluating LLM Safety in Bulgarian and German Contexts

作者:
Kiril Georgiev↗Yuxia Wang↗Dimitar Iliyanov Dimitrov↗Preslav Nakov↗Ivan Koychev↗

Large language models are increasingly deployed across professional domains, bringing hard-to-predict risks, including the generation of harmful or disrespectful content. Although substantial progress has been made in developing safety evaluation datasets, existing resources remain overwhelmingly English- and Chinese-centric. This limitation is particularly pronounced when evaluating languages that operate within shared sociocultural, legal, and ethical contexts. To address this gap, we introduce Sch\"{u}tzen: a German–Bulgarian safety dataset designed to assess model answerability under risk, covering both a low-resource language (Bulgarian) and a high-resource language (German). Experiments with multilingual and language-specific LLMs reveal pronounced cross-language differences in safety behavior, highlighting the necessity of tailored, region-specific evaluation resources to support the responsible deployment of LLMs in Germany and Bulgaria. Datasets and code are available at https://github.com/xnlp-lab/Schutzen. Warning: this paper contains examples that may be offensive, harmful, or biased.

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04.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16

Stochastic-Dimension Frozen Sampled Neural Network for High-Dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii Equations on Unbounded Domains

作者:
Zhangyong Liang↗

arXiv:2604.09361v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: This paper introduces the Stochastic-Dimension Frozen Sampled Neural Network (SD-FSNN), a novel computational framework for solving high-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) on unbounded domain. The proposed method circumvents the curse-of-dimensionality that plagues traditional discretizations and the computational bottlenecks of gradient-based neural network solvers through a synergistic combination of techniques. First, a prescribed Gaussian envelope encodes the far-field decay of the wavefunction, enabling a space-time separation where the spatial approximation is handled by a frozen, single-hidden-layer neural network with data-driven sampled features. This yields a gradient-free formalism where spatial derivatives are analytically precomputed and time-dependence is evolved via reduced ODEs. Second, a stochastic-dimension sampler provides a conditionally unbiased estimate of the spatial operator by evaluating only a small subset of spatial dimensions at each time step, essentially reducing computational and memory costs. Discrete conservation laws are also enforced, ensuring long-term stability. Extensive numerical experiments on GPE in up to 1000 dimensions demonstrate that SD-FSNN achieves significantly higher accuracy and efficiency compared to state-of-the-art methods, including PINNs, randomized feature methods, and tensor-network approaches. The results confirm that SD-FSNN effectively mitigates the Kolmogorov $n$-width barrier for frozen-basis models on structured solution manifolds.

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05.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

A Survey on 3D Skeleton Based Person Re-Identification: Taxonomy, Advances, Challenges, and Interdisciplinary Prospects

作者:
Haocong Rao↗Chunyan Miao↗

Person re-identification via 3D skeletons is an important emerging research area that attracts increasing attention within the pattern recognition community. With distinctive advantages across various application scenarios, numerous 3D skeleton based person re-identification (SRID) methods with diverse skeleton modeling and learning paradigms have been proposed in recent years. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review and analysis of recent SRID advances. First of all, we define the SRID task and provide an overview of its origin and major advancements. Secondly, we formulate a systematic taxonomy that organizes existing methods into three categories centered on hand-crafted, sequence-based, and graph-based modeling. Then, we elaborate on the representative models along these three types with an illustration of foundational mechanisms. Meanwhile, we provide an overview of mainstream supervised, self-supervised, and unsupervised SRID learning paradigms and corresponding common methods. A thorough evaluation of state-of-the-art SRID methods is further conducted over various types of benchmarks and protocols to compare their effectiveness, efficiency, and key properties. Finally, we present the key challenges and prospects to advance future research, and highlight interdisciplinary applications of SRID with a case study.

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06.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

Akasha 2: Hamiltonian State Space Duality and Visual-Language Joint Embedding Predictive Architectur

作者:
Yani Meziani↗

We present Akasha 2, a state-of-the-art multimodal architecture that integrates Hamiltonian State Space Duality (H-SSD) with Visual-Language Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture (VL-JEPA). The system leverages the Mamba-3 Selective State Space Model (SSM) augmented by a Sparse Mixture of Hamiltonian Experts (SMoE-HE) that enforces latent physical conservation laws through symplectic integration. For visual synthesis, we introduce Hamiltonian Flow Matching (HFM) and persistent 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), enabling ultra-low latency (

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07.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16

Circuit Tracing in Autoregressive Protein Language Models

作者:
Darin Tsui↗William Deinzer↗Daniel Saeedi↗Amirali Aghazadeh↗

arXiv:2606.16044v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Protein language models (pLMs) can generate novel protein sequences with properties beyond those observed in nature, yet the mechanisms underlying protein generation remain poorly understood. Existing mechanistic interpretability methods based on sparse autoencoders and transcoders primarily focus on protein representation learning models and do not capture the computation required for autoregressive generation. Here, we introduce ProGenMech, a mechanistic interpretability framework for generative protein language models that extends cross-layer transcoders (CLTs) to ProGen3, a sparse Mixture-of-Experts model trained for both causal generation and span infilling. Unlike per-layer approaches, CLTs reconstruct each layer using sparse latent variables from all preceding layers, enabling faithful recovery of inter-layer generative computation. We further develop a zero-shot circuit discovery framework to identify sparse latent circuits responsible for protein generation and fitness prediction. In causal generation and zero-shot fitness estimation tasks, ProGenMech outperforms local transcoder baselines in recovering ProGen3's probability distribution and functional scoring behavior, while matching the original model's generative distribution in span infilling tasks. Moreover, the recovered circuits reveal biologically meaningful motifs and functional regions associated with conserved sequence patterns and protein fitness landscapes, establishing a foundation for interpretable and steerable protein generation.

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08.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15

Ensembling Sparse Autoencoders

作者:
Soham Gadgil↗Chris Lin↗Su-In Lee↗

arXiv:2505.16077v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are used to decompose neural network activations into human-interpretable features. Typically, features learned by a single SAE are used for downstream applications. However, it has recently been shown that a single SAE captures only a limited subset of features that can be extracted from the activation space. Motivated by this limitation, we introduce and formalize SAE ensembles. Furthermore, we propose to ensemble multiple SAEs through naive bagging and boosting. In naive bagging, SAEs trained with different weight initializations are ensembled, whereas in boosting SAEs sequentially trained to minimize the residual error are ensembled. Theoretically, naive bagging and boosting are justified as approaches to reduce reconstruction error. Empirically, we evaluate our ensemble approaches with three settings of language models and SAE architectures. Our empirical results demonstrate that, compared to an expanded SAE that matches the number of features in the ensemble, ensembling SAEs improves the reconstruction of language model activations along with SAE stability. Additionally, on downstream tasks such as concept detection and spurious correlation removal, SAE ensembles achieve better performance, showing improved practical utility.

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09.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Polycepta: Object-Centric Appearance Estimation for Multi-Object Tracking

作者:
Mohamed Nagy↗Naoufel Werghi↗Jorge Dias↗Majid Khonji↗

arXiv:2606.23604v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The tracking-by-detection paradigm in multi-object tracking (MOT) typically relies on static appearance descriptors to complement motion estimation. However, these descriptors are frame-independent, limiting their robustness as visual cues. Since such descriptors are often obtained from computationally intensive pretrained backbones, real-time MOT systems frequently abandon appearance cues altogether and rely solely on motion prediction and geometric association. In this work, we introduce Polycepta, an object-centric appearance state estimation framework that reformulates appearance modeling as a recursive estimation problem rather than a frame-wise matching task. Polycepta constructs and continuously updates an independent appearance state for each tracked object, enabling future appearance representations to be estimated from accumulated observations. Polycepta is encouraged to learn the appearance-state construction of object-specific representations rather than memorize them through a proposed learning strategy, enabling appearance estimation for unseen classes. A key property of Polycepta is that the quality of appearance estimation improves as object states evolve during inference. While conventional appearance descriptors remain static or degrade over time, Polycepta progressively refines appearance estimates as additional observations are accumulated. Extensive experiments on KITTI, the Waymo Open Dataset, and MOT17 demonstrate consistent reductions in identity switches and improvements in tracking performance when integrated into the tracking-by-detection pipelines. Polycepta operates at 90.57 Hz and delivers state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI benchmark when integrated into the RobMOT framework, achieving a MOTA of 92.27\%.

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10.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24

Metis: Bridging Text and Code Memory for Self-Evolving Agents

作者:
Zijie Dai↗Siuhin He↗Hui Li↗Qihui Zhou↗Jiajun Li↗Mingcong Song↗Guoping Long↗Hongjie Si↗Xin Yao↗Lin Zhang↗James Cheng↗Xiao Yan↗…

Self-evolving agents improve over time by distilling experience from past executions and reusing it in future tasks. Existing systems represent such experience either as natural-language text injected into the agent context or as code exposed as callable tools. However, the choice between these representations is typically made at design time rather than derived from the characteristics of the experience itself, leaving the trade-offs between them poorly understood. We present the first controlled study that isolates text memory and code memory over an identical set of experiences. Our results show that the two forms exhibit complementary trade-offs in construction cost, execution efficiency, and transferability, such that neither representation alone is sufficient. Guided by these findings, we propose Metis, a self-evolving agent system built on a hierarchical dual-representation memory. Metis organizes textual experience into execution plans, environment facts, and common pitfalls, and selectively crystallizes recurring plans into validated callable tools. This design combines the broad applicability of text memory with the execution efficiency of code memory while incurring tool-generation cost only when justified by repeated reuse. We evaluate Metis on AppWorld, a challenging benchmark for interactive agents. The results show that Metis improves task accuracy by up to 20.6% over ReAct while reducing execution cost by up to 22.8%. Compared with representative self-evolving agent systems, Metis consistently achieves a better balance between accuracy, execution efficiency, and memory-construction cost.

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11.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

HemExp: Clinically-Guided Latent Diffusion for Modeling Hematoma Expansion

作者:
Orhun Utku Aydin↗Satoru Tanioka↗Tzu I Chuang↗Alexander Koch↗Dimitrios Rallios↗Marie Gultom↗Begum Tahhan↗Fujimaro Ishida↗Dietmar Frey↗Adam Hilbert↗

Hematoma expansion (HE) after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major determinant of acute triage and treatment decisions in neurosurgical care. However, most existing methods provide either a binary expansion risk or a single follow-up volume, limiting uncertainty-aware decisions. We introduce HemExp, a clinically-guided latent diffusion model that generates patient-specific follow-up non-contrast CT images, along with segmentations of intraparenchymal and intraventricular hemorrhage. Generation is conditioned on baseline imaging, clinical variables, and an explicit expansion indicator, enabling controllable simulation of realistic clinical scenarios. HemExp uses a hemorrhage-aware multi-head variational autoencoder and models progression as the difference between baseline and follow-up latent representations with a conditional diffusion model. The model is trained on paired scans from 450 patients across multiple centers and evaluated on 107 patients from a held-out institution. HemExp produces spatial HE probability maps by generating multiple synthetic follow-up images per patient to estimate distributions of plausible follow-up hematoma volumes. Perturbing clinical inputs such as symptom-onset-to-imaging time or anticoagulant status shifts the predicted follow-up volume distribution. HemExp extends binary predictors and demonstrates robust estimation of clinically relevant outcomes in the imaging space, such as hematoma volume, intraventricular involvement, and mass effects. Overall, our results support controllable latent diffusion as a promising direction for uncertainty-aware modeling of early ICH progression.

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12.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

Embodied-BenchClaw: An Autonomous Multi-Agent System for Embodied Spatial Intelligence Benchmark Construction

作者:
Baoyang Jiang↗Fengchun Zhang↗Leyuan Wang↗Haotian Li↗Yida Wang↗Zhe Ji↗Jinshan Lai↗Xi Ren↗Jianwei Hu↗Qiang Ma↗

arXiv:2606.11909v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Benchmarks are essential for evaluating embodied spatial intelligence, yet their construction is labor-intensive, hard to reuse, and difficult to maintain. Existing embodied benchmarks are often static and may quickly become saturated as models improve, limiting their ability to distinguish new capabilities. We propose Embodied-BenchClaw, an autonomous agentic system for constructing embodied spatial intelligence benchmarks. Given a user-specified evaluation intent, Embodied-BenchClaw automatically produces a complete and continually updatable benchmark package through a five-stage pipeline: intent blueprinting, data collection, structuring and cleaning, benchmark synthesis, and evaluation reporting. The pipeline is coordinated by three agents for planning, construction, and evaluation. To improve reusability and reliability, Embodied-BenchClaw introduces an extensible Skill Library and process quality control, enabling benchmark construction to be composable, verifiable, and repairable. We instantiate multiple benchmarks covering indoor spatial reasoning, outdoor spatial reasoning, robotic manipulation, quadruped robot navigation, UAV/aerial-view understanding, and static benchmark enhancement. These benchmarks span diverse embodied carriers, data sources, and spatial capabilities. Experiments with human evaluation, judge-based assessment, consistency checks, cost analysis, and ablations show that Embodied-BenchClaw can construct verifiable, executable, maintainable, and diagnostically useful embodied spatial benchmarks with reduced manual effort.

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13.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-17

X-REFINE: XAI-based RElevance input-Filtering and archItecture fiNe-tuning for channel Estimation

作者:
Abdul Karim Gizzini↗Yahia Medjahdi↗

arXiv:2602.22277v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: AI-native architectures are vital for 6G wireless communications. The black-box nature and high complexity of deep learning models employed in critical applications, such as channel estimation, limit their practical deployment. While perturbation-based eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) solutions offer input filtering, they often neglect internal structural optimization. We propose X-REFINE, an XAI-based framework for joint input-filtering and architecture fine-tuning. By utilizing a decomposition-based, sign-stabilized LRP epsilon rule, X-REFINE backpropagates predictions to derive high-resolution relevance scores for both subcarriers and hidden neurons. This enables a reliable optimization that identifies the most reliable model components. Simulation results demonstrate that X-REFINE achieves a superior performance-complexity-interpretability trade-off compared to the external perturbation-based XAI frameworks, significantly reducing computational complexity while maintaining robust bit error rate (BER) performance.

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14.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17

TrustErase: Auditable Instant Machine Unlearning with Passport-Embedded Representations

作者:
Rutger Hendrix↗Leonardo G. Russo↗Concetto Spampinato↗Matteo Pennisi↗Giovanni Bellitto↗

arXiv:2606.17122v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The demand for privacy-compliant AI has amplified the need for machine unlearning; yet, existing retraining or distillation-based methods remain unverifiable and computationally costly. We introduce TrustErase, a verifiable, data-free unlearning framework leveraging passport-embedded representations for instant, modular, and auditable forgetting. By treating passports as cryptographic keys within parameter-efficient adaptation layers, TrustErase enables the removal of specific classes or datasets through simple deactivation, without retraining, fine-tuning, or access to the original data. A singular value based decomposition conceals passports within model weights, ensuring that unlearning actions remain transparent and provably compliant. Evaluations on MNIST, CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 show that TrustErase matches or exceeds state-of-the-art benchmarks such as DELETE, L2UL, and Boundary Shrink, while operating in a strictly data-free regime. Ultimately, TrustErase establishes a new paradigm for trustworthy, accountable, and instantly forgettable AI systems.

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15.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15

GAGPO: Generalized Advantage Grouped Policy Optimization

作者:
Siyuan Zhu↗Chao Yu↗Rongxin Yang↗Zongkai Liu↗Jinjun Hu↗Qiwen Chen↗Yibo Zhang↗

arXiv:2605.13217v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning has become a powerful paradigm for post-training large language model agents, yet credit assignment in multi-turn environments remains a challenge. Agents often receive sparse, trajectory-level rewards only at the end of an episode, making it difficult to determine which intermediate actions contributed to success or failure. As a result, propagating delayed outcomes back to individual decision steps without relying on costly auxiliary value models remains an open problem. We propose Generalized Advantage Grouped Policy Optimization (GAGPO), a critic-free reinforcement learning method for precise, step-aligned temporal credit assignment. GAGPO constructs a non-parametric grouped value proxy from sampled rollouts and uses it to compute TD/GAE-style temporal advantages, recursively propagating outcome supervision backward through time. Combined with group-wise advantage normalization and an action-level importance ratio, GAGPO extracts stable, localized optimization signals directly from multi-turn trajectories. Experiments on ALFWorld and WebShop show that GAGPO outperforms strong reinforcement learning baselines. Further analyses demonstrate faster early-stage learning, improved interaction efficiency, and smoother optimization dynamics, suggesting that GAGPO offers a simple yet effective framework for multi-turn agentic reinforcement learning.

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16.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24

EXPO-SQL: Execution-based Clause-level Policy Optimization for Text-to-SQL

作者:
Jaehoon Lee↗CheolWon Na↗Suyoung Bae↗Jin-Seop Lee↗Jihyung Lee↗YunSeok Choi↗Jee-Hyong Lee↗

Text-to-SQL enables users to query databases using natural language by generating executable SQL queries. Recent methods have increasingly adopted Large Language Models based reinforcement learning (RL) to leverage execution feedback for training. However, existing RL methods assign uniform query-level rewards to all clauses in a SQL query, treating correct and incorrect clauses equally. This coarse-grained reward design leads to insufficient learning signals for correct SQL generation. To address this issue, we propose EXPO-SQL (EXecution-based clause-level Policy Optimization for Text-to-SQL) which provides fine-grained supervision through clause-level rewards. To assign clause-level rewards, our method identifies erroneous clauses by analyzing execution results, including error messages and clause-wise incremental execution. Experiments on widely-used Text-to-SQL benchmarks demonstrate that EXPO-SQL significantly outperforms existing supervised fine-tuning, prompting, and RL-based methods through fine-grained clause-level learning. Our code is available at https://github. com/jhn25/EXPO-SQL.

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17.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

CrossMaps: Confidence-Aware Open-Vocabulary Semantic Mapping for Rover Navigation

作者:
Jan-Niklas Klein↗Sona Ghahremani↗Christian Medeiros Adriano↗Holger Giese↗

arXiv:2606.16935v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Rovers rely on perception to maintain spatial maps that encode both objects and sensor quality (e.g., range reliability, lighting artifacts, data density), guiding data fusion, embedding updates, and navigation under partial observability. To study these coupled perception-navigation processes, we present CrossMaps, a real-time confidence-aware open-vocabulary semantic mapping pipeline that constructs language-queryable maps from RGB-D data. Building on VLMaps-style approaches, CrossMaps integrates multi-scale CLIP embeddings with confidence-aware fusion and a dual-memory architecture consisting of Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM). The STM aggregates noisy visual observations using geometric, semantic, and temporal confidence cues, while confident and coherent cells are promoted to the LTM as persistent semantic landmarks. Designed for deployment with a Jetson Orin-powered UGV alongside SLAM, CrossMaps runs in real time and produces semantic heatmaps that can be queried with natural language to guide rover navigation.

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18.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

NTIRE 2024 Challenge on Image Super-Resolution (x4): Methods and Results

作者:
Zheng Chen↗Zongwei Wu↗Eduard Zamfir↗Kai Zhang↗Yulun Zhang↗Radu Timofte↗Xiaokang Yang↗Hongyuan Yu↗Cheng Wan↗Yuxin Hong↗Zhijuan Huang↗Yajun Zou↗…

This paper reviews the NTIRE 2024 challenge on image super-resolution ($\times$4), highlighting the solutions proposed and the outcomes obtained. The challenge involves generating corresponding high-resolution (HR) images, magnified by a factor of four, from low-resolution (LR) inputs using prior information. The LR images originate from bicubic downsampling degradation. The aim of the challenge is to obtain designs/solutions with the most advanced SR performance, with no constraints on computational resources (e.g., model size and FLOPs) or training data. The track of this challenge assesses performance with the PSNR metric on the DIV2K testing dataset. The competition attracted 199 registrants, with 20 teams submitting valid entries. This collective endeavour not only pushes the boundaries of performance in single-image SR but also offers a comprehensive overview of current trends in this field.

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19.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-12

Conditional means, vector pricings, amenability and fixed points in cones

作者:
Nicolas Monod↗

arXiv:2512.13829v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We develop a generalization of conditional probability for arbitrary ordered vector spaces. A related problem is that of assigning a numerical value to one vector relative to another. We characterize the groups for which these generalized probabilities can be stationary, respectively invariant. Our results deviate from the setting of classical probability and lead to a new criterion for amenability and for fixed points in cones.

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20.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18

Grids Often Outperform Implicit Neural Representations at Compressing Dense Signals

作者:
Namhoon Kim↗Sara Fridovich-Keil↗

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) have recently shown impressive results, but their fundamental capacity, implicit biases, and scaling behavior remain poorly understood. We investigate the performance of diverse INRs across a suite of 2D and 3D real and synthetic signals with varying effective bandwidth, as well as both overfitting and generalization tasks including tomography, super-resolution, and denoising. By stratifying performance according to model size as well as signal type and bandwidth, our results shed light on how different INR and grid representations allocate their capacity. We find that, for many tasks involving dense signals, a simple regularized grid with interpolation trains faster and to higher or comparable quality than any INR with the same number of parameters. We also find limited settings – namely fitting binary signals such as shape contours – where INRs outperform grids, to guide future development and use of INRs towards the most advantageous applications.

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21.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24

Preferences of a Voice-First Nation: Large-Scale Pairwise Evaluation and Preference Analysis for TTS in Indian Languages

作者:
Srija Anand↗Ashwin Sankar↗Ishvinder Sethi↗Aaditya Pareek↗Kartik Rajput↗Gaurav Yadav↗Nikhil Narasimhan↗Adish Pandya↗Deepon Halder↗Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan↗Praveen S V↗Shobhit Banga↗…

Crowdsourced pairwise evaluation has emerged as a scalable approach for assessing foundation models. However, applying it to Text to Speech(TTS) introduces high variance due to linguistic diversity and multidimensional nature of speech perception. We present a controlled multidimensional pairwise evaluation framework for multilingual TTS that combines linguistic control with perceptually grounded annotation. Using 5K+ native and code-mixed sentences across 10 Indic languages, we evaluate 7 state-of-the-art TTS systems and collect over 120K pairwise comparisons from over 1900 native raters. In addition to overall preference, raters provide judgments across 6 perceptual dimensions: intelligibility, expressiveness, voice quality, liveliness, noise, and hallucinations. Using Bradley-Terry modeling, we construct a multilingual leaderboard, interpret human preference using SHAP analysis and analyze leaderboard reliability alongside model strengths and trade-offs across perceptual dimensions.

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22.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19

What Makes Effective Supervision in Latent Chain-of-Thought: An Information-Theoretic Analysis

作者:
Xinghao Chen↗Chak Tou Leong↗Wenjin Guo↗Jian Wang↗Wenjie Li↗Xiaoyu Shen↗

Latent Chain-of-Thought (CoT) internalizes reasoning within continuous hidden states, offering a promising alternative to verbose discrete reasoning traces. However, robust latent reasoning remains difficult because outcome supervision provides weak learning signals and leaves latent trajectories prone to semantic drift. In this work, we analyze Latent CoT from an information-theoretic perspective and identify this failure as a dual collapse: gradient attenuation along the optimization path and representational drift in the latent space. We further decompose process supervision into two complementary dimensions: Trajectory Supervision, which injects dense stepwise reasoning signals, and Space Supervision, which preserves the semantic structure of the latent manifold. Our analysis shows that rigid geometric compression can collapse the reasoning space, whereas generative reconstruction provides a more flexible semantic anchor that better preserves information capacity. To measure these effects, we introduce the Unified Latent Probe (ULP), which quantifies the mutual information between latent trajectories and explicit reasoning steps. Experiments reveal a clear Information-Performance Binding: reasoning accuracy depends on the information fidelity preserved in the latent chain. These findings provide a principled framework for latent reasoning supervision and suggest shifting from geometric imitation toward mutual information maximization. Our code is available at \href{https://github.com/EIT-NLP/Supervision-in-Latent-CoT}{this repository}.

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23.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-16

Generalized symmetries, invariant solutions and conservation laws in the Jaynes-Cummings model

作者:
Luis M. Pi\~nuelas↗Pablo C. L\'opez V\'azquez↗Alexander Yakhno↗

arXiv:2606.15538v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: In this work, we investigate the Jaynes–Cummings model (JCM) using Lie symmetry analysis and conservation-law theory. The dynamics is formulated as a system of partial differential equations by projecting the von Neumann equation onto the atomic degrees of freedom and representing the field mode through its characteristic function. We determine the admitted point and generalized symmetries and construct invariant solutions satisfying the physical conditions imposed by quantum mechanics. The conventional dressed-state dynamics is recovered while a second class of solutions with radial dependence expressed through Heun polynomials is obtained for coupled atom–field configurations. We also apply the generating functions methodology to derive local conservation laws of the JCM differential system. Besides recovering the conservation of the total number of excitations, we obtain additional conserved currents involving atomic populations, coherence, reduced-state purity, and moments of the field characteristic function. In particular, we derive a balance equation for a combination of atomic purity and coherence whose evolution is controlled by the atom–field coupling and is linked to atom–field correlation and entanglement dynamics. The symmetry structure further generates generalized symmetries and an infinite hierarchy of conservation laws.

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24.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

LLM-as-Code Agentic Programming for Agent Harness

作者:
Junjia Qi↗Zichuan Fu↗Jingtong Gao↗Wenlin Zhang↗Hanyu Yan↗Xian Wu↗Xiangyu Zhao↗

arXiv:2606.15874v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Every major LLM agent framework gives the LLM the role of orchestrator; the model decides what to do next, when to call tools, and when to stop. We argue that token explosion, control-flow hallucination, and unreliable completion are not implementation bugs but architectural consequences of assigning the deterministic work of looping, branching, and sequencing to a probabilistic system. A better prompt or a stronger model cannot guarantee the reliability of the LLM agent. We therefore propose Agentic Programming, in which the program governs all control flow, and the LLM is itself part of it, an adaptive component we call LLM-as-Code and invoke only where a task calls for reasoning or generation. Within each call the model keeps full flexibility, but it cannot alter the program's execution path. With control in the program, the LLM's context is built from the execution history's call tree and forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Each call's context length is then determined by its call depth rather than by accumulation over steps. A case study of computer-use agents shows that the design is practical, not just a theoretical stance, substantially improving the stability of long visual operation sequences.

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25.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18

Rethinking Air-Ground Collaboration: A Progressive Cross-Task Benchmark and Socialized Learning Framework

作者:
Zhoupeng Guo↗Yunqi Zhu↗Zhihe Fan↗Xinjie Yao↗Ruipu Zhao↗Boan Tao↗Yiming Sun↗Zhen Wang↗Pengfei Zhu↗

Air-ground collaborative perception is crucial for robust visual understanding in real-world dynamic environments. However, existing studies typically formulate collaboration as single-task cross-view fusion, overlooking the functional dependencies among localization, target association, and fine-grained parsing. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of aerial and ground views introduces substantial geometric, scale, and occlusion discrepancies, making uniform feature sharing vulnerable to negative transfer. To tackle these issues, we model air-ground perception as a progressive cross-task collaboration task and construct the Air-Ground Progressive Collaboration (AGPC) benchmark, a spatio-temporally aligned benchmark comprising more than 745K raw video frames. Built upon this benchmark, we propose Socialized Co-Perception (SCP), a coarse-to-fine framework that organizes collaboration progressively from aerial global localization to ground target association and identity-aware parsing. Its core module, the Dual-Layer Router (DLR), decouples input-side multi-scale expert selection from output-side task-conditioned modulation, enabling selective cross-view and cross-task interaction while suppressing harmful interference. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of SCP. It achieves a 3.73\% coevolutionary gain and a 7.86\% improvement in average downstream performance. These results show that task-conditioned collaboration is more effective than uniform fusion for heterogeneous air-ground perception. The code is available at https://github.com/g1136639260-spec/AGSCP.

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