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01.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13658

Before You Think: System 0, AI-Mediated Cognition and Cognitive Colonization

作者:

Marianna Bergamaschi Ganapini↗Massimo Chiriatti↗Enrico Panai↗Giuseppe Riva↗

arXiv:2606.13658v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This paper examines three recent frameworks for understanding the cognitive and epistemic consequences of artificial intelligence: Tri-System Theory, Thinkframes, and System 0. It argues that while the first two capture important dimensions of AI's influence on individual reasoning and collective epistemic practices, System 0 occupies a theoretically distinctive position that neither can fully replicate. The paper introduces the concept of cognitive colonization, according to which AI systems can embed external interests within the architecture of the self in ways that are difficult for users to perceive. Because such systems are already widely deployed, understanding these invisible forms of influence is an urgent philosophical and practical task.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11931

Semantic Grading of Written Answers in Low-Resource Language Bangla Using a Fine-Tuned Lightweight Language Model

作者:

Meherun Farzana↗Aniket Joarder↗Mahmudul Hasan↗Md. Mosaddek Khan↗

Bangla is among the world's most widely spoken languages, yet it remains underserved in educational NLP research. In many remote and rural regions, access to qualified subject teachers is limited, and written answers are consequently graded largely by hand, restricting timely and consistent feedback. Automatic assessment is challenging because semantically correct responses can vary substantially in surface form. We present a bilingual (Bangla-English) evaluation system designed for low-resource educational settings that prioritizes semantic correctness over lexical overlap. Our approach fine-tunes a lightweight language model to grade each response using the question, reference answer, and student answer, producing a numeric score and concise, context-grounded feedback suitable for classroom deployment. We also construct a synthetic bilingual dataset to enable controlled training and evaluation. Across proprietary and open-source LLMs evaluated under a unified protocol, our QLoRA-tuned Qwen3-8B confirms consistent improvement by producing the most leakage-resistant feedback (RoRa = 0.819) in synthetic evaluation and the strongest agreement with human scores (rho = 0.936, MAE = 0.725) in a dedicated human study.

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03.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2508.09191

From Values to Tokens: An LLM-Driven Framework for Context-aware Time Series Forecasting via Symbolic Discretization

作者:

Xiaoyu Tao↗Shilong Zhang↗Mingyue Cheng↗Daoyu Wang↗Tingyue Pan↗Bokai Pan↗Changqing Zhang↗Shijin Wang↗

arXiv:2508.09191v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Time series forecasting plays a vital role in supporting decision-making across a wide range of critical applications, including energy, healthcare, and finance. Despite recent advances, forecasting accuracy remains limited due to the challenge of integrating historical numerical sequences with contextual features, which often comprise unstructured textual data. To address this challenge, we propose TokenCast, a large language model (LLM) driven framework that leverages language-based symbolic representations as a unified intermediary for context-aware time series forecasting. Specifically, TokenCast employs a discrete tokenizer to transform continuous numerical sequences into temporal tokens, enabling structural alignment with language-based inputs. To effectively bridge the semantic gap between modalities, both temporal and contextual tokens are embedded into a shared representation space via a pre-trained LLM, further optimized with generative objectives. Building upon this unified semantic space, the aligned LLM is subsequently fine-tuned in a supervised manner to predict future temporal tokens, which are then decoded back into the original numerical space. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework and highlight its potential as a generative framework for context-aware time series forecasting. The code is available at https://github.com/Xiaoyu-Tao/TokenCast.

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04.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.20547

The Token Is a Group Element: On Lie-Algebra Attention over Matrix Lie Groups

作者:

Przemyslaw Musialski↗

arXiv:2606.20547v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We place the attention token on the group: a token is an element $g_i$ of a matrix Lie group $G$ – a bare transformation, with no feature payload and no external action $\rho(g)$ carrying it. To our knowledge this is the first attention construction whose tokens are bare matrix Lie group elements: their score is the closed-form algebra norm of the relative pose rather than a learned kernel, and it reaches the affine full-frame groups that every irrep- or surjective-exp-based method must exclude. We call it Lie-Algebra Attention. Once tokens are group elements, the rest follows with none of the usual representation-theoretic machinery. The relative geometry of a pair is canonical, $g_i^{-1} g_j$, so the pairwise invariant $w_{ij} = \log(g_i^{-1} g_j)$ is intrinsic rather than designed; equivariance under the diagonal $G$-action is tautological, and the cocycle condition holds automatically. The attention score is the negative squared algebra norm, $s_{ij} = -\|\log(g_i^{-1} g_j)\|_\lambda^2/\tau$: the canonical proximity kernel under a block-weighted Frobenius inner product, with no irreducible representations, spherical harmonics, Clebsch-Gordan products, or learned kernel. The construction applies to any matrix Lie group on a chosen logarithm chart containing the relative poses, including the non-compact non-abelian affine groups with scale and shear that no vector-token attention method reaches: neither the irrep tradition nor surjective-exp methods. Three sequence-completion experiments, on SE(2), SO(3), and Aff(2), bear this out: the closed-form score matches a learned MLP kernel on the same invariant and outperforms it on SE(2), using 50 to 80x fewer score parameters, while a vector-token baseline breaks invariance by five to twelve orders of magnitude.

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05.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18469

Structured Representation Learning with Locally Linear Embeddings and Adaptive Feature Fusion

作者:

Somjit Nath↗Jackson J Cone↗Derek Nowrouzezahrai↗Samira Ebrahimi Kahou↗

arXiv:2606.18469v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Neuroscientific research has revealed that the brain encodes complex behaviors by leveraging structured, low-dimensional manifolds and dynamically fusing multiple sources of information through adaptive gating mechanisms. Inspired by these principles, we propose a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework that encourages the disentanglement of dynamics-specific and reward-specific features, drawing direct parallels to how neural circuits separate and integrate information for efficient decision-making. Our approach leverages locally linear embeddings (LLEs) to capture the intrinsic, locally linear structure inherent in many environments, mirroring the local smoothness observed in neural population activity, while concurrently deriving reward-specific features through the standard RL objective. An attention mechanism, analogous to cortical gating, adaptively fuses these complementary representations on a per-state basis. Experimental results on benchmark tasks demonstrate that our method, grounded in neuroscientific principles, improves learning efficiency and overall performance compared to conventional RL approaches, highlighting the benefits of explicitly modeling local state structures and adaptive feature selection as observed in biological systems.

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06.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19823

Low-Burden Data Augmentation for Dysarthric ASR via Zero-Shot Voice Cloning

作者:

Satwinder Singh↗Qianli Wang↗Zihan Zhong↗Clarion Mendes↗Hasegawa-Johnson↗Waleed Abdulla↗Seyed Reza Shahamiri↗

arXiv:2606.19823v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Automatic speech recognition remains unreliable for dysarthric speech due to data scarcity and high inter-speaker variability. While synthetic data can address these gaps, traditional methods often require extensive speaker-specific data, reintroducing the collection bottleneck. We investigate zero-shot voice cloning as a low-burden augmentation strategy, using Higgs Audio V2 to clone speakers in the TORGO dataset. We fine-tune (FT) Whisper-medium on cloned, real, and hybrid data and evaluate on held-out real speech. Compared to the zero-shot (31.62%), Clone FT achieved a competitive 26.00% WER, nearly matching the 24.44% and 25.12% seen with Real and Hybrid FT, respectively. Notably, Clone and Hybrid FT outperform Real FT for moderate-severe speakers. Clone FT achieves the best results (11.45% relative) in cross-corpus evaluation on the SAP-1102. These results suggest that zero-shot cloning provides scalable training data that circumvents the costly data collection bottleneck.

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07.

PLOS Medicine 2026-05-08 DOI: HASH:19df10f086a7c3b0f24990056e0dce8f

Optimal minimal residual disease threshold in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: A retrospective cohort study based on the TARGET database

作者:

Xiong-yu Liao↗

by Xiong-yu Liao, Hong Zheng, Jian-pei Fang, Dun-hua Zhou, Kun-yin Qiu Background Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring is a cornerstone of risk stratification in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with a threshold of 0.1% conventionally defining positivity by flow cytometry. Advances in flow cytometric technologies, enabling detection of leukemic cells with higher sensitivity and specificity, warrant a reevaluation of whether a lower threshold improves prognostic accuracy. Methods and findings We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET)-AML initiative. The study population comprised 1,205 pediatric patients with de novo AML treated across Children’s Oncology Group (COG) clinical trial centers. Patients were enrolled between September 1996 and December 2016, with a median follow-up of 6.2 years (range: 0.5–20.1 years). The primary objective was to compare the prognostic performance of the traditional MRD threshold (≥0.1%) with a lower threshold (≥0.05%) after induction courses 1 and 2. The main outcome measure was 5-year event-free survival (EFS). Analyses included Kaplan−Meier survival estimates, Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and net reclassification improvement (NRI). The optimal threshold for predicting 5-year EFS, determined by ROC analysis, was 0.05% after both induction course 1 (AUC: 0.840, 95%CI[0.76,0.88]) and course 2 (AUC: 0.854, 95%CI[0.78,0.89]). The 0.05% threshold demonstrated higher HR for the first event than the 0.1% threshold (after course 1: HR = 2.8, 95%CI[2.3,3.3]; P 

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08.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14629

When Good Verifiers Go Bad: Self-Improving VLMs Can Regress on New Tasks

作者:

Jianzhe Lin↗

arXiv:2606.14629v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Verifier-driven self-DPO is a common recipe for self-improving production visual-language models. In this setup, a frozen verifier scores candidate generations, the top- and bottom-scoring candidates form a preference example, and DPO updates the learner. The deployment-time assumption is monotone: a stronger verifier should yield a stronger student. We show that this assumption can fail because verifier quality is highly task-specific. On a four-rung open-source verifier ladder across MathVista, MMMU, and BLINK, the same verifiers that are above-threshold and improve a Qwen-3-VL-2B student on MathVista become sub-threshold on MMMU, where their task-rubric accuracy drops to 8% to 23%. In this regime, every verifier we tested silently regresses the student, producing drops of 3.4 to 10.9 percentage points below the frozen baseline while the DPO training loss continues to decrease. The regression replicates on a second student, Qwen-2.5-VL-3B. Moreover, within the failure regime, damage is confidence-inverted: the more accurate-but-still-wrong verifier causes larger regression than a near-random verifier, suggesting that progress-gated replay amplifies confidently wrong preference pairs. We give a compact mechanistic explanation via a variance theorem for progress-gated replay and its direction-mismatch failure mode. The deployment message is operational rather than purely diagnostic: before running any verifier-driven loop, teams should measure target-task rubric accuracy, rank verifiers by target-task rubric quality rather than parameter count, and treat diminishing returns in above-threshold regimes as a verifier-side compute budget cap.

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09.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15062

Discontinuous strong-to-weak symmetry breaking transition from thermal pure states

作者:

Taiki Haga↗Masaya Kunimi↗Masaya Nakagawa↗

arXiv:2606.15062v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of strong-to-weak spontaneous symmetry breaking in many-body quantum systems undergoing decoherence from thermal pure states. For generic initial pure states with volume-law entanglement entropy, we show that the system undergoes a discontinuous dynamical phase transition at a critical time. This transition is accompanied by a singularity in the entropy of the system, which saturates to its maximum value at the same critical time. Through numerical simulations of the dephasing Ising and hard-core boson models, we establish the universality of this transition across different symmetries. Our results reveal that the dynamical emergence of a decohered mixed state from a highly entangled state is not a gradual asymptotic relaxation, but rather a sharp phase transition driven by a sudden collapse of global coherence.

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10.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16015

Stringalign: Moving beyond summary statistics with a transparent Unicode-aware tool for evaluating automatic transcription models

作者:

Yngve Mardal Moe↗Marie Roald↗

Comparing text strings is crucial when evaluating and understanding the performance of various text processing tasks such as document recognition and audio transcription. With an increasingly complex landscape of AI-based handwritten text recognition (HTR), optical character recognition (OCR) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) models, there is a need for tools that facilitate evaluation in a flexible and reproducible way. This paper presents Stringalign, a Python library designed to simplify the evaluation process for automatic transcription projects and facilitate transparent evaluation. Stringalign's tools to examine and visualise both the rate of errors and the types of errors a model makes, give insights into possible improvements and help inform model selection for a particular task. Widely used string comparison metrics, such as the character and word error rates (CER and WER), although useful, can be ambiguous due to varying definitions of what constitutes a character and a word. Stringalign addresses this challenge by ensuring all preprocessing (i.e. normalisation and tokenisation) is transparent and easily replicable, and by providing tools to move beyond summary statistics and analyse common model errors. Moreover, Stringalign adheres to FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles for research software while staying lightweight and easy to adapt into researchers existing workflows. In this paper, we discuss challenges with character and word level string comparisons and show through examples that where existing tools can yield opaque and sometimes confusing results, Stringalign provides an easy-to-use and unambiguous alternative.

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11.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17250

Rethinking Groups in Critic-Free RLVR

作者:

Yihong Wu↗Liheng Ma↗Lingfeng Xiao↗Muzhi Li↗Xinyu Wang↗Yingxue Zhang↗Jian-Yun Nie↗

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a central paradigm for post-training large language models. Existing critic-free RL methods typically generate a group of rollouts for the same question to estimate value baselines for advantage computation. However, this design suffers from data inefficiency, group synchronization barriers, and inflexibility with structured rollouts. In this work, we revisit the role of the ``group'' and show that its underlying function is not merely to estimate baselines but to prevent false penalties on negative samples. Building on this insight, we propose negative token filtering, a simple and effective strategy that enables stable single-rollout training. We apply it to two batch-level advantage methods, achieving comparable performance on reasoning tasks and stronger performance on agentic tasks relative to group-based RL techniques.

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12.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16310

QK-Normed MLA: QK normalization without full key caching

作者:

Yizhou Han↗Yao Zhao↗Jun Zhou↗Longfei Li↗Ruoyu Sun↗

Query-key (QK) normalization stabilizes attention by controlling the scale of queries and keys before the dot product, but is not immediately compatible with Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA). MLA achieves efficient decoding by caching low-dimensional latent states instead of full keys, whereas post-projection QK RMSNorm appears to require the fully projected key for every cached token. We show this apparent incompatibility is an implementation artifact, not an architectural constraint. RMSNorm decomposes into a static affine weight and a dynamic scalar RMS statistic. The static key-side weight can be absorbed into the MLA query-side projection; the dynamic key statistic reduces to one inverse-RMS scalar per token and KV group. The resulting formulation is exactly equivalent to explicit post-projection QK RMSNorm in exact arithmetic and preserves MLA's latent decode path. In our 400M runs trained for up to 100B tokens, QK-Normed MLA achieves lower training loss and better downstream accuracy than QK clipping, while H800 decode benchmarks show less than 2% latency overhead up to 256k context. These results make QK normalization a practical stabilization option for MLA models without requiring full-key caching.

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13.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19769

Data Standards for Humanoid Robotics: The Missing Infrastructure for Physical AI

作者:

Shaoshan Liu↗Xiugong Qin↗Xuan Wu↗Xuan Xia↗Ning Ding↗Jialu Liu↗Jie Tang↗

arXiv:2606.19769v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The scalability of humanoid robots will depend not only on models and hardware, but also on whether physical experience can accumulate across robots, tasks, organizations, and time. Drawing on the authors' work in developing ISO/WD 26264-1, Humanoid robot datasets – Part 1: General requirements, within ISO/TC 299/WG 16, this article argues that data standards are becoming foundational infrastructure for Physical AI. We develop three insights. First, humanoid robot data is embodied interaction data, not a collection of isolated digital samples; a useful dataset must preserve the relationship among robot body, action, task, scene, execution trace, and outcome. Second, its value depends on physical coherence: multimodal streams are reusable only when timing, coordinate frames, calibration, kinematics, units, and synchronization assumptions remain inspectable. Third, the main bottleneck is not only data scarcity, but non-cumulative data caused by high collection costs, data silos, and inconsistent evaluation. We argue that humanoid robot data standards address these bottlenecks by making embodied experience interpretable, shareable, traceable, and reusable. A general standard should provide horizontal infrastructure for lifecycle management, metadata, provenance, quality, versioning, and traceability, while capability-specific parts should define domain grammar for manipulation, locomotion, human-robot interaction, cognition, and future humanoid capabilities. As AI moves from screens into bodies, data standards must evolve from organizing digital information to structuring physical interaction.

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14.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16000

GRACE-DS: a Guarded Reward-guided Agent Correction Environment in Data Science

作者:

Aleksandr Tsymbalov↗Danis Zaripov↗Artem Epifanov↗Anastasya Palienko↗

We introduce GRACE-DS, a Guarded Reward-guided Agent Correction Environment in Data Science for pre-deployment evaluation of LLM-powered AutoML agents. GRACE-DS is a set of evaluation metrics in an isolated environment that can be applied to tabular ML tasks specific to a particular organization. It exposes agents to realistic workflow stages, from planning and data inspection through feature engineering, model development, validation, and code repair to final submission, while hidden executable validators measure not only final predictive performance but also leakage avoidance, reproducibility, protocol validity, correction behavior, and reward alignment. The strongest structured regime, flexible iterative interaction (our approach), achieves higher end-to-end normalized hidden-test quality than single-shot generation, unstructured interaction, and restart-based baselines, while also improving protocol-valid completion. Validated across more than 7,000 episodes, these results establish GRACE-DS as a robust platform for assessing the capacity of LLM-based AutoML agents to execute machine learning workflows under production-like conditions and in accordance with organization-specific requirements.

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15.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12916

MDForge: Agentic Molecular Dynamics Pipeline Design under Sparse Simulator Feedback

作者:

Zehong Wang↗Yijun Ma↗Connor R. Schmidt↗Tianyi Ma↗Weixiang Sun↗Ziming Li↗Xiaoguang Guo↗Chuxu Zhang↗Matthew J. Webber↗Yanfang Ye↗

Molecular dynamics (MD) is the canonical in-silico method for atomistic molecular science, simulating molecular behavior from first-principle physics. Designing an MD pipeline for a new system requires substantial expert knowledge: running it on even one molecule is expensive, ruling out trial-and-error. We automate this expert pipeline-design process with an LLM agent. Unlike existing MD agents that orchestrate a predefined tool set, we treat pipeline design as open-ended code generation in which the agent's behavior is reshaped online by verbal reward. Specifically, we build MDForge, an LLM agent whose in-context update rule densifies the sparse reward via a multi-agent debate among physics experts. On three SAMPL host-guest binding free-energy benchmarks, MDForge automatically designs MD pipelines competitive with human experts. Deployed on a library of unseen candidate guests, its CB[7] pipeline discovers a novel binder that wet-lab competition NMR confirms is a high-affinity, picomolar CB[7] binder. Our data and code are available at https://github.com/Zehong-Wang/MDForge.

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16.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-18 DOI: HASH:b5cd118e839127ccdd43e011db7b98a9

Web-based education on Metabolism and Obesity is associated with improved lifestyle and health behaviours among Brazilian school teachers

作者:

Evangelista-Silva↗P. H↗Coutinho↗C. P↗Martins Correia↗C. C↗Moraes↗Fernandes Ferreira↗A. F↗Medeiros Komino↗A. C↗Neves Ramos↗…

Background: Obesity is a major global public health challenge, and teachers play a critical role in school-based health promotion. This study examined the perceived impact of a web-based educational program on metabolism and obesity delivered to Brazilian school teachers. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 217 teachers who responded to the evaluation questionnaire after attending the course between 2017 and 2022. Statistical analyses included logistic regression and chi-square tests. Findings: Course completion rate was 81.98%, substantially exceeding the 5-15% typical of global MOOCs. However, ethnic disparities were observed: White respondents were 4.95 times more likely to complete the course than Black respondents (p=0.00097) and Brown respondents were 3.05 times more likely (p=0.0268) than Black respondents. Among non-completers, lack of time (64.7%) was the primary barrier. Participation was concentrated in Sao Paulo (77%), with no respondents from three northern states. Perceived difficulty showed a non-significant trend (p=0.0893) where by Black respondents had the lowest predicted difficulty; the most challenging course material was Scientific Content/Reading papers (50%). Completion was strongly associated with applying learned activities in teaching (p

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17.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17847

WallZero: Mastering the Game of WallGo with Strategic Analysis

作者:

Hsing-Yu Chen↗J\'er\^ome Arjonilla↗I-Chen Wu↗Ti-Rong Wu↗

arXiv:2606.17847v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: WallGo is a recently introduced strategic board game popularized by the 2025 Netflix series The Devil's Plan. Although played on a small 7 x 7 board, its combination of stone movement and wall placement yields high game-tree complexity and intricate strategic interactions. Despite its growing popularity, WallGo remains underexplored. This paper presents WallZero, an AlphaZero-based agent for the two-player WallGo setting. We introduce tailored action and feature designs to improve playing performance significantly. In the evaluation, WallZero defeats two professional Go players who participated in this study, securing on average 1.98x more territory per game. Beyond its strength, we use WallZero to assess game fairness and identify key strategies for mastering WallGo. Interestingly, our results show that the opening used in the Netflix series yields a more balanced game. Our code is available at https://rlg.iis.sinica.edu.tw/papers/wallzero.

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18.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15341

CausalDrive: Real-time Causal World Models for Autonomous Driving

作者:

Tianyi Yan↗Huan Zheng↗Dubing Chen↗Meizhi Qu↗Yingying Shen↗Lijun Zhou↗Mingfei Tu↗Bing Wang↗Guang Chen↗Hangjun Ye↗Haiyang Sun↗Cheng-zhong Xu↗…

World models have emerged as a promising paradigm for scaling autonomous driving (AD) data, yet existing video generative models fall short as interactive simulators. Layout-conditioned renderers rely on "oracle" future trajectories of all background agents, rendering them strictly non-reactive. Conversely, pure action-conditioned predictors lack semantic control over complex interactions and suffer from prohibitive diffusion latencies, hindering closed-loop policy learning. To bridge this gap, we present CausalDrive, a controllable, real-time foundation driving world renderer. CausalDrive operates solely on the initial front-view frame, the ego-vehicle's trajectory, and a macroscopic text prompt. By excluding future NPC layouts, we compel the model to intrinsically predict causal interactions, enabling text-driven control over Driving Sociology, allowing users to dynamically orchestrate diverse counterfactual reactions to identical ego-actions. To overcome the efficiency bottleneck and address the covariate shift in autoregressive generation, we propose a novel Context-Forced DMD architecture. This combines continuous flow-matching with a self-correcting distillation objective, achieving interactive speeds of 12 FPS. This breakthrough transforms the passive video generator into a playable neural simulator. We demonstrate its versatility across three downstream applications: (1) generative closed-loop evaluation with significantly mitigated collision artifacts, (2) large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL) post-training driven by a Video2Reward module, and (3) real-time human-in-the-loop simulation. Extensive experiments validate that policies trained within CausalDrive's reactive scenarios exhibit superior interaction capabilities in the real world.

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19.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13740

Efficient On-Device Diffusion LLM Inference with Mobile NPU

作者:

Tuowei Wang↗Yanfan Sun↗Ju Ren↗

arXiv:2606.13740v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) accelerate generation by denoising multiple tokens in parallel, making them attractive for latency-sensitive mobile inference. However, repeated denoising introduces substantial computation on smartphones. Mobile neural processing units (NPUs) offer high-throughput dense matrix computation, but efficiently exploiting them remains challenging: token commitment shrinks per-block effective workloads, token revision complicates KV cache reuse, and limited NPU-visible address space incurs costly remapping and data transfer overheads. In this paper, we propose llada.cpp, the first NPU-aware inference framework for accelerating dLLMs on smartphones. llada.cpp aligns block-wise dLLM inference with the execution characteristics of mobile NPUs through three techniques. (1) Multi-Block Speculative Decoding fills the shrinking workload in late-stage current-block decoding with speculative future-block tokens. (2) Dual-Path Progressive Revision keeps committed tokens revisable until stable and refreshes unstable tokens through a CPU-side path without stalling dense NPU execution. (3) Swap-Optimized Memory Runtime compacts NPU-visible address layouts and overlaps data staging with NPU computation to reduce remapping and transfer overheads. We implement llada.cpp as an end-to-end framework and evaluate it across diverse hardware platforms and dLLM workloads. llada.cpp reduces LLaDA-8B generation latency by 17x-42x over the CPU baseline with prefix KV cache reuse, while preserving generation quality.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16569

PROSE: Training-Free Egocentric Scene Registration with Vision-Language Models

作者:

Zhiang Chen↗Nahyuk Lee↗Boyang Sun↗Taein Kwon↗Marc Pollefeys↗Zuria Bauer↗Sunghwan Hong↗

Registering two captures of the same indoor space taken at different times underpins persistent spatial memory for robots and AR systems, yet the realistic version of this task is egocentric and its most scalable form is RGB-only. Head-mounted cameras yield blurry, fast-moving, partially overlapping views from which dense geometry is hard to recover. Classical registration leans on exactly the clean point clouds this setting lacks, while learned scene-graph methods require a pre-built or annotated graph and a trained matcher that we find brittle under egocentric data. We take a different route, using a pretrained vision-language model as the source of both scene understanding and cross-scan matching. Our method, PROSE (Prompted Scene rEgistration), lifts each RGB sequence into an object-level 3D scene graph using off-the-shelf foundation models for geometry, segmentation, and language, then prompts the same VLM to match object instances across the two RGB sequences. To make this matching tractable and reliable, we leverage object heights as a prior and verify each proposed match with a paired same/different query, then solve for the rigid transform by hypothesizing a candidate per matched object and selecting the one with the strongest geometric consensus. PROSE adds no learned parameters and requires no depth sensor, training, or annotated graph. On the egocentric Aria Digital Twin and Aria Everyday Activities benchmarks, it outperforms both geometric and learned scene-graph baselines in registration accuracy, on ground-truth and RGB-reconstructed point clouds alike, and the scene graph it produces transfers directly to downstream tasks.

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21.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14437

Spin counting via projection noise measurement of mesoscopic solid-state spin ensemble

作者:

Lorenzo Bechelli↗Konstantin Herb↗Laura Alicia V\"olker↗Christian L. Degen↗

arXiv:2606.14437v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Quantum projection noise is the fundamental noise source for the population measurement of spin ensembles. While projection-noise-limited measurements have been extensively studied in atomic systems, corresponding experiments on solid-state spin ensembles remain challenging due to dominant classical readout noise. Here, we report direct measurement of the quantum projection noise of mesoscopic ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spin defects at room temperature. Our experiment is enabled by a high optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) contrast of over 20% for a single crystallographic orientation of the defect spins, obtained by combining polarization-selective optical excitation with spin-to-charge conversion. We use our protocol to demonstrate projection noise measurements and spin counting from nanoscale NV ensembles of up to 43 spins. We further demonstrate that the protocol allows for significant gains in sensitivity for magnetometry applications without need for cryogenic operation or high bias magnetic fields.

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22.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2601.08961

On multidimensional infinite dihedral group extensions of Gibbs Markov maps

作者:

Jaime Gomez↗Dalia Terhesiu↗

arXiv:2601.08961v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We obtain a local central limit theorem for cocycles associated with a class of non abelian and non compact group extensions of Gibbs Markov maps. This class consists of multidimensional infinite dihedral groups. Unlike in the set up of the random walks on groups, we cannot use the convolution of measures on the group and instead we resort to an approach based on irreducible representations. Depending on the dimension of the group, we obtain either mixing, and thus ergodicity, or dissipativity. Also, we obtain the asymptotics of the first return time of the group extension to the origin.

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23.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2310.06555

It's About Time: Temporal References in Emergent Communication

作者:

Olaf Lipinski↗Adam J. Sobey↗Federico Cerutti↗Timothy J. Norman↗

Emergent communication enables agents to develop bespoke languages that improve communication efficiency. Despite the known importance of temporal structure in natural language, there is no existing evidence of temporal references in emergent communication. This paper addresses this gap, by exploring how agents communicate about temporal relationships. We analyse three potential factors for the emergence of temporal references: environmental, external, and architectural. Our experiments demonstrate that altering the loss function is insufficient for temporal references to emerge; rather, architectural changes are necessary. A minimal change in agent architecture, using a different batching method, allows the emergence of temporal references. This modified design is compared with the standard architecture in a temporal referential games environment, which emphasises temporal relationships. The analysis shows that over 95% of the agents with the modified batching method develop temporal references, without changes to their loss function. We consider temporal referencing necessary for future improvements to the agents' communication efficiency, enabling future agents to use a closer to optimal coding as compared to purely compositional languages. These insights provide the basis for incorporation of temporal references into other emergent communication settings, and investigation of other aspects of language.

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24.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16801

The Art of Mixology: Mixup-based Obfuscation for Privacy-Preserving Split Learning in Large Language Models

作者:

Chen Chen↗Xiang Gao↗Xianshun Wang↗Chengran Li↗Shengyu Xia↗Xueluan Gong↗Linru Zhang↗Qian Wang↗Kwok-Yan Lam↗

Split learning provides a practical paradigm for resource-constrained users to train Large Language Models (LLMs) by offloading computation-intensive layers to a server while keeping raw data local. However, existing privacy-preserving split learning methods still face a difficult trade-off among utility, privacy, efficiency, and stability. Specifically, these methods often suffer from substantial utility degradation, remain vulnerable to advanced data reconstruction attacks, incur prohibitive computational and communication overhead, or exhibit unstable performance across different tasks. In this paper, we propose MIXGUARD, a novel mixup-based privacy-preserving split learning framework for LLMs. MIXGUARD introduces token-level obfuscation, representation-level obfuscation, and adaptive gradient perturbation mechanisms, which operate jointly to preserve useful learning signals while preventing privacy leakage to the server. Technically, MIXGUARD first constructs a lightweight calibration model on a public dataset to refine the approximated target representation, and then applies this model during privacy-preserving fine-tuning on private data. We conduct extensive experiments on four classification tasks and four text generation tasks across multiple LLM families, model sizes, architectures, and fine-tuning strategies. The results show that MIXGUARD preserves model utility comparable to non-split training baselines, consistently achieves stronger privacy protection than existing split learning defense methods against state-of-the-art data reconstruction attacks, and remains robust under adaptive attack settings.

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25.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2603.14867

Sample-Efficient Hypergradient Estimation for Decentralized Bi-Level Reinforcement Learning

作者:

Mikoto Kudo↗Takumi Tanabe↗Akifumi Wachi↗Youhei Akimoto↗

arXiv:2603.14867v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Many strategic decision-making problems, such as environment design for warehouse robots, can be naturally formulated as bi-level reinforcement learning (RL), where a leader agent optimizes its objective while a follower solves a Markov decision process (MDP) conditioned on the leader's decisions. In many situations, a fundamental challenge arises when the leader cannot intervene in the follower's optimization process; it can only observe the optimization outcome. We address this decentralized setting by deriving the hypergradient of the leader's objective, i.e., the gradient of the leader's strategy that accounts for changes in the follower's optimal policy. Unlike prior hypergradient-based methods that require extensive data for repeated state visits or rely on gradient estimators whose complexity can increase substantially with the high-dimensional leader's decision space, we leverage the Boltzmann covariance trick to derive an alternative hypergradient formulation. This enables efficient hypergradient estimation solely from interaction samples, even when the leader's decision space is high-dimensional. Additionally, to our knowledge, this is the first method that enables hypergradient-based optimization for 2-player Markov games in decentralized settings. Experiments highlight the impact of hypergradient updates and demonstrate our method's effectiveness in both discrete and continuous state tasks.

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