Paper Plaza - AcademicHub

01.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15850

A 0-1 Law for Multifractal Spectra via the HGDS Scale Derivative

Authors:

arXiv:2606.15850v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We prove that the multifractal spectrum D(h,omega) of a stochastic process is almost surely deterministic under a scale decorrelation condition on the HGDS scale derivative. The key difficulty is that the pointwise Hölder exponent lives in the germ sigma-algebra, where classical 0-1 laws do not reach. We get around this by working with the geometry accumulation integral G_Lambda, which is a genuine Lebesgue integral over scales and concentrates almost surely. The boundary case – log-correlated fields – is sharp: the variance summability condition fails exactly there.

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02.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17830

Functional Equivalence in Attention: A Comprehensive Study with Applications to Linear Mode Connectivity

Authors:

Viet-Hoang Tran ↗Vinh Khanh Bui ↗Van-Hoan Trinh ↗Tan Lai Ngoc ↗Tan M. Nguyen ↗

arXiv:2606.17830v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Neural network parameter spaces are inherently non-injective, as distinct parameter configurations can realize identical functions through functional equivalence. While this symmetry is well understood in classical fully connected and convolutional models, it becomes substantially more intricate in modern attention-based architectures. Existing analyses of multihead attention have largely focused on the vanilla formulation, overlooking positional encodings that fundamentally reshape architectural symmetries. In this work, we provide a formal study of functional equivalence in Transformers with positional encodings. Focusing on the two most widely used variants–sinusoidal and rotary positional encodings (RoPE)–we show that sinusoidal encodings preserve the equivalence structure of vanilla attention, whereas rotary encodings significantly reduce the symmetry group, thereby enhancing expressivity. This offers a principled explanation for the growing prominence of RoPE in practice. We further examine how positional encodings affect linear mode connectivity, and through an alignment algorithm, empirically demonstrate that the presence and variability of connectivity across Transformer settings crucially depend on the positional encoding.

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03.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14582

A Temporal Planning Framework for Disruption Aware Dynamic Route Optimization in Heterogeneous Railway Systems

Authors:

Pollob Chandra Ray ↗Sabah Binte Noor ↗Fazlul Hasan Siddiqui ↗

arXiv:2606.14582v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Efficient route optimization play a vital role in ensuring both safety and punctuality in railway operations. It is very crucial particularly in heterogeneous multi-gauge railway networks with varying train speed, stopping pattern, infrastructure compatibility constraints increase coordination complexity. In single-track systems these challenges are further intensify due to all trains to share the same track and requires frequent track switching.Stochastic disruptions events including blocked tracks, blocked trains, engine failure and speed slowdowns introduces additional unpredictability in operations and deviate the timetable. However, existing studies predominantly focuses on high-level timetabling, omitting operational details such as track switching coordination. As a result leaving decision to human operators, increasing safety risks into railway operations. This study proposes a framework based on temporal planning for dynamic route optimization and disruption management in heterogeneous railway systems. The framework formulates railway operations as a temporal planning problem using PDDL 2.1 with explicitly modeling gauge compatibility constraints and diverse disruption scenarios. It generates conflict-free timestamped operational plans specifying both optimized schedules and executable action sequences. To evaluate the proposed framework, we developed a benchmark problem set with 200 instances using up to 1,000 track points and 120 trains. Two state-of-the-art temporal planners and a plan validator were employed to assessed the framework. The experimental results demonstrate that the framework effectively generates temporal operational plans for heterogeneous railway systems and handles multi-gauge constraints, disruptions, and reduces dependence on manual decision making.

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04.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.12191

Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application

Authors:

Jiachun Li ↗Zhuoran Jin ↗Tianyi Men ↗Yupu Hao ↗Kejian Zhu ↗Lingshuai Wang ↗Dongqi Huang ↗Longxiang Wang ↗Shengjia Hua ↗Lu Wang ↗Jinshan Gao ↗Hongbang Yuan ↗…

Environments serve as interactive systems for large language model (LLM) based agents across diverse scenarios and play a crucial role in driving the continual evolution of model capabilities. Despite this importance, existing work lacks a systematic categorization and deep analysis. This paper systematically studies current researches on agentic environments from the perspective of the environment engineering lifecycle, covering their modeling, synthesis, evaluation and application. Specifically, the paper first introduces representative environments from the perspectives of eight attributes and eight domains, providing detailed analyses of their development paths and highlighting their core capabilities. Second, for automated environment synthesis, two paradigms are introduced, such as symbolic synthesis and neural synthesis. This paper also shows different environment evaluation methods in each paradigm. Thirdly, the corresponding environment applications from the perspective of agent-environment co-evolution are discussed. In specific, the paper characterizes the primary pathways for agent evolution in dynamic environments from four complementary perspectives: memory-centric experience evolution, orchestration-centric workflow evolution, trajectory-centric offline evolution, and exploration-centric online evolution. And three paradigms of environment evolution are identified, namely neural-driven, difficulty-driven, and scaling-driven approaches. At last, several promising future directions are discussed, including Environment-as-a-Service, Multi-agent Environments, and Neural-Symbolic Environments.

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05.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2604.13457

Excited-State Quantum Chemistry on Qumode-Based Processors via Variational Quantum Deflation

Authors:

Marlon F. Jost ↗Sijia S. Dong ↗

arXiv:2604.13457v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Variational quantum algorithms on bosonic quantum processors are an emerging paradigm for quantum chemistry calculations, exploiting the natural alignment between molecular structure and harmonic oscillator-based hardware. We introduce the qumode-based variational quantum deflation framework (QumVQD) for finding both electronic and vibrational excited state energies on qumode-based architectures. We validate the approach through electronic structure calculations on H$_{2}$ and linear H$_{4}$, where we introduce Hamming-weight filtering of the Fock basis to enforce particle number conservation and eliminate spurious eigenstates by reducing the required Hilbert space, which reduces the required number of qumodes in turn. We achieve agreement with full configuration interaction (FCI) using the STO-3G basis set within the chemical accuracy threshold at most points along the potential energy surfaces. Extending to the vibrational structure, we combine QumVQD with an existing Hamiltonian fragmentation approach based on Cartan subalgebra, allowing us to compute the vibrational eigenenergies of CO$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$S to spectroscopic accuracy with per-fragment circuits that scale as $O(N)$ in single-qumode gates and $O(N^2)$ in beam-splitter gates for $N$ qumodes. For the case of CO$_{2}$, we get total gate counts more than an order of magnitude smaller than those reported for qubit-based vibrational algorithms at this system size. These results demonstrate that bosonic quantum devices are a viable platform for excited-state quantum chemistry, particularly for vibrational problems where qubit-based methods incur substantial boson-to-qubit mapping overhead.

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06.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.18108

Querying an astronomical database using large language models: the ALeRCE text-to-SQL system

Authors:

arXiv:2606.18108v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We develop a text-to-SQL (structured query language) system based on large language models (LLMs) using in-context learning and apply it to the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) astronomical database. ALeRCE is a community broker for the Zwicky Transient Facility and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. The system enables users to query the database in natural language (NL) and generates executable SQL queries. To develop and evaluate the system, we constructed a dataset of 110 NL/SQL pairs. We propose a step-by-step generation framework comprising four modules: schema linking, query classification, prompt decomposition, and self-correction. The performance of thirteen LLMs is evaluated using in-context learning and prompt engineering techniques. Text-to-SQL performance is assessed using the perfect-match (PM) rate for row identifiers (e.g., object identifiers) and column identifiers (i.e., column names). The proposed step-by-step framework consistently outperforms a direct-inference baseline, while the self-correction module consistently reduces execution errors. For Claude Opus 4.6, PM performance on row (column) identifiers is high for simple queries, reaching 0.97 (0.94), and decreases with query complexity to 0.44 (0.72) for medium queries and 0.59 (0.49) for hard queries. Among the thirteen evaluated models, the best-performing LLMs for the text-to-SQL task are Claude Opus 4.6, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Gemini 3 Flash, and GPT-5.2-Codex.

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07.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-17 DOI: HASH:41b14a18730ba3405e6cbfa259dfbd35

The interaction between chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in a diverse central London population

Authors:

Martyn ↗Mullender ↗Ogunnaike ↗Kemper ↗Ghosh ↗Peppa ↗Tsochatzis ↗Gilson ↗Flanagan ↗Copas ↗MacDonald ↗Arenas-Pinto ↗…

Introduction: The overlap between chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an emerging global health challenge. We investigated the impact of MASLD and metabolic comorbidity in a diverse London viral hepatitis clinic. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study (May 2018-Feb 2024) included adults with CHB having controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measurements. MASLD was defined as CAP >264 dB/m plus [≥]1 cardiometabolic factor (CMF). We used univariable and multivariable models to examine MASLD's relationship with liver stiffness and hepatitis B viral load (HBV VL). Results: Among 323 individuals (67% male, median age 36), most were from Black (35%) or non-white British/Irish (29%) backgrounds. Overall, 64% had [≥]1 CMF, and 20% had MASLD. The CHB/MASLD group was significantly older (median 43 vs 35 years, p

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08.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.10775

Spatially Selective Self-Training for Unsupervised Building Change Detection

Authors:

Wafaa I. M. Hussin ↗Zhi Lu ↗Anas M. I. Mohammed ↗Xiang Zhou ↗Ratiba A. H. Abubaker ↗Zhenming Peng ↗

Unsupervised building change detection aims to learn building-change masks from unlabeled bi-temporal remote sensing images. Existing label-free methods often follow a discrepancy-to-mask paradigm, directly using temporal differences, frozen foundation-model responses, prompt-based outputs, or post-processing results as final change maps. Although these strategies provide annotation-free cues, they do not learn a task-specific building-change detector and remain vulnerable to the gap between generic temporal discrepancies and building-defined structural changes. In practice, such discrepancies are often noisy and task-irrelevant, as appearance shifts, registration errors, and non-building modifications can produce strong but misleading responses. To address this problem, we propose SST-CD, a spatially selective self-training framework that reformulates fully label-free building change detection as end-to-end detector learning under noisy pseudo supervision. SST-CD uses temporal discrepancies as candidate pseudo labels and trains the detector only on spatially reliable pixels, whose reliability is estimated by a local consistency criterion that filters inconsistent regions from supervision. To further stabilize noisy self-training, a lightweight feature adapter recalibrates bi-temporal features, while a prototype-based decoder produces compact change and no-change representations. Experiments on LEVIR-CD, WHU-CD, and DSIFN-CD show that SST-CD achieves F1 scores of 83.08%, 91.69%, and 86.60%, respectively, outperforming existing unsupervised and label-free baselines.

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09.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2512.22219

MPK: A Compiler and Runtime for Mega-Kernelizing Tensor Programs

Authors:

Xinhao Cheng ↗Zhihao Zhang ↗Yu Zhou ↗Jianan Ji ↗Jinchen Jiang ↗Zepeng Zhao ↗Ziruo Xiao ↗Zihao Ye ↗Yingyi Huang ↗Ruihang Lai ↗Hongyi Jin ↗Bohan Hou ↗…

arXiv:2512.22219v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce Mirage Persistent Kernel (MPK), the first compiler and runtime system that automatically transforms multi-GPU model inference into a single high-performance mega-kernel. MPK introduces an SM-level graph representation that captures data dependencies at the granularity of individual streaming multiprocessors (SMs), enabling cross-operator software pipelining, \rev{fine-grained overlap of computation and communication, and other optimizations that are infeasible under the conventional kernel-per-operator execution model}. The MPK compiler lowers tensor programs into optimized SM-level task graphs and generates fast CUDA implementations for each task, while the MPK in-kernel parallel runtime executes these tasks within a single persistent mega-kernel using decentralized scheduling across SMs. Together, these components provide end-to-end kernel fusion with minimal developer effort, while preserving the flexibility of existing programming models. Our evaluation shows that MPK significantly outperforms existing kernel-per-operator LLM serving systems, achieving up to 1.7$\times$ lower end-to-end inference latency and pushing LLM inference performance close to the limits of the underlying hardware. MPK is publicly available at https://github.com/mirage-project/mirage.

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10.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16219

Graphical conditional generative modeling for digital twin modeling

Authors:

Zongren Zou ↗Th\'eo Bourdais ↗Ricardo Baptista ↗Houman Owhadi ↗

arXiv:2606.16219v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Digital twin modeling, including control and data assimilation under model uncertainty, often faces an open-ended fidelity problem: adding variables, data streams, and time scales can indefinitely increase model complexity, ultimately producing systems that are difficult to maintain, validate, interpret, and use for stress or safety testing. As an alternative, one can seek parsimonious stochastic surrogate models built only on the variables needed to describe the relevant quantities of interest. We introduce a framework for discovering such variables from observational data by identifying which candidate inputs influence the full conditional law of a target quantity, rather than only its conditional mean. This distinction is essential in stochastic, coarse-grained, or partially observed systems, where dependencies may appear through changes in variability, tail behavior, multimodality, or uncertainty rather than through deterministic functional relationships. The framework couples conditional generative modeling, which learns the conditional distribution of the target given candidate inputs, with Gaussian-process-based analysis of variance (through kernel mode decomposition), which enables iterative pruning of non-influential inputs and interpretable structure discovery. In control settings, the resulting surrogate can be interpreted as a learned Markov decision process: the method identifies not only a transition model, but also the state, action, and memory variables needed to make the learned dynamics effectively Markovian. Across examples involving stochastic dynamical systems, missing variables, PDE control, reinforcement learning, and economic data, the discovered structures yield interpretable stochastic surrogates whose downstream performance is comparable to models trained on the full variable set.

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11.

Nature (Science) 2026-06-10 DOI: HASH:e4c1272dad4cfb7b682baffe07ca1b30

Giant crustacean of the deep sea steals a trick from bacteria

Authors: Unknown Author

Organisms called bathynomids boast a bacterial gene that helps them to regulate their metabolism in the cold depths. Organisms called bathynomids boast a bacterial gene that helps them to regulate their metabolism in the cold depths.

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12.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2605.18817

Multi-Token Residual Prediction

Authors:

Yufeng Xu ↗Zishuo Bao ↗Qian Wang ↗Zeshen Zhang ↗Haoqi Zhang ↗Bowen Peng ↗Ang Li ↗Rahul Chalamala ↗Yucheng Lu ↗

arXiv:2605.18817v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) generate text by iteratively denoising masked token sequences, offering a tradeoff between parallelism and quality compared to autoregressive models. In current practice, the number of tokens decoded per step is controlled by a confidence threshold, and quality degrades monotonically as more tokens are denoised per step. We introduce Multi-token Residual Prediction (MRP), a lightweight module that enables dependency-aware multi-token denoising within a single backbone forward pass. MRP exploits a key property of the denoising process: the logit distributions at adjacent denoising steps are remarkably similar. Rather than running the backbone a second time to obtain the next-step logits, MRP predicts the residual between steps from the backbone's hidden states, effectively denoising more tokens per backbone forward at a fraction of the cost. We apply MRP across the two operating regimes of DLM decoding. In the high-quality-low-throughput static denoising regime, MRP serves as a drafter for speculative decoding: its proposals are verified against the backbone, yielding lossless acceleration of up to 1.4x in SGLang. In the low-quality-high-throughput dynamic denoising regime, MRP instead drives a remasking scheme that revokes over-eager reveals, recovering most of the accuracy lost to aggressive low-threshold decoding and improving accuracy by up to 22.6 points on code generation task HumanEval and 17.7 points on reasoning task GSM8K.

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13.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16261

Wavelength-Multiplexed 2D Beam Steering via a Passive Diffractive Network

Authors:

Che-Yung Shen ↗Yuhang Li ↗Cagatay Isil ↗Tianyi Gan ↗Mona Jarrahi ↗Aydogan Ozcan ↗

We introduce a wavelength-addressable diffractive optical network that transforms illumination wavelength into a high-dimensional control parameter for arbitrarily programmable 2D beam steering. The proposed passive architecture comprises cascaded spatially optimized diffractive layers, jointly designed using deep learning, to rapidly map distinct wavelengths to predefined/desired output angles. Unlike conventional single-layer dispersive optical elements, which are physically restricted to 1D linear mapping, this framework harnesses complex wavefront transformations to utilize the illumination wavelength as an intrinsic addressing key for arbitrary 2D beam steering, eliminating the need for mechanical scanning or electronic phase control. We numerically demonstrate wavelength-controlled beam steering across 625 wavelength channels spanning 400-750 nm, realizing a 25 x 25 array of independently addressable beam positions with subwavelength positioning accuracy and high channel fidelity. Unlike conventional gratings, which constrain wavelength routing to a linear trajectory, the proposed diffractive network performs nonlocal wavefront transformations, enabling arbitrary wavelength-to-angle mappings across a 2D field of view. We further validate the proposed framework experimentally in both the terahertz and visible spectral regimes, demonstrating wavelength-multiplexed beam steering using 3D fabricated passive diffractive layers at terahertz frequencies and phase-only spatial light modulators in the visible spectrum. This wavelength-addressable diffractive architecture establishes a compact and scalable paradigm for high-speed programmable beam steering, with potential applications in optical communications, routing, imaging, sensing, and emerging photonic information-processing systems.

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14.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2604.23628

Characterizing Admissible Objective Functions for Hierarchical Clustering

Authors:

Ryuki Tsukuba ↗Kazutoshi Ando ↗

arXiv:2604.23628v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Hierarchical clustering is a fundamental task in data analysis, but classical methods have long lacked a principled objective function. Dasgupta [STOC~2016] took an important step toward addressing this gap by proposing a well-motivated objective function for cluster trees. Cohen-Addad et al. [J. ACM 2019] subsequently introduced the notion of admissibility: an objective function is admissible if, whenever the input similarity matrix admits generating trees, its minimizers are precisely those generating trees.They also gave a necessary and sufficient condition for admissibility within a family of objective functions based on aggregate intercluster similarity. We refer to this family as sum-type objective functions. However, apart from Dasgupta's original objective function, no explicit admissible objective functions in this family were provided. In this paper, we study admissible objective functions for hierarchical clustering in two directions. For sum-type objective functions, we give a complete characterization when the scaling function is a symmetric polynomial of degree at most two, and we derive sufficient conditions for degree-three polynomials. We also show that the recursive sparsest cut algorithm achieves an O$(\phi)$-approximation ratio for the admissible objective functions covered by our characterization, where $\phi$ is the approximation factor of the sparsest cut subroutine. We then introduce max-type objective functions, where cluster interaction is measured by maximum, rather than aggregate, intercluster similarity. For this class, we characterize which objective functions are admissible for arbitrary symmetric scaling functions and give a complete characterization when the scaling function is a symmetric polynomial of degree at most two.

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15.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14398

A theoretical model for task routing in mixture-of-expert transformers

Authors:

Yongli Xiang ↗Vinoth Nandakumar ↗Yunzhi Yao ↗Peike Li ↗Tongliang Liu ↗

arXiv:2606.14398v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Mixture-of-experts (MoE) layers enable the scaling of transformer models while keeping the inference compute fixed. While task-expert specialization has been observed in empirical studies of frontier MoE transformer models, existing theoretical work analyzes this using continuous mixture models that cannot be used to model natural language effectively. An important open question is to theoretically explain task-expert specialization in transformer MoE models using discrete models of language. To address this, we represent structured knowledge via syntactic templates and finite key-value dictionaries, and prove formally that a single-layer MoE transformer can encode knowledge by using experts that specialize in the corresponding tasks. Our construction shows how queries are routed to unique, task-specific experts whose size depends solely on the intrinsic complexity of the given task (i.e. the combined size of its syntactic templates and factual dictionary). Our construction provides a theoretical support for empirical results on localized knowledge circuits in MoE models. We support our theoretical findings with experiments evaluating model performance under varying MoE loss functions.

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16.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22 DOI: HASH:94fbfddf2f15611118eb40cbabce196c

Maternal-Fetal immune networks and viral signatures in the healthy amniotic cavity

Authors:

Gonzalez-Rovira ↗Garcia-Diaz ↗Martinez-Pancorbo ↗Rodriguez-Herrera ↗Sanchez ↗Bernardo ↗Karatas ↗Garcia-Mejido ↗J. A ↗Sousa ↗Mellado ↗Sainz-Bueno ↗…

The intrauterine environment has traditionally been viewed as a privileged site protected by the placental barrier. However, emerging evidence suggests that early in utero microbial exposure may prime the developing fetal immune system. Here, using target-enriched metagenomics and high-dimensional proteomics, we characterized the intra-amniotic viral landscape and immune networks in 114 healthy pregnancies including both normal and anomalous fetuses. We identify a sparse yet heterogeneous human viral signature in 26% of samples, predominantly composed of Herpesviridae, Polyomaviridae, and Picornaviridae. Although viral reads abundance was associated with fetal abnormalities, viral detection generally did not induce overt inflammatory activation, supporting a state of immune homeostasis within the amniotic cavity. Instead, viral presence was associated with subtle and selective immune modulation, including altered inducible antimicrobial peptide expression (HBD-2 and HBD-3), coupled with an attenuation of regulatory cytokines. Our results further reveal that the amniotic immune environment is primarily governed by gestational age, transitioning from a Th1-predominant "alert" phase to innate-readiness preceding parturition. These findings suggest that fragments of viral genetic material within the amniotic cavity may contribute to fetal immune instruction without triggering overt inflammation, providing a foundational framework for understanding how "silent" viral-exposure during gestation influences the developmental origins of neonatal immunity.

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17.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-22 DOI: HASH:2a5258a58f620cde242d30fc3478b73c

Complex-valued representations of time-series gene expression profiles for network analysis

Authors:

Sun ↗Cao ↗Ikumi ↗Shimizu ↗K. K ↗Sese ↗

Time-series RNA sequencing provides a powerful framework for studying dynamic gene regulation, yet conventional analyses usually represent gene expression profiles as real-valued vectors in Euclidean space and quantify similarity using correlation or distance. Inspired by quantum information theory, we present a framework for encoding time-series gene expression profiles as complex-valued vectors comprising amplitude and phase components in Hilbert space. We designed multiple encoding models to represent gene expression in the amplitude of complex-valued vectors, encode temporal differences in the phase, and extend the phase representation to incorporate the direction of local expression changes. Gene-gene similarity was then quantified using fidelity, which measures the overlap between two encoded vectors. Evaluation using time-series RNA-seq datasets across diverse species and biological contexts showed that different encoding models produced distinct fidelity distributions that were related to, but distinct from, conventional correlation measures. We then constructed gene-gene networks using pairwise fidelity values and detected communities containing genes with similar temporal profiles. Although fidelity distributions differed across encoding models, the resulting communities captured major temporal expression programs, and functional annotations based on gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analyses provided exploratory biological context. The detected communities were comparable to those obtained using conventional methods, including weighted correlation network analysis and fuzzy c-means clustering. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, we performed SWAP-test circuit simulations to mimic fidelity computation on a quantum computer; under noise-aware conditions, these simulations produced less accurate fidelity estimates with higher computational cost than classical computation. As a proof-of-concept, this study provides a complementary view of temporal transcriptome organization, rather than a uniformly superior alternative to conventional methods.

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18.

Nature (Science) 2026-06-17 DOI: HASH:927db696468852bac567e79855d39df4

Optical metasurfaces for general vision processing on the edge

Authors:

Jiayong Peng ↗

Large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models achieve notable performance in computer vision but require substantial computational resources, limiting their deployment on edge devices1,2. Optical neural networks (ONNs) promise reduced latency and energy consumption by making use of the inherent parallelism of light3. However, present ONNs struggle to scale and are confined to simple tasks, owing to the challenges of replicating exact algebraic operations of digital models using physical (analogue) systems. This work introduces a new paradigm that directly embeds core computer vision principles, including similarity-based recognition, attention-guided perception and detail–context fusion, into a large-scale optical metasurface. By unifying optical physics with these computer vision fundamentals, we develop a photonic–electronic engine that overcomes scalability and generality barriers, enabling high-accuracy, general-purpose computer vision at the edge. The resulting system combines a 41-million-parameter optical metasurface front end with a co-designed, ultraefficient 87,000-parameter digital back end, outperforming many digital models with tens of millions of parameters across object detection, segmentation, 3D reconstruction and video understanding. We build a deployable prototype and demonstrate real-time edge visual processing in natural scenes. This work represents a path towards practical optical computing for general vision tasks in complex natural environments, enabling a new paradigm for low-energy, low-latency, real-time on-device vision intelligence. By embedding core computer vision principles into a large-scale optical metasurface, an efficient vision processing system using far fewer parameters is demonstrated to outperform many digital models and enables deployment on edge devices.

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19.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18284

Breaking the Solver Bottleneck: Training Task Generators at the Learnable Frontier

Authors:

Lorenz Wolf ↗Connor Watts ↗Roger Creus Castanyer ↗Geoffrey Bradway ↗Maxwill Lin ↗Augustine N. Mavor-Parker ↗Matthew Daborn-Sargent ↗

The limiting resource for training agents via reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly frontier task supply: valid, solvable tasks just difficult enough to train the current model. As reasoning and agentic models improve, fixed task distributions saturate, while naive synthetic generation yields tasks that are trivial, impossible, or ill-posed. Training a task generator with RL to optimize validity and learnability can address this bottleneck, but direct optimization requires repeated solver rollouts per candidate. For software-engineering (SWE) tasks, a single rollout can take tens of minutes; solver-in-the-loop generator training is intractable. We introduce PROPEL, a solver-amortized framework for training task generators at the targeted solve rate. PROPEL trains a lightweight activation probe on a one-time labeled corpus of generated tasks and solver outcomes. The probe predicts target-solver pass rate from a frozen generator reference model and serves as a proxy for solve rate during generator optimization, reducing generator evaluation to a single forward pass. Across math, code, and software-engineering at multiple model scales, PROPEL shifts generation toward the targeted solve rate: for coding, tasks generated at the learnable frontier increase from $10.1\% \rightarrow 20.0\%$ for a Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct solver and from $5.3\% \rightarrow 12.6\%$ for a Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct solver. For SWE, PROPEL increases the share of generations at the targeted solve rate from $9.8\% \rightarrow 19.6\%$ for Qwen3.5-27B on repositories not seen during training of probe and generator.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11233

OSCS-SupCon: Orthogonal Sigmoid-based Common and Style Supervised Contrastive Learning for Robust Feature Disentanglement

Authors:

Bin Wang ↗Fadi Dornaika ↗

Supervised Contrastive Learning (SupCon) has achieved strong performance by explicitly modeling pairwise relationships among samples. However, existing SupCon-based methods suffer from two key limitations: negative-sample dilution induced by the standard InfoNCE loss, and feature-space entanglement caused by the lack of explicit constraints separating category-relevant (common) and category-irrelevant (style) features. These limitations reduce feature discriminability and generalization ability. To address these issues, we propose OSCS-SupCon (Orthogonal Sigmoid-based Common and Style Supervised Contrastive Learning), a unified framework that combines a sigmoid-based pairwise contrastive objective with explicit orthogonality constraints. Specifically, we introduce a sigmoid-based contrastive loss with two learnable parameters, temperature and bias, which adaptively modulate pairwise decision boundaries and alleviate negative-sample dilution. Furthermore, we enforce orthogonality between common and style feature subspaces via a linear projection with ReLU nonlinearity, thereby reducing feature overlap and improving disentanglement of style-irrelevant representations. Extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets demonstrate that OSCS-SupCon consistently outperforms state-of-the-art supervised contrastive learning methods across multiple backbone architectures. In particular, on the fine-grained CUB200-2011 dataset with a ResNet-18 backbone, the proposed method achieves a 3.4% improvement in classification accuracy over CS-SupCon, highlighting its robustness and generalization capability. Ablation studies further confirm the effectiveness of each component.

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21.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19004

Spotlight: Synergizing Seed Exploration and Spot GPUs for DiT RL Post-Training

Authors:

Ruiqi Lai ↗Dakai An ↗Wei Gao ↗Ju Huang ↗Siran Yang ↗Jiamang Wang ↗Lin Qu ↗Dmitrii Ustiugov ↗Wei Wang ↗

arXiv:2606.19004v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training of Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) is prohibitively expensive, requiring thousands of high-end GPUs. Existing works explore two directions to reduce cost: seed exploration improves training convergence by selecting high-contrast samples, yet adds compute to the critical path; spot GPUs offer 69–77\% lower cost, yet sit idle during training because DiT rollouts finish nearly simultaneously, which prevents LLM-style pipelining of rollout with training. Spot preemptions further break Sequence Parallelism (SP) groups, fragmenting GPU topology. We present Spotlight, the first system that harvests spot GPUs for DiT RL post-training. Spotlight rests on two key insights we devise: (1)~we show that exploration can tolerate stale model weights because exploration that uses the model weights from the previous iteration preserves the relative ranking of random seeds, allowing exploration to run on idle spot GPUs during training. (2)~SP reconfiguration can reuse on-node state, reducing group recovery from minutes to sub-second launches. Built on these insights, Spotlight introduces three techniques: a bandit-based exploration planner that maximizes reward variance within the training time budget, elastic sequence parallelism that reconfigures SP groups on the fly via persistent schedulers and intra-node weight copying, and a preemption-aware pull-based request scheduler that balances load and commits in-flight state upon preemption. We implement Spotlight on the open-source RL platform ROLL and evaluate it on Qwen-Image post-training. Spotlight reaches the same target validation score $4\times$ faster than baselines, reducing total cost by $1.4$-$6.4\times$ while achieving superior image quality on DeepSeek-OCR and Geneval datasets with resolution $512\times512$ and $1280\times1280$.

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22.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2603.09923

OptEMA: Adaptive Exponential Moving Average for Stochastic Optimization with Zero-Noise Optimality

Authors:

Ganzhao Yuan ↗

arXiv:2603.09923v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Exponential moving averages (EMAs) are a central component of widely used adaptive optimizers such as Adam. However, existing analyses of Adam-style methods often yield suboptimal guarantees in the zero-noise regime, rely on open-loop parameter schedules, or require prior knowledge of smoothness constants. Motivated by these limitations, we introduce OptEMA and analyze two complementary variants: OptEMA-M, which applies an adaptive, decreasing EMA coefficient to the first moment with a fixed second-moment decay, and OptEMA-V, which swaps these roles. At the heart of these variants is a Corrected AdaGrad-Norm coefficient schedule. This formulation renders OptEMA algorithmically closed-loop and Lipschitz-free, meaning its effective stepsizes are trajectory-dependent and require no parameterization via the Lipschitz constant. Under lower-boundedness, unbiasedness, bounded variance, average smoothness, and a bounded stochastic-gradient condition used to control the adaptive normalizers, we prove that both variants achieve the unified noise-adaptive rate $\tilde{\mathcal{O}} \left(T^{-1/2}+\sigma^{1/2}T^{-1/4}\right)$ for the averaged gradient norm. In the zero-noise regime, these bounds automatically reduce to the nearly optimal deterministic rate $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(T^{-1/2})$ without manual hyperparameter retuning.

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23.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-22 DOI: HASH:26699b7854fdc6ba1b7307f28d8c44e6

Drug-Prot: A query system for statistical inference of drug effects and interactions in dynamic proteomic networks

Authors:

Ulmer ↗Sun ↗Qian ↗Aebersold ↗Guo ↗Buehlmann ↗

Understanding drug effects and drug-drug interactions is essential for developing combination therapies. We present Drug-Prot, a computational framework that leverages large-scale perturbation proteomics to quantify causal drug effects, drug-drug interactions, and dynamic protein relationships. Using data from 63 single drugs and 59 drug combinations applied to 18 breast cancer cell lines at 6, 24, and 48 hours, Drug-Prot estimates drug effects on protein expression and reconstructs directed temporal protein dependency networks. The publicly available software enables targeted analyses of user-defined protein sets, substantially reducing the multiple-testing burden. Through an interactive web application, users obtain corrected p-values for single-drug and combination effects, directed temporal dependency networks, and downloadable results without requiring access to the underlying proteomic dataset. As a use case, we apply invariance-regularized Random Forests to triple-negative breast cancer cell lines to identify proteins associated with drug response. Querying these proteins in Drug-Prot reveals drug-specific and interaction effects at the protein-network level, illustrating how the framework links candidate causal protein features to actionable drug combinations.

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24.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2504.17730

Bandstructure of a coupled BEC-cavity system: effects of dissipation and geometry

Authors:

David Baur ↗Simon Hertlein ↗Alexander Baumg\"artner ↗Justyna Stefaniak ↗Tilman Esslinger ↗Gabriele Natale ↗Tobias Donner ↗

arXiv:2504.17730v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We present a theoretical model for a transversally driven Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to an optical cavity. We focus on the interplay between different coherent couplings, which can trigger a structural phase transition, known as the superradiant phase transition. Our approach, based on band structure theory and a mean-field description, enables a comprehensive analysis of the nature of the system's excited modes, precursing the phase transitions. By incorporating dissipative couplings, intrinsic to these systems, we find non-Hermitian phenomena such as the coalescence of crossing precursor modes and the emergence of exceptional points (EPs). The general formulation of our model allows us to explain the role of an angle between transverse pump and the cavity deviating from $90^\circ$. This offers us a unified perspective on the plethora of different implementations of such systems.

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25.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16237

The Backward Stochastic Partial Differential Integral Equations: Solvability and Comparison Principle

Authors:

Qingxin Meng ↗Qi Zhang ↗

arXiv:2606.16237v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The paper is concerned with the well-posedness of backward stochastic partial differential equations with jumps, also called backward stochastic partial differential integral equations. We start from the proof for the existence and uniqueness of solution to backward stochastic evolution equation with jump in the Gelfand triple framework. Then the well-posedness of both weak solution and strong solution to backward stochastic partial differential integral equation is obtained with the Gelfand triple replaced by specific Sobolev spaces. Finally, the comparison principle for backward stochastic partial differential integral equation is proved, which has potential applications in financial mathematics.

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