论文广场 - AcademicHub

01.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2601.06468

Emission of time-ordered photon pairs from a coherently-driven Kerr microcavity

作者:

arXiv:2601.06468v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Weakly-interacting many-body systems possess remarkable quantum properties that are essential components of quantum technologies, and constitute a topic of fundamental interest. Here we show that in a solid-state nonlinear microcavity embedding discrete modes of exciton-dressed photons, we can isolate a single eigenmode of quantum fluctuations from the much brighter coherent fraction of the field. In this regime, we perform frequency- and time-resolved correlations measurements between photons on the red and blue side of the fluctuations spectrum. When the average number of fluctuation quanta is smaller than one, we observe the formation of large pairwise time-ordered correlations: red photon first and blue photon second. We show that this peculiar time-ordering correlation emerges spontaneously from the interplay between frequency-resolved detection, and the non-trivial internal quantum structure of the elementary fluctuations.

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02.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2509.10303

Generalizing Beyond Suboptimality: Offline Reinforcement Learning Learns Effective Scheduling through Random Solutions

作者:

Jesse van Remmerden ↗Zaharah Bukhsh ↗Yingqian Zhang ↗

arXiv:2509.10303v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Online reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have demonstrated strong performance on Job Shop Scheduling (JSP) and Flexible JSP (FJSP) problems by learning scheduling policies through direct interaction with simulated environments. However, these methods often require extensive training interactions, limiting their sample efficiency and practical applicability. Motivated by this challenge, we introduce Conservative Discrete Quantile Actor-Critic (CDQAC), an offline RL algorithm that learns effective scheduling policies directly from static, suboptimal datasets. CDQAC couples a quantile-based critic with delayed policy updates to estimate the return distribution of machine-operation pairs. Extensive experiments on JSP and FJSP benchmarks demonstrate that CDQAC consistently outperforms the data-generating heuristics, surpasses state-of-the-art offline and online RL baselines, and is highly sample efficient, requiring only 1 to 5% of the original dataset to learn high-quality policies. Our analysis suggests that, in scheduling, offline RL performance is governed mainly by state-action coverage rather than the quality of individual trajectories. Scheduling couples a dense reward aligned with the makespan objective with equal-length trajectories across heuristics, enabling effective learning from a broad range of behaviors. Consistent with this observation, datasets generated by a simple random heuristic with broader coverage let it outperform policies trained on datasets produced by stronger heuristics such as Genetic Algorithms.

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03.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17773

Quantum Routers: A Switching-Fabric Framework for Quantum-Native Forwarding

作者:

Jessica Illiano ↗Caterina De Risi ↗Angela Sara Cacciapuoti ↗Marcello Caleffi ↗

arXiv:2606.17773v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Forwarding in quantum networks cannot be realized by directly transposing classical switching fabrics, since the no-cloning theorem and the quantum measurement postulate constrain the direct relay of quantum information while ruling out copy-based buffering and inspection. In this paper, we propose a switching-fabric framework for quantum routers based on multipartite entanglement. Specifically, we formalize the notion of an entanglement-based switching fabric, in which a graph state acts as the forwarding resource and entanglement forwarding is realized through local Pauli measurements. We translate the classical notions of blocking and non-blocking operation into structural conditions for entanglement-based fabrics, by deriving the edge-controlled (EC) design principle for non-blocking operation. We instantiate this principle through a monolithic EC crossbar and a modular Clos-type EC fabric, for which we characterize resource scaling and identify the regime where the modular design becomes more resource-efficient than the monolithic one. Finally, a forwarding-latency analysis establishes a fundamental distinction between matching-oblivious and matching-driven forwarding: the proposed EC fabrics realize all requested input-output entanglement links with constant forwarding depth under sufficient measurement parallelism, whereas matching-driven EPR-based fabrics exhibit latency that scales with the number of requested connections. The proposed framework provides a hardware-agnostic foundation for quantum-router switching fabrics.

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04.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13252

To GAN or Not To GAN: Segmentation Analysis on Mars DEM

作者:

Douglas Dziedzorm Agbeve ↗Aditya V. Handrale ↗Salim Fares ↗Seif E. Idani ↗

arXiv:2606.13252v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: To better understand Martian Surface, which is needed to enable Rovers navigate Mars with ease, it is necessary to be able to determine the location of mounds. Detecting and studying these morphologies can also help us find evidence of extraterrestrial life, in this case, more specifically, water or signs of life conducive environments. Detection of mounds was done by manually mapping morphological parameters onto Digital Elevation Models. This paper solves the problem by automatically detecting and or predicting mounds on Mars using Neural Network based Semantic Segmentation methodologies. This is done by using supervised semantic segmentation model and generative adversarial approach. A comparison of the approaches shows that adding extra artificially generated data did not improve the result.

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05.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18946

SenFlow: Inter-Sentence Flow Modeling for AI-Generated Text Detection in Hybrid Documents

作者:

Jingkun Luo ↗Yifan Sun ↗Da-Tian Peng ↗Guanxiong Pei ↗

Sentence-level AI-generated text detection (S-AGTD) for hybrid documents, where humans and LLMs co-author one text, faces two gaps: existing methods classify each sentence in isolation, discarding inter-sentence dependencies, and existing benchmarks omit the newest generation of generators. We construct MOSAIC, a benchmark of 16,000 hybrid documents over PubMed and XSum, generated by DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi K2 under stringent quality controls including a perplexity-consistency filter absent from prior benchmarks. We recast S-AGTD as structured prediction over the document sentence sequence and instantiate it as SenFlow, integrating graph-based inter-sentence propagation with linear-chain CRF decoding in a single document-level pass over a sentence graph. SenFlow reaches state-of-the-art performance on MOSAIC, with a +4.15 pp average Macro-F1 margin on cross-domain transfer, the hardest of three protocols of increasing difficulty. We further find that even after the perplexity filter equalizes overt cues, AI insertions retain a generator-dependent sentence-length gap that sentence-level detectors still exploit. Code and data: https://github.com/luojingkun22/SenFlow

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06.

PLOS Computational Biology 2026-06-22 DOI: HASH:b2bbddc421b84bcda9075a7e1b15bd56

A lactylation- and autophagy-associated prognostic signature reveals LSEC-derived CLEC3B as a novel mediator of hepatocellular carcinoma suppression

作者:

Youai Song ↗

by Youai Song, Yinkuan Ning, Meihui Li, Jianwei Lan, Liangchen Lei, Yufei Han, Zhuo Meng, Binjie Li, Pengpeng Liu, Quanyan Liu The crosstalk between lactylation and autophagy within the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microenvironment is a burgeoning field with profound implications. By integrating multi-omics data from public cohorts, we delineated two molecular subtypes of HCC with divergent clinical outcomes and established a lactylation-autophagy-related prognostic signature. This signature highlighted CLEC3B as a pivotal gene. Subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing and experimental validation unequivocally pinpointed liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) as the principal cellular source of CLEC3B, which was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues. Functionally, conditioned media derived from CLEC3B-overexpressing LSECs potently inhibited HCC cell proliferation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this tumor-suppressive effect was orchestrated through the concurrent suppression of autophagy and diminution of lactylation levels. Our findings position LSEC-secreted CLEC3B as a novel metabolic mediator in HCC, bridging two key pathways in tumor suppression, and endorse its clinical value both as a prognostic indicator and a promising therapeutic target.

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07.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24368

Intrinsic spectral structure of bipartite nonlocal magic resource

作者:

Xiao Huang ↗Guanhua Chen ↗Yao Yao ↗

arXiv:2606.24368v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Bipartite nonlocal magic resource (BNMR) quantifies the irreducible nonstabilizerness residing in bipartite entanglement, yet its evaluation is intractable due to the full Hilbert space optimization. Here, we introduce a canonical encoding framework that exactly confines the BNMR of an arbitrary bipartite pure state within a minimal encoding core. This dimension reduction proves that pure-state BNMR is an intrinsic function of the nonzero Schmidt spectrum, extending its invariance from local unitary transformations to local isometries. Leveraging this spectral link, we derive the leading quadratic response of BNMR under spectral perturbations around its zeros. We apply this quadratic response to Haar-random states, deriving and numerically validating the BNMR profile: its distribution is sharply localized at the symmetric bipartition and exponentially suppressed toward asymmetric cuts, in stark contrast to the broadening Page curve of entanglement. Finally, we provide a closed-form expression for the BNMR of Schmidt rank-2 states, uncovering a hierarchy collapse in generalized GHZ states where bipartite and global nonlocal magic resources coincide exactly.

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08.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2605.24003

Remote sensing data imputation using deep learning for multispectral imagery

作者:

Shuang Liu ↗Fiona Johnson ↗Rohitash Chandra ↗

Remote sensing techniques have been increasingly utilised in aquatic applications in recent years. A common challenge in using optical satellite data is the presence of missing observations due to cloud cover. These data gaps can lead to missed detection of critical events, such as algal blooms, in lakes of high interest to water authorities. As a result, enhancing the completeness of optical satellite datasets is crucial for improving the monitoring and prediction of algal blooms. In this study, we compared a traditional data imputation method (i.e., linear interpolation) with deep learning models for reconstructing missing spectral bands across four lakes with historical records of algal blooms. The deep learning models adopted include CNN-based architectures (i.e., CNN, Inception Resnet, and Autoencoder) and CNN-LSTM-based architectures (i.e., CNN-LSTM, Resnet-LSTM, and Autoencoder-LSTM). Our results demonstrated that deep learning models substantially outperformed the baseline linear interpolation method in imputing spectral band values within artificially masked regions. Among these models, CNN delivered the best performance across most lakes. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of algal bloom indices (i.e., Green/Red and NDCI) derived from the imputed imagery by comparing them with the observed data. Our results demonstrate that deep learning models are effective for imputing missing data in PlanetScope SuperDove imagery, enabling more reliable applications in water monitoring.

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09.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19460

Scaling Generative Foundation Models for Chest Radiography with Rectified Flow Transformers

作者:

arXiv:2606.19460v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We introduce the first generative foundation model for chest radiograph synthesis trained from scratch at the billion-parameter scale. Existing radiographic AI models often suffer from poor generalisation across patient subpopulations, institutions, and acquisition settings, resulting in limited real-world clinical utility. Controlled, high-fidelity synthesis of chest radiographs is a promising path toward diversifying clinical datasets and evaluating the robustness of diagnostic models. Therefore, we present the largest specialist generative foundation model for chest radiographs to date, with over 1.3B parameters, trained for 1.6T tokens on a curated, heterogeneous dataset comprising 1.2M radiographs and clinical expert-guided metadata. Our model supports controllable radiograph generation and editing across multiple demographic subgroups, acquisition views, and a dozen pathologies. Moreover, we significantly advance the state of the art in radiograph synthesis fidelity, producing images that are indistinguishable from real radiographs to clinical experts.

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10.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2605.07066

2.5-D Decomposition for LLM-Based Spatial Construction

作者:

Paul Whitten ↗Li-Jen Chen ↗Sharath Baddam ↗

arXiv:2605.07066v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Autonomous systems that build structures from natural-language instructions need reliable spatial reasoning, yet large language models (LLMs) make systematic coordinate errors when generating three-dimensional block placements. We present a neuro-symbolic pipeline based on 2.5-D decomposition: the LLM plans in the two-dimensional horizontal plane while a deterministic executor computes all vertical placement from column occupancy, eliminating an entire class of errors. On the Build What I Mean benchmark (160 rounds), GPT-4o-mini with this pipeline achieves 94.6\% mean structural accuracy across 12 independent runs, within 3.0 percentage points of the 97.6\% ceiling imposed by architect-agent errors that no builder-side improvement can address. This outperforms both GPT-4o at 90.3\% and the best competing system at 76.3\%. A controlled ablation confirms that 2.5-D decomposition is the dominant contributor, accounting for 50.7 percentage points of accuracy. The pipeline transfers directly to edge hardware: Nemotron-3 120B running locally on an NVIDIA Jetson Thor AGX matches the cloud result at 94.5\% with no prompt modifications. The underlying principle, removing deterministic dimensions from the LLM's output space, applies to any autonomous construction or assembly task where gravity or other physical constraints fix one or more degrees of freedom. A transfer experiment on 500 IGLU collaborative building tasks confirm the effect generalizes beyond the primary benchmark.

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11.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11585

Kuramoto Attention: Synchronizing Self-Attention on the Torus

作者:

Joshua Nunley ↗

We introduce Kuramoto attention, a self-attention layer in which each hidden coordinate is an angle. The layer scores tokens by gated cosine similarity, attends over previous phase states, and updates each token by the tangent component of the attention-weighted circular mean. Because the values are the raw phase states, this update is exactly the Kuramoto coupling term $\sum_u A_{t,u}\sin(\theta_u-\theta_t)$, with the attention matrix acting as an adaptive, content-dependent coupling kernel. Equivalently, the gated score is a learned metric on the torus that selects which tokens couple, and the update pulls each token toward the circular mean of the tokens it selects, tightening their phase agreement. The same two ingredients, an invariant similarity score and an on-manifold mean, define such a layer on any compact group; the torus is the abelian case, where both are closed-form. The softmax weights solve an entropy-regularized phase-retrieval problem, and rotary position enters as a position-dependent phase drift in the score. On enwiki8 character-level language modeling, the layer trains as a functional language model whose bits-per-character stays close to a strong matched RoPE+SwiGLU transformer: within $0.02$ BPC at one million parameters ($1.637\pm0.010$ versus $1.616\pm0.004$) and level on the median at five million ($1.448$ versus $1.452$ over five seeds) with the transformer ahead on the mean ($1.468$ versus $1.456$). These experiments establish that the constrained geometric structure is a viable language model at this scale; the structure itself, and its synchronization reading, is the contribution. Ablations isolate the load-bearing components, and the result gives a compact bridge between self-attention and phase synchronization.

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12.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16891

Beyond Weights and Gradients: A Taxonomy of Federated Learning Messages

作者:

Alvaro Javier Vargas Guerrero ↗Xinguang Wang ↗Quang Manh Doan ↗Guy Nagels ↗

arXiv:2606.16891v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Federated Learning is rapidly evolving beyond the exchange of traditional model weights and gradients, yet existing definitions fail to capture the full scope of modern payloads like synthetic data and federated analytics. This paper addresses the gap by proposing a formal mathematical definition of a federated message that accounts for both utility and privacy. We introduce a taxonomy that organizes these exchanges into three categories: model structures, statistical summaries, and data-conditioned representations. By evaluating these groups based on computational demands, communication costs, and privacy risks, we provide a clearer understanding of the trade-offs involved in decentralized training. Our review of 202 recent publications highlights a significant shift since 2021 toward diverse messaging paradigms, signaling a move away from standard deep learning updates toward more specialized information sharing. This framework provides a structured path for future research to optimize federated systems for varying hardware and security requirements.

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13.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24570

Jolia: Concept-Level Vision-Language Alignment for 3D CT Contrastive Learning

作者:

Vision-language contrastive pretraining has become the dominant recipe for 3D medical foundation models, leveraging the large volumes of paired scans and reports produced in clinical practice. However, medical images usually span dozens of organs, and radiological reports are much longer than typical natural image captions and are composed of multiple structured sections. CLIP-style pretraining compresses this structure by encoding each modality into a single global token, at the risk of losing important details. We introduce ConQuer (Concept Queries), an image-text pretraining method that augments CLIP's global alignment with a set of localized alignments, one per concept. ConQuer splits the report into concept-specific sections and learns cross-attention queries that pool the matching image features without using any segmentation mask or spatial supervision. Contrastive learning is then applied independently for each concept. Concepts can be any unit of semantic localization; here, they are anatomical regions, one query per organ or gross body region. As a byproduct, each query learns attention maps focused on its concept, providing built-in spatial interpretability. We use ConQuer to train Jolia, a 3D CT foundation model on chest and abdominal CT. Jolia consistently outperforms a CLIP baseline on findings classification, report generation, and cross-center transfer, and sets a new state of the art across multiple public benchmarks. Jolia's weights will be released upon acceptance.

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14.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.10968

Beyond Uniform Token-Level Trust Region in LLM Reinforcement Learning

作者:

Renjie Mao ↗Xiangxin Zhou ↗Lvfang Tao ↗Yixin Ding ↗Yu Shi ↗Yongguang Lin ↗Yuheng Wu ↗Honglin Zhu ↗Qian Qiu ↗Wenxi Zhu ↗

arXiv:2606.10968v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become standard for improving LLM reasoning. However, existing PPO-style trust-region mechanisms remain position-agnostic by enforcing uniform thresholds across all tokens independently. This pointwise treatment conflicts with autoregressive generation in two critical ways. First, uniform thresholds ignore autoregressive asymmetry. Early-stage deviations produce compounding sequence-level drift, causing static thresholds to under-regulate early divergence and excessively constrain late-stage exploration. Second, evaluating token-level divergence in isolation overlooks cumulative prefix drift, granting the same divergence allowance regardless of how far the conditioning history has already deviated from the rollout policy. To address this limitation, we propose CPPO (Cumulative Prefix-divergence Policy Optimization), a token-level masking rule that aligns updates with a finite-horizon policy-improvement bound via two coupled mechanisms. First, a position-weighted threshold imposes stricter limits at early positions whose effects persist longer, relaxing constraints for late-stage tokens. Second, a cumulative prefix budget tracks historical deviations, dynamically restricting further token-level deviation to prevent compounding errors along the prefix. Empirically, CPPO enhances training stability and significantly improves reasoning accuracy across various model scales.

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15.

Science (Express) 2026-04-16 DOI: 10.1126/science.aed1656

Protein-templated synthesis of dinucleotide repeat DNA by an antiphage reverse transcriptase | Science

作者: 未知作者

Defense-associated reverse transcriptases (DRTs) are widespread bacterial anti-phage systems that use unconventional mechanisms of polynucleotide synthesis. We show that DRT3, which comprises two distinct RTs (Drt3a and Drt3b) and a noncoding RNA (ncRNA), synthesizes alternating poly(GT/AC) double-stranded DNA. Cryo–electron microscopy structures at 2.6 Å resolution reveal a D3-symmetric 6:6:6 complex of Drt3a, Drt3b, and ncRNA. Drt3a produces the poly(GT) strand using a conserved ACACAC template within the ncRNA. Notably, Drt3b synthesizes a complementary, protein-primed poly(AC) strand in the complete absence of a nucleic acid template, using conserved active site residues specific to Drt3b to enforce precise base alternation. These findings expand the functional landscape of nucleic acid polymerases, revealing a protein-templated mechanism for sequence-specific DNA synthesis.

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16.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17910

Non-negative Elastic Net Decoding for Information Retrieval

作者:

Koki Okajima ↗Yasutoshi Ida ↗Tsukasa Yoshida ↗Yasuaki Nakamura ↗

Dense retrieval has become the dominant paradigm in information retrieval, in which each document is scored against a query by the inner product of their vector embeddings, and the top-$k$ documents by score are retrieved for this query. However, since each document's score depends solely on the embedding of the query and itself, the retrieval process is oblivious to the content of the entire corpus. Therefore, dense retrieval cannot avoid selecting semantically similar documents from the corpus, which may result in a non-diverse, redundant set of retrieved documents. To this end, we approach retrieval as a joint decoding problem, in which documents are selected as a set with regard to the context of the rest of the corpus. To achieve this, we propose Non-Negative elastic Net (NNN) decoding, which selects documents whose embeddings jointly reconstruct the query embedding as a sparse non-negative linear combination. Our main theoretical result establishes a strict separation between dense retrieval and NNN decoding. For any corpus, every query correctly handled by dense retrieval is also handled by NNN decoding, while on corpora containing correlated documents, NNN decoding additionally handles queries that dense retrieval cannot. Experimental results indicate that applying NNN decoding to frozen embeddings trained for inner-product scoring yields consistent improvements across several benchmarks. Moreover, we introduce an end-to-end training procedure which optimizes the embeddings for NNN decoding, producing significant performance gains surpassing in all metrics and benchmarks compared to dense retrieval. Our work establishes a new paradigm for leveraging dense embeddings in information retrieval, beyond the standard practice of inner-product scoring.

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17.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2605.19178

Activation Functions, Statistics and Learning of Higher-Order Interactions in Restricted Boltzmann Machines

作者:

Giovanni di Sarra ↗Yasser Roudi ↗

arXiv:2605.19178v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The great success of neural networks primarily arises from the presence of the large number of weight parameters combined with nonlinearities in the input-output relationship of single neurons. In this work, we study the relationship between the statistical properties of the weights and the nonlinearity of the hidden unit in Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) on the one side, and the distribution induced on binary visible units. We do this for four commonly used activation functions: Linear, Step, ReLU, and Exponential, and make qualitative predictions about the ability of these models to learn distributions with strong higher order interactions over the visible nodes. We show that in general, in an ensemble of RBMs with Gaussian weights, these distributions are rare and hard to learn, except when the hidden unit activation function is an Exponential.

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18.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18875

Efficient Financial Language Understanding via Distillation with Synthetic Data

作者:

Wen-Fong ↗Huang ↗Edwin Simpson ↗

Large instruction-following models are powerful but costly to deploy, particularly in finance, where labelled data are limited by confidentiality and expert annotation cost. We present an efficient framework for financial sentiment analysis through distillation with synthetic data, transferring knowledge from a large instruction-tuned teacher to compact student models. The framework is designed for low-resource conditions, where a small set of real examples are collected and labelled by hand. The framework then clusters the examples and uses the clusters to select seeds for generating synthetic examples via structured few-shot prompting. Experiments show that clustering-based seed selection yields more representative synthetic data than random sampling, enabling compact models to achieve strong performance with minimal supervision. Notably, on a more complex and noisy text domain, the compact model trained on the complete synthetic-seed corpus even outperforms the teacher model, while remaining competitive on formal text. The framework provides a practical route toward resource-efficient domain adaptation in financial NLP with minimal human labelling effort.

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19.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18304

Attribution-Guided and Coverage-Maximized Pruning for Structural MoE Compression

作者:

Yifu Ding ↗Jiacheng Wang ↗Ge Yang ↗Yongcheng Jing ↗Jinyang Guo ↗Xianglong Liu ↗Dacheng Tao ↗

arXiv:2606.18304v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale compute efficiently, yet remain expensive to deploy due to their substantial memory footprint and inference overhead. Prior compression methods mainly operate at the expert level, either removing entire experts or ranking experts by coarse-grained importance scores. However, such expert-wise decisions are often too coarse to capture fine-grained redundancy, leading to misallocated pruning budgets and limited compression. To address this problem, we observe that information within MoE experts is highly concentrated in a small subset of channels, leaving substantial redundancy even in experts deemed important. Based on this observation, we propose a structural pruning framework tailored for MoE models. Our method reformulates prune-ratio allocation as a channel-score coverage maximization problem and solves it efficiently using an attribution-based approximation. Experiments on DeepSeek and Qwen MoE models show that our method preserves model accuracy under 50% or 25% structured pruning when combined with 4-bit quantization. On Qwen3-30B-A3B, our approach reduces memory footprint by 5.27$\times$ and consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across diverse benchmarks.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15837

Learning a Sampling-Free Variational DNN Plugin from Tiny Training Sets to Refine OOD Segmentation With Uncertainty Estimation

作者:

Jimut B. Pal ↗Suyash P. Awate ↗

Deep neural networks (DNNs) frequently fail to generalize to out-of-distribution (OOD) medical images because of variations in scanners and acquisition protocols. Retraining DNN models to address these distribution shifts is often impractical due to the high cost of acquiring and annotating new medical datasets. To address this, we introduce VarDeepPCA, a novel lightweight variational DNN framework designed to restore/refine degraded segmentation maps by leveraging intrinsic geometric priors. Unlike existing approaches that require target-domain data or extensive pre-training, our VarDeepPCA explicitly learns a distribution of valid anatomical geometries using only small in-distribution (ID) datasets. Theoretically, our novel variational learning framework leverages a reinterpretation of the softmax mapping to implicitly perform exact distribution modeling, thereby enabling computationally efficient, sampling-free learning and inference. This also enables VarDeepPCA to provide uncertainty estimates associated with its restored segmentation maps. We empirically validate our framework across 4 distinct clinical applications, using 14 publicly available datasets, involving segmentation of the myocardium, neuroretinal rim, prostate, and fetal head. Comparisons against 15 existing methods demonstrate that VarDeepPCA consistently restores segmentation maps produced by the existing methods on OOD data to (i) significantly improve anatomical plausibility of geometries and clinical utility of the segmentations, and (ii) significantly reduce errors, without needing any more training data than that used by existing methods.

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21.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14113

Simulating Students' Java Programming Errors with Large Language Models

作者:

Ali Keramati ↗Jie Cao ↗Iman Mohammadi ↗Mark Warschauer ↗Yang Shi ↗

Understanding student errors in the programming is a cornerstone of programming education, yet obtaining a representative set of student errors for any newly designed task remains slow and costly, since authentic submissions only accumulate after extensive classroom deployment. This paper explores whether large language models (LLMs) can serve as scalable proxies for students by simulating realistic logical errors in code submissions. Using the CodeWorkout dataset of 74,000+ unique student Java submissions across 37 problems, we evaluate five LLMs under three mainstream prompting strategies: Input-Output (IO), Chain-of-Thought (CoT), and iterative Self-Refine. We assess performance along two key dimensions: diversity (the range of distinct error patterns) and alignment (alignment with authentic student mistakes), and examine how these vary by struggling level of programming tasks. Our quantitative findings reveal that while all models generate diverse errors, their alignment to human submissions diverges: Claude Sonnet 4 achieves the most balanced performance. In addition, we conducted a blinded expert annotation study (N = 401) comparing synthetic and authentic errors. This qualitative analysis confirms that the generated errors are functionally indistinguishable from authentic student errors. Moreover, higher-struggling-level problems elicit more diverse but less student-like errors. These results highlight trade-offs in using LLMs to simulate human learners and suggest design considerations for integrating synthetic errors into teachable agents, intelligent tutoring systems, and large-scale learning analytics.

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22.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2510.27285

Rethinking Robust Adversarial Concept Erasure in Diffusion Models

作者:

Qinghong Yin ↗Yu Tian ↗Heming Yang ↗Xiang Chen ↗Xianlin Zhang ↗Yue Ming ↗Xueming Li ↗Yue Zhang ↗

Concept erasure aims to selectively unlearning undesirable content in diffusion models (DMs) to reduce the risk of sensitive content generation. As a novel paradigm in concept erasure, most existing methods employ adversarial training to identify and suppress target concepts, thus reducing the likelihood of sensitive outputs. However, these methods often neglect the specificity of adversarial training in DMs, resulting in only partial mitigation. In this work, we investigate and quantify this specificity from the perspective of concept space, i.e., can adversarial samples truly fit the target concept space? We observe that existing methods neglect the role of conceptual semantics when generating adversarial samples, resulting in ineffective fitting of concept spaces. This oversight leads to the following issues: 1) when there are few adversarial samples, they fail to comprehensively cover the object concept; 2) conversely, they will disrupt other target concept spaces. Motivated by the analysis of these findings, we introduce S-GRACE (Semantics-Guided Robust Adversarial Concept Erasure), which grace leveraging semantic guidance within the concept space to generate adversarial samples and perform erasure training. Experiments conducted with seven state-of-the-art methods and three adversarial prompt generation strategies across various DM unlearning scenarios demonstrate that S-GRACE significantly improves erasure performance 26%, better preserves non-target concepts, and reduces training time by 90%. Our code is available at https://github.com/Qhong-522/S-GRACE.

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23.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11263

Geometric bias in eigenspace perturbation under random heterogeneous noise

作者:

Fengkai Liu ↗Ke Wang ↗Wanjie Wang ↗

arXiv:2606.11263v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Spectral methods rely fundamentally on the stability of principal eigenspaces under random perturbations. Classically, this stability is quantified by the Davis-Kahan and Wedin theorems, which bound the eigenspace error using the operator norm of the noise and the relevant spectral gaps. While these worst-case bounds are sharp for arbitrary deterministic perturbations, they can be wasteful in the low-rank signal-plus-random-noise setting, as they fail to capture the fine-grained interaction between the signal geometry and the noise distribution. In this paper, we study the spectral perturbation of signal-plus-noise matrices corrupted by sparse, random noise with an arbitrary, inhomogeneous variance profile. We demonstrate that under heterogeneous noise variances, the empirical eigenvectors suffer a systematic, deterministic geometric bias that is entirely invisible to classical perturbation bounds. By leveraging the Quadratic Vector Equation (QVE) and establishing fine-grained isotropic local laws, we derive near-optimal, non-asymptotic perturbation bounds for the leading eigenspaces in the operator and $2\to\infty$ norms. The bounds separate the usual signal-to-noise contribution, stochastic fluctuations, and structured geometric bias terms determined by the alignment between the signal eigenspaces and the row-wise variance profile.

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24.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.12146

nD-RoPE: A Generalized RoPE for n-Dimensional Position Embedding

作者:

Boyang Li ↗Yulin Wu ↗Sizhe Xu ↗Nuoxian Huang ↗Zhonghang Yuan ↗Shangyi Guo ↗Shu Yang ↗Takahiro Yabe ↗

arXiv:2606.12146v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is widely adopted in Transformer models, yet its extension to high-dimensional domains lacks a unified theoretical formulation. Most existing approaches either apply rotations independently along each axis or empirically mix frequencies, which limits cross-dimensional interactions and yields direction-dependent representations. To address these limitations, we propose nD-RoPE, a decomposition-free generalization of RoPE to arbitrary dimensions. From a translation-invariant formulation in continuous Hilbert space, we derive a spectral condition for isotropy that requires treating positions and frequencies as coupled $n$-dimensional vectors. We instantiate this formulation with a multi-scale regular-simplex wave-vector design, which provides non-degenerate spatial coverage and a symmetric, directionally balanced second-order response. Experiments across images, videos, and point clouds demonstrate consistent performance gains and improved generalization in high-dimensional settings.

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25.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17637

Brick-DICL: Dynamic In-Context Learning for Automated Brick Schema Classification

作者:

Yiyue Qian ↗Shinan Zhang ↗Huan Song ↗Negin Sokhandan ↗Hannah Marlowe ↗Diego Socolinsky ↗

arXiv:2606.17637v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Building Management Systems (BMS) are essential for optimizing energy efficiency and operational performance in modern buildings. However, the lack of standardization across BMS points from different manufacturers creates significant barriers to integration and data utilization. While the Brick schema offers a standardized ontology for building systems, mapping BMS points to appropriate Brick classes presents three critical challenges: (i) the extensive number of Brick classes (936 in the latest version), (ii) limited domain-specific knowledge in large language models (LLMs), and (iii) substantial manual effort required for verification. To address these challenges, we propose Brick-DICL, a two-stage dynamic in-context learning framework for automated Brick schema classification. Brick-DICL consists of two primary components: metadata-RAG, which retrieves relevant examples to enhance LLMs' domain knowledge, and class-RAG, which narrows down potential Brick classes to address the large classification space. Additionally, we implement a multi-LLM filtering mechanism that compares predictions across multiple models, flagging low-confidence classifications for human review. As a result: (i) General: Brick-DICL is applicable to any building management system regardless of manufacturer or metadata format; (ii) Novel and Powerful: as the first dynamic in-context learning approach for Brick schema classification, Brick-DICL achieves significant classification accuracy improvements on building datasets, outperforming existing methods; (iii) Efficient: our multi-LLM filtering strategy reduces manual verification effort, enabling rapid digital building onboarding. Extensive experiments demonstrate Brick-DICL's effectiveness across diverse building datasets, accelerating the path toward standardized, interoperable building management systems.

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