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01.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23760

Engineering Reliable Autonomous Systems: Challenges and Solutions

作者:

arXiv:2606.23760v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Engineering reliable autonomous systems is an important and growing topic in computer science. As autonomous systems become more prevalent, easy-to-use techniques for building them reliably are increasingly important. This workshop report captures and expands on the discussions at the Lorentz Center Workshop "Engineering Reliable Autonomous Systems" (ERAS), held from 10 to 14 June 2024. The workshop was co-organised by the organisers of the Workshop on Formal Methods for Autonomous Systems (FMAS) and the Workshop on Agents and Robots for reliable Engineered Autonomy (AREA). It brought together members of the FMAS and AREA communities, industry practitioners, and representatives from sectors where autonomous systems pose distinctive engineering challenges. The workshop focused on three main research topics: techniques for verification and validation of autonomous systems; engineering real-world autonomous systems; and software architectures for safe autonomous systems. Its main outcome is a catalogue of challenges in these areas and, most importantly, a pathway to solutions. Some challenges can already be tackled by techniques that are well known in academia but have not yet become regularly used in practice. Other challenges remain unresolved and require further research. This roadmap is intended to support future research and industrial collaboration.

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02.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17591

Closing the Feedback Loop: From Experience Extraction to Insight Governance in Verbal Reinforcement Learning

作者:

Yanwei Cui ↗Xing Zhang ↗Yulong Zhang ↗Li Shao ↗Xiaofeng Shi ↗Guanghui Wang ↗Peiyang He ↗

arXiv:2606.17591v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Training-free verbal reinforcement learning enables LLM agents to learn from world feedback – objective signals such as dynamic task outcomes, market returns, or demand forecasts – by extracting verbal rules from experience and injecting them as context, updating the agent's behavior without parameter changes. However, in non-stationary environments these agents face a retention-forgetting dilemma: retaining stale insights causes negative transfer, while discarding them causes catastrophic forgetting when conditions recur. We identify four requirements for navigating this dilemma – outcome-driven evaluation, persistent structured evidence, non-monotonic knowledge lifecycle, and compositional governance – and show that existing methods invest heavily in experience extraction while underinvesting in insight governance. We propose a three-layer architecture – rules, evidence, and skills – connected by a feedback-driven curation loop that closes the governance gap. Rules capture distilled experience from world outcomes; evidence logs track each rule's reliability across episodes; skills govern which rules to apply, how to resolve conflicts, and when to abstain. On financial forecasting as a case study, where world feedback is naturally abundant, noisy, and non-stationary, we show that the same accumulated experience either degrades performance below the zero-shot baseline or dramatically improves accuracy and risk-adjusted returns, depending on whether the curation loop is present.

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03.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2601.02177

Why Commodity WiFi Sensors Fail at Multi-Person Gait Identification: A Systematic Analysis Using ESP32

作者:

Oliver Custance ↗Saad Khan ↗Simon Parkinson ↗

WiFi Channel State Information (CSI) has shown promise for single-person gait identification, raising interest in its use for contactless biometrics, continuous authentication, and passive identification. However, the feasibility of multi-person identification on low-cost commodity devices remains unclear. A critical question is whether weak multi-person performance is primarily an algorithmic limitation, or whether it reflects a more fundamental sensing ceiling on commodity WiFi hardware. We address this question through a systematic empirical study using commodity ESP32 WiFi sensors. We evaluated six different signal separation methods–FastICA, SOBI, PCA-ICA, NMF, Wavelet, and Tensor decomposition–across seven scenarios spanning 1-10 people in both controlled and realistic indoor environments. To investigate beyond classification accuracy, we introduce three diagnostic metrics: intra-subject variability (ISV), inter-subject distinguishability (ISD), and performance degradation rate (PDR). In all methods, performance remains moderate (39%-56% accuracy), with limited evidence that algorithmic choice alone solves the problem. The best-performing method, NMF, reaches 56% accuracy, while all methods exhibit extremely high feature-space overlap (97%-99%), unstable within-subject representations, and marked environmental sensitivity. These findings suggest that, under commodity ESP32 CSI constraints, dense multi-person gait identification is limited more by sensing quality and spatial diversity than by the chosen separation algorithm. Our results have direct implications for security and privacy: they call into question the practicality of commodity WiFi CSI as a robust multi-user biometric primitive for authentication, while also placing important bounds on the passive identification capabilities achievable with low-cost off-the-shelf WiFi hardware.

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04.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2602.09764

Self-Supervised Learning as Discrete Communication

作者:

Kawtar Zaher ↗Ilyass Moummad ↗Olivier Buisson ↗Alexis Joly ↗

Most self-supervised learning (SSL) methods learn continuous visual representations by aligning different views of the same input, offering limited control over how information is structured across representation dimensions. In this work, we frame visual self-supervised learning as a discrete communication process between a teacher and a student network, where semantic information is transmitted through a fixed-capacity binary channel. Rather than aligning continuous features, the student predicts multi-label binary messages produced by the teacher. Discrete agreement is enforced through an element-wise binary cross-entropy objective, while a coding-rate regularization term encourages effective utilization of the constrained channel, promoting structured representations. We further show that periodically reinitializing the projection head strengthens this effect by encouraging embeddings that remain predictive across multiple discrete encodings. Extensive experiments demonstrate consistent improvements over continuous agreement baselines on image classification, retrieval, and dense visual prediction tasks, as well as under domain shift through self-supervised adaptation. Beyond backbone representations, we analyze the learned binary codes and show that they form a compact and informative discrete language, capturing semantic factors reusable across classes.

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05.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.03867

A Training-Free Mixture-of-Agents Framework for Multi-Document Summarization using LLMs and Knowledge Graphs

作者:

Cuong Vuong Tuan ↗Trang Mai Xuan ↗Tien-Cuong Nguyen ↗Vu-Duc Ngo ↗Thien Van Luong ↗

Multi-Document Summarization (MDS) plays a critical role in distilling essential information from collections of textual data. Existing approaches often struggle to capture complex inter-document relationships, rely heavily on large amounts of labeled data for supervised training, or exhibit limited generalization across domains and languages. To address these limitations, we present a training-free mixture-of-agents framework for MDS that leverages the complementary strengths of large language models (LLMs) and knowledge graphs. Our approach decomposes summarization into specialized agent tasks: extractive selection, knowledge-aware abstraction, and iterative refinement, each operating without task-specific fine-tuning. We unify their outputs using a multi-perspective consistency mechanism guided by LLMs. Experiments across four datasets in English and Vietnamese demonstrate state-of-the-art or competitive performance, validating the effectiveness and adaptability of our modular design.

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06.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16298

DDTNet: Degradation Disentanglement and Transfer Network for Test-Time All-in-One De-weathering Adaptation

作者:

Kuan-Hung Lin ↗Fu-Jen Tsai ↗Yan-Tsung Peng ↗Min-Hung Chen ↗Chia-Wen Lin ↗Yen-Yu Lin ↗

All-in-one adverse weather image restoration aims to remove multiple degradations, such as rain, haze, and snow, using a single unified model. Despite their broad applicability, existing methods typically compromise performance, delivering balanced but suboptimal results for individual degradation types. This issue becomes more pronounced when a domain gap exists between training and testing data. Motivated by the observation that modeling degradation patterns is more feasible than recovering clean content, we propose the Degradation Disentanglement and Transfer Network (DDTNet), which focuses specifically on degradation transfer. By disentangling degradation patterns from target-domain degraded images and transferring them to source domain clean images, DDTNet generates domain-adaptive paired training data. These pairs are then used to fine-tune restoration models, significantly enhancing their adaptability across diverse weather conditions and domains. The core of DDTNet is the Degradation Disentanglement Module (DDM), which comprises Degradation Coupled Attention (DCA) to capture both general and weather-specific features, thereby enabling effective disentanglement and transfer of degradation patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that DDTNet significantly and consistently improves existing all-in-one models across real-world deraining, desnowing, and dehazing datasets.

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07.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2602.01391

Relighting as a Probe of Visual Priors via Augmented Latent Intrinsics

作者:

Xiaoyan Xing ↗Xiao Zhang ↗Sezer Karaoglu ↗Theo Gevers ↗Anand Bhattad ↗

Image-to-image relighting requires representations that separate illumination from scene properties while preserving dense geometry, material, and photometric cues. We use this task as a probe of visual priors: unlike recognition tasks that reward invariance, relighting tests whether visual features retain the information needed for light transfer. Through a controlled generative relighting framework, we find that strong semantic encoders can degrade relighting quality, exposing a semantic–photometric trade-off between abstraction and physical fidelity. We introduce Augmented Latent Intrinsics (ALI), which balances this trade-off by fusing dense, pixel-aligned visual features into a latent-intrinsic relighting model and refining it with self-supervision on unlabeled real image pairs. ALI improves relighting quality, especially on glossy, metallic, and transparent materials, and demonstrates that generative relighting is an effective tool for quantifying what visual encoders encode about the physical world.

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08.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14347

When Language Representations Interact: Separability and Cross-Lingual Effects in LLMs

作者:

Boris Marinov ↗Angira Sharma ↗Christian Schroeder de Witt ↗Philip Torr ↗Anisoara Calinescu ↗Jialin Yu ↗

arXiv:2606.14347v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models exhibit strong multilingual capabilities, however, their internal representations are difficult to interpret. Understanding these interactions is important for ensuring reliable behavior in multilingual systems. Recent work has shown that causal-geometric structure can explain how certain concepts are encoded as approximately linear and separable directions, but whether this framework extends to multilingual models, where language identity is correlated and hierarchical, is underexplored. We apply causal-geometric analysis to multilingual LLMs, studying 28 bilingual contrasts across three models, allowing us to analyze when languages behave as approximately independent factors and when structured dependencies persist. We find evidence that language concepts admit stable linear representations that are largely separable under a covariance-adjusted (causal) inner product, with structured deviations reflecting linguistic similarity. Moreover, languages within the same family (such as Germanic or Romance) exhibit a simplex-like geometric structure, suggesting hierarchical organization. These results extend causal-geometric interpretability to multilingual settings and provide insight into how separability and similarity may exist in multilingual LLM representations, motivating interpretability analyses that diagnose when and how structured dependencies between concepts can be anticipated. This has implications for trustworthy deployment, as residual structure between languages may lead to unintended cross-lingual effects when models are monitored or intervened upon.

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09.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13867

Muon$^p$: Muon with Fractional Spectral Powers

作者:

Yihe Dong ↗Will Sawin ↗

arXiv:2606.13867v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Muon is an increasingly widely used optimizer that replaces a gradient $G=USV^\top$ with its polar factor $UV^\top$, thereby flattening the singular spectrum. However, full flattening discards singular-value information that may matter for adaptation. We introduce Muon$^p$, a Muon-style optimizer that instead uses fractional spectral-power updates $US^pV^\top$ for rational $p\in(0,1)$, interpolating between Muon and gradient descent. To make it practical, we prove that fractional spectral powers cannot be computed by any fixed univariate polynomial iteration, and furthermore derive low-degree odd bivariate recurrences that approximate $US^pV^\top$ using only matrix multiplications, preserving Muon's matrix-multiplication-only structure and compute complexity. We show that Muon$^p$ maximizes the linear improvement in loss under the Schatten $q$-norm for $q=1+\frac{1}{p}$. Empirically, Muon$^p$ is especially effective for finetuning: on billion-scale models, Muon$^p$ improves validation perplexity and downstream task performance. We further analyze when Muon$^p$ is less suitable, through the lens of spectral geometry. Our results reveal important insights on when preserving the singular spectrum can bring significant gains, and introduce a principled way to achieve them.

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10.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19894

Score Approximation for Diffusion Models on Arbitrary Low-Dimensional Structures

作者:

Xinhe Mu ↗Zaijiu Shang ↗Zhaoqi Zhou ↗Chuan Zhou ↗Qi Meng ↗Guiying Yan ↗Zhiming Ma ↗

arXiv:2606.19894v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The remarkable success of score-based diffusion models has spurred significant efforts to establish their theoretical foundations. However, existing complexity bounds for score approximation rely heavily on restrictive assumptions like Lipschitz continuous densities or smooth manifold supports, which are routinely violated by the singularities, sharp boundaries, and disjoint clusters inherent to real-world perceptual data. This work establishes a universal score approximation theorem that works for any distribution supported on any compact set of upper Minkowski dimension $d$. Using a novel discrete-mixture formulation, we prove that the score function can be approximated with a ReLU network whose complexity grows exponentially only with $d$, thus breaking the exponential curse of ambient dimensionality. Combined with existing theories on accurately solving the backward diffusion SDE for arbitrary compact distributions, our work shows that diffusion models readily adapt to irregular, non-smooth data structures, explaining their competence in real-world generative tasks.

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11.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15767

Visualizing Uncertainty: Spatial Maps of Missing and Conflicting Evidence in Deep Learning

作者:

Dong Hyun Jeong ↗Feng Chen ↗Jin-Hee Cho ↗Lance M. Kaplan ↗Audun J{\o}sang ↗Soo-Yeon Ji ↗

arXiv:2606.15767v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Understanding when and why deep neural networks are uncertain is crucial for deploying reliable machine learning systems in safety-critical domains. While existing uncertainty quantification methods provide scalar measures of model confidence, they offer limited insight into which spatial regions of an input contribute to different types of uncertainty. We propose a novel visualization framework, Uncertainty Activation Map (UAM), that combines Evidential Deep Learning (EDL) with Full-Gradient Class Activation Mapping (FullGrad) to generate interpretable spatial uncertainty activation maps. Our approach distinguishes between two fundamental types of uncertainty: vacuity, representing lack of evidence, and dissonance, capturing conflicting evidence between competing hypotheses. By leveraging the complete gradient decomposition property of FullGrad and the principled uncertainty quantification of Subjective Logic, our method produces theoretically grounded visualizations that highlight specific image regions responsible for model uncertainty. With this framework, vacuity and dissonance activation maps are generated by computing belief-weighted attributions, enabling identification of where models lack knowledge versus where they encounter ambiguous evidence. Extensive evaluations across multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively addresses the critical gap between uncertainty quantification and explainability, providing intuitive visual feedback to assess model reliability in complex visual recognition tasks.

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12.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11605

Physics-Distilled Neural Network enabled by Large Language Models for Manufacturing Process-Property Predictive Modeling

作者:

Ge Song ↗Kiarash Naghavi Khanghah ↗Anandkumar Patel ↗Rajiv Malhotra ↗Hongyi Xu ↗

arXiv:2606.11605v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Predicting process-property relationships in manufacturing is often challenged by high experimental costs and the limited interpretability of complex 'black-box' models. This paper proposes a novel knowledge distillation framework designed to achieve high-accuracy predictions in data-scarce scenarios. The framework integrates analytical physics priors, which are systematically extracted from scientific literature via Large Language Models, into a privileged teacher model. We employ a Graph-Masked Attention layer to capture the complex physical dependencies among input variables showing strict setpoints or a combination of static and high-frequency temporal signatures. This privileged knowledge is distilled into a lightweight student predictor for inference. The feasibility and robustness of the framework are evaluated through a comprehensive experiment across five diverse manufacturing processes. To ensure statistical reliability, given the small dataset sizes, a repeated K-fold cross-validation technique is employed to quantify model stability and generalization. Results indicate that the proposed framework consistently achieves high predictive accuracy across all evaluated domains. Most importantly, the architecture demonstrates significant fault tolerance by maintaining robust predictive performance even in scenarios where LLM-derived analytical priors are suboptimal or incomplete. Furthermore, the student predictor achieves an inference frequency exceeding 6000 Hz, which facilitates real-time edge deployment on standard industrial hardware. This work provides a scalable solution for bridging the gap between theoretical physics and real-time industrial monitoring in data-limited environments.

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13.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.12248

Damage-TriageFormer: A Foundation-Model Framework for Typology-Based Building Damage Assessment from Mono-Temporal Imagery

作者:

Yiming Xiao ↗Yu-Hsuan Ho ↗Sanjay Thasma ↗Junwei Ma ↗Ali Mostafavi ↗

Decision-relevant building damage assessment is critical for prioritizing resources and recovery after a disaster, yet most automated methods either flatten damage into a single severity scale (no damage, minor, major, destroyed) or require paired pre- and post-event imagery that is often unavailable for emerging hazards. This paper presents Damage-TriageFormer, a single-image, post-event, footprint-conditioned model that produces a damage typology rather than a severity scale. We contribute: (1) DamageTriage-Bench, a new benchmark built from NOAA Emergency Response Imagery across Hurricane Michael (2018), Hurricane Helene (2024), and the 2025 Los Angeles wildfire complex, with five typology classes that distinguish roof damage from structural damage and, within each, partial from total extent; and (2) Damage-TriageFormer, which extends a DINOv3 ViT-L backbone with a Simple Feature Pyramid for higher-resolution instance pooling, a two-stage gated damage head, and an auxiliary severity-regression objective. Our model achieves macro F1 of 0.624 on validation and 0.619 on a held-out stratified test set, performing strongest where operational triage needs it most, with per-class F1 of 0.91 and 0.84 on undamaged buildings and total structural collapse, respectively. While the rare Total Roof Damage class remains difficult due to its limited examples and an inherently ambiguous label boundary, our results show that single-image post-event imagery can support actionable building damage typing, enabling targeted emergency response and resource allocation without a pre-event reference.

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14.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24387

AutoSpecNER: A Fine-Grained Named Entity Recognition Dataset for Vehicle Specification Extraction

作者:

Jordan Lee ↗Filippos Ventirozos ↗Abdirahman Abdullahm ↗Ioanna Nteka ↗Peter Appleby ↗Matthew Shardlow ↗

Vehicle advertisements contain rich specification information, but automotive NER resources remain limited. We introduce AutoSpecNER, an expert-annotated dataset for fine-grained entity recognition in vehicle listings. The dataset includes 659 advertisements from a popular car-selling website, with over 10,000 entities annotated across 15 categories, including MODEL, ENGINE_SPEC, and BATTERY_CAPACITY. Annotation quality was validated through inter-annotator agreement, achieving an average score of 91.5%. We benchmark rule-based extraction, fine-tuned transformer encoders, and large language models. DeBERTa achieves the best performance with a 90% micro-F1 score, outperforming the rule-based baseline (43%) and the strongest large language model (77.8%).

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15.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17501

Critical spectral behavior and large deviations for geometric $\alpha$-stable processes

作者:

Kaneharu Tsuchida ↗

arXiv:2606.17501v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In this paper, we study the Schrödinger-type operator associated with geometric stable processes on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, especially the differentiability of spectral function. Let $\mathcal{H}$ be the generator of the geometric stable process and $\mu$ a smooth measure on $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. Then the spectral function $C(\theta)$ is defined as $C(\theta) = -\inf \sigma(-\mathcal{H} - \theta \mu)$, where $\sigma(\mathcal{A})$ denotes the spectrum of $\mathcal{A}$ and $\theta$ is a real parameter. Since the geometric stable process exhibits severe local singularities in its Lévy measure, its transition semigroup lacks ultracontractivity, which invalidates classical methods for proving the differentiability. To overcome this obstacle, we use the compact embedding of the extended Dirichlet space into $L^2(\mu)$. As a primary application of this differentiability, we establish a large deviation principle for a positive continuous additive functional associated with the smooth measure $\mu$.

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16.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.05860

GenAutoML: An Agentic Framework for Dynamic Architecture Generation and Optimization in Time-Series Analysis

作者:

Oleeviya Babu Poikarayil ↗C\'edric Schockaert ↗Abdulrahman Nahhas ↗Christian Daase ↗Mursal Dawodi ↗Jawid Ahmad Baktash ↗

arXiv:2606.05860v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Designing neural architectures for time-series forecasting and anomaly detection remains a resource-intensive task that often requires substantial domain expertise. Traditional Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) systems typically rely on static, predefined search spaces, limiting their ability to adapt to diverse data characteristics. We present GenAutoML, an agentic framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) as neural architects to bridge natural-language requirements and executable PyTorch implementations. The framework incorporates a Sandboxed Reflection Loop for autonomous code refinement and a Signature-Aware Runtime that enforces architectural consistency and execution safety. To improve robustness under non-stationary conditions, we further introduce a Dynamic Reversible Instance Normalization (Dyn-RevIN) wrapper. Experiments on the ETTh1, ETTm1, and Weather benchmarks demonstrate that GenAutoML can dynamically generate task-specific neural architectures tailored to dataset characteristics. Among the generated models, WaveInterferenceNet achieves inference latency below 0.01 ms per sample while maintaining competitive predictive performance. By emphasizing computational efficiency, architectural adaptability, and stable optimization behavior, GenAutoML enables the creation of ultra-lightweight neural networks suitable for resource-constrained and latency-sensitive Edge AI deployments.

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17.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18543

CEO-Bench: Can Agents Play the Long Game?

作者:

Haozhe Chen ↗Karthik Narasimhan ↗Zhuang Liu ↗

Language model agents are becoming proficient executors at isolated, short-horizon tasks such as software engineering and customer service. Yet real-world challenges require a combination of sophisticated skills that remain largely untested in agents: (1) navigating long horizons amid uncertainty; (2) acquiring information in noisy environments; (3) adapting to a changing world; (4) orchestrating multiple moving parts toward a coherent goal. We introduce CEO-Bench, which evaluates these capabilities together by simulating a representative real-world task: operating a startup for 500 days. An agent manages pricing, marketing, budgeting, and many other aspects of a fictional company through a programmable Python interface, operating in the same environment and facing the same challenges as a human CEO. Success demands analyzing noisy, interconnected business databases, translating signals into sound strategy, and coordinating many decisions with programming. The strongest agents write sophisticated code that simulates customer cohorts to forecast future cash and mines negotiation history to uncover hidden customer preferences. Even so, most state-of-the-art models struggle in this environment. Only Claude Opus 4.8 and GPT-5.5 finish above the $1M starting balance, and neither consistently turns a profit. CEO-Bench takes a first step toward measuring the intelligence required to drive sustained, adaptive progress over time.

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18.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.12074

Non-frontal face recognition using GANs and memristor-based classifiers

作者:

Semih Vazgecen ↗Cristian Sestito ↗Spyros Stathopoulos ↗Themis Prodromakis ↗

Face recognition systems have advanced significantly through deep learning techniques, delivering high performance and robustness in complex scenarios. However, these approaches incur substantial computational overhead, limiting their in situ applicability in resource-constrained platforms such as drones, where they can address challenges including non-frontal facial imagery. Memristor-based neuromorphic systems have emerged as a compelling approach for edge AI applications, combining biologically inspired processing with efficient and scalable computation. In this work, we propose a facial recognition framework that addresses non-frontal pose variations by integrating lightweight generative adversarial network (GAN)-based pose frontalisation with memristor-based neuromorphic recognition. The experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of combining adversarial learning with memristive technology, achieving up to 96% identification accuracy. The proposed approach alleviates the computational bottlenecks of conventional AI and offers a scalable, efficient solution for face recognition in dynamic real-world environments.

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19.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2604.23874

Deep Learning of Solver-Aware Turbulence Closures from Nudged LES Dynamics

作者:

Ashwin Suriyanarayanan ↗Dibyajyoti Chakraborty ↗Romit Maulik ↗

arXiv:2604.23874v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The differentiable physics paradigm may be leveraged as an a-posteriori approach for discovering turbulence closure models by embedding a neural network parameterization directly inside the solver and optimizing it given potentially sparse target data. This addresses a key limitation of a-priori learning where direct numerical simulation (DNS) data is used to approximate the subgrid stress with the assumption of a low-pass filter. Closures trained in this a-priori manner frequently lead to unstable deployments due to the mismatch between the assumed filter and the effect of numerical discretizations and coarse-graining. In comparison, while typically stable during deployment, a-posteriori learning incurs high computational costs due to the need to backpropagate through a large eddy simulation (LES) solver. Furthermore, a-posteriori methods are challenging to apply broadly since they require significant modification of existing solvers. Finally, both approaches are limited when generalization is desired across different numerical schemes with their implicit filtering characteristics. In this work, we present a deep-learning approach for turbulence closure modeling built on the continuous data assimilation framework. Our approach enables the a-priori training of closures using sparsely observed DNS data without modifying or differentiating through the LES solver, while preserving stability during deployment for the recovery of invariant statistics. We focus on the model's ability to adapt to different discretizations by explicitly conditioning it on the numerical scheme. We use two- and three-dimensional canonical cases to test our framework and show that the learned correction systematically tracks the discretization error of the coarse solver.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2605.07971

DVD: Discrete Voxel Diffusion for 3D Generation and Editing

作者:

Zhengrui Xiang ↗Jiaqi Wu ↗Fupeng Sun ↗Heliang Zheng ↗Yingzhen Li ↗

We introduce Discrete Voxel Diffusion (DVD), a discrete diffusion framework to generate, assess, and edit sparse voxels for SLat (Structured LATent) based 3D generative pipelines. Although discrete diffusion has not generally displaced continuous diffusion in image-like generation, we show that it can be an effective first-stage prior for sparse voxel scaffolds. By treating voxel occupancy as a native discrete variable, DVD avoids continuous-to-discrete thresholding and provides a simple framework for voxel generation, uncertainty estimation, and editing. Beyond quality gains, DVD provides more interpretable generation dynamics through explicit categorical modeling. Furthermore, we leverage the predictive entropy as a robust uncertainty metric to identify ambiguous voxel regions and complicated samples, facilitating tasks such as data filtering and quality assessment. Finally, we propose a lightweight fine-tuning strategy using block-structured perturbation patterns. This approach empowers the model to inpaint and edit voxels within a single sampling round, requiring negligible auxiliary computation and no additional model evaluations. Code is available at https://github.com/TeCai/DVD.

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21.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2508.01656

Authorship Attribution in Multilingual Machine-Generated Texts

作者:

Lucio La Cava ↗Dominik Macko ↗R\'obert M\'oro ↗Ivan Srba ↗Andrea Tagarelli ↗

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have reached human-like fluency and coherence, distinguishing machine-generated text (MGT) from human-written content becomes increasingly difficult. While early efforts in MGT detection have focused on binary classification, the growing landscape and diversity of LLMs require a more fine-grained yet challenging authorship attribution (AA), i.e., being able to identify the precise generator (LLM or human) behind a text. However, AA remains nowadays confined to a monolingual setting, with English being the most investigated one, overlooking the multilingual nature and usage of modern LLMs. In this work, we introduce the problem of Multilingual Authorship Attribution, which involves attributing texts to human or multiple LLM generators across diverse languages. Focusing on 18 languages – covering multiple families and writing scripts – and 8 generators (7 LLMs and the human-authored class), we investigate the multilingual suitability of monolingual AA methods in terms of their cross-lingual transferability, and the impact of generators on attribution performance. Our results reveal that while certain monolingual AA methods can be adapted to multilingual settings, significant limitations and challenges remain, particularly in transferring across diverse language families, underscoring the complexity of multilingual AA and the need for more robust approaches to better match real-world scenarios.

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22.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14187

Zeta: Dual Whitening for Matrix Optimization via Coordinate-Adaptive Preconditioning

作者:

Kaiwen Chen ↗Shuhai Zhang ↗Qiuwu Chen ↗Zimo Liu ↗Linxiao Li ↗Ying Sun ↗Yuchen Li ↗Yifan Zhang ↗Bo Han ↗Mingkui Tan ↗

arXiv:2606.14187v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large-scale neural network training increasingly relies on matrix-aware optimizers that exploit the structure of weight parameters beyond element-wise adaptation. However, existing matrix-aware methods such as Muon have an underappreciated vulnerability: their core operation, Newton-Schulz iteration, depends critically on input conditioning, yet the raw momentum matrices exhibit severe coordinate-wise scale heterogeneity. In this paper, we first verify this scale heterogeneity through a chi-square uniformity test, showing that intra-matrix scale imbalance is prevalent across Transformer layers and that coordinate whitening effectively corrects it. Motivated by this finding, we propose Zeta, a dual whitening optimizer that applies coordinate whitening and spectral whitening in a strictly ordered pipeline. The ordering is not a tunable choice but follows from a mathematical dependency: coordinate whitening establishes the statistical isotropy that spectral whitening requires to function reliably. We further prove that this dual pipeline strictly reduces orthogonalization error relative to pure spectral methods by improving the condition number of the input. Empirically, Zeta matches or surpasses strong baselines across language modeling (0.6B to 8B parameters), mixture-of-experts architectures, and vision tasks, demonstrating that resolving scale imbalance before orthogonalization leads to faster convergence and better generalization. Code is available at https://gitcode.com/kevin259/MindSpeed.

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23.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-19 DOI: HASH:ca45b6227d704655138fe1a2f0586478

Extraction of Glaucoma Diagnosis, Type, and Severity from Clinical Notes using Secure Cloud-based Large Language Models

作者:

Samico ↗G. A ↗Solages ↗Scherer ↗Muralidhar ↗Gutkind ↗N. E ↗Palazoni ↗Medeiros ↗F. A ↗Swaminathan ↗S. S ↗…

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of secure cloud-based large language models (LLMs) in extracting glaucoma diagnosis, type, and severity from free-text clinical notes in the electronic health record (EHR). Design: Retrospective chart review analysis. Participants: 1,250 subjects from the Bascom Palmer Ophthalmic Repository. Methods: Clinical notes of glaucoma-related encounters between 2014 and 2024 were extracted from the Bascom Palmer Ophthalmic Repository. Two fellowship-trained glaucoma specialists annotated clinical notes for glaucoma presence, type, and severity at the eye level. The dataset was split into development (10%), validation (10%), and test (80%) sets. Development and validation sets were used for prompt engineering and refinement, and the held-out test set was used for evaluation. Five LLMs (Claude Opus 4.6, DeepSeek-V3.2, GPT-5.2, Grok 4.1, and Qwen3.6-35B-A3B) were accessed via Azure AI Foundry within HIPAA-compliant containers. Model performance was assessed using standard metrics. Clinician-entered ICD-10 codes were also compared with adjudicated labels. Main Outcome Measures: Gwet AC1, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Results: Inter-grader agreement was high for glaucoma detection (Gwet AC1= 0.930 (95% CI: 0.917-0.945), type classification (Gwet AC1= 0.917 (95% CI: 0.904-0.930), and severity staging (Gwet AC1= 0.901 (95% CI: 0.884-0.916). For glaucoma diagnosis, LLMs demonstrated high overall accuracy, with Claude achieving 97.5%, DeepSeek 96.0%, GPT 96.2%, Grok 94.4%, and Qwen 95.5%. F1 scores for glaucoma detection ranged from 95.4% to 98.9% across models. For glaucoma type classification, accuracies were 97.1%, 94.2%, 94.2%, 94.0%, and 94.4% for Claude, DeepSeek, GPT, Grok, and Qwen, respectively. F1 scores for the most prevalent type (POAG) ranged from 96.3% to 98.9%. For severity staging, accuracies were 95.0%, 94.8%, 94.5%, 94.0%, and 95.2%, respectively, with F1 scores ranging from 89.7% to 96.3% across severity categories and models. ICD-10 codes demonstrated substantially lower performance for type and severity staging, with overall accuracies of 89.2% and 58.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Secure cloud-based LLMs accurately extracted glaucoma diagnosis, type, and severity information from free-text ophthalmology notes, achieving performance approaching expert clinician adjudication while substantially outperforming ICD-based phenotyping approaches, particularly for disease severity classification. These findings demonstrate the potential of LLMs to transform unstructured clinical documentation into scalable, research-ready phenotypic data for large-scale glaucoma cohort development and EHR-based ophthalmic research.

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24.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2410.10137

Variational autoencoders with latent high-dimensional steady geometric flows for dynamics

作者:

Andrew Gracyk ↗

arXiv:2410.10137v5 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We develop Riemannian approaches to variational autoencoders (VAEs) for PDE-type ambient data with regularizing geometric latent dynamics, which we refer to as VAE-DLM, or VAEs with dynamical latent manifolds. We redevelop the VAE framework such that manifold geometries, subject to our geometric flow, embedded in Euclidean space are learned in the intermediary latent space developed by encoders and decoders. By tailoring the geometric flow in which the latent space evolves, we induce latent geometric properties of our choosing, which are reflected in empirical performance. We reformulate the traditional evidence lower bound (ELBO) loss with a considerate choice of prior. We develop a linear geometric flow with a steady-state regularizing term. This flow requires only automatic differentiation of one time derivative, and can be solved in moderately high dimensions in a physics-informed approach, allowing more expressive latent representations. We discuss how this flow can be formulated as a gradient flow, and maintains entropy away from metric singularity. This, along with an eigenvalue penalization condition, helps ensure the manifold is sufficiently large in measure, nondegenerate, and a canonical geometry, which contribute to a robust representation. Our methods focus on the modified multi-layer perceptron architecture with tanh activations for the manifold encoder-decoder. We demonstrate, on our datasets of interest, our methods perform at least as well as the traditional VAE, and oftentimes better. Our methods can outperform this and a VAE endowed with our proposed architecture, frequently reducing out-of-distribution (OOD) error between 15% to 35% on select datasets. We highlight our method on ambient PDEs whose solutions maintain minimal variation in late times. We provide empirical justification towards how we can improve robust learning for external dynamics with VAEs.

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25.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2602.19172

Online Realizable Regression and Applications for ReLU Networks

作者:

Ilan Doron-Arad ↗Idan Mehalel ↗Elchanan Mossel ↗

arXiv:2602.19172v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Realizable online regression can behave very differently from online classification. Even without any margin or stochastic assumptions, realizability may enforce horizon-free (finite) cumulative loss under metric-like losses, even when the analogous classification problem has an infinite mistake bound. We study realizable online regression in the adversarial model under losses that satisfy an approximate triangle inequality (approximate pseudo-metrics). Recent work of Attias et al. shows that the minimax realizable cumulative loss is characterized by the scaled Littlestone/online dimension $\mathbb{D}_{\mathrm{onl}}$, but this quantity can be difficult to analyze. Our main technical contribution is a generic potential method that upper bounds $\mathbb{D}_{\mathrm{onl}}$ by a concrete Dudley-type entropy integral that depends only on covering numbers of the hypothesis class under the induced sup pseudo-metric. We define an entropy potential $\Phi(\mathcal{H})=\int_{0}^{diam(\mathcal{H})} \log N(\mathcal{H},\varepsilon)\,d\varepsilon$, where $N(\mathcal{H},\varepsilon)$ is the $\varepsilon$-covering number of $\mathcal{H}$, and show that for every $c$-approximate pseudo-metric loss, $\mathbb{D}_{\mathrm{onl}}(\mathcal{H})\le O(c)\,\Phi(\mathcal{H})$. In particular, polynomial metric entropy implies $\Phi(\mathcal{H})d$, otherwise infinite), and for bounded-norm $k$-ReLU networks separate regression (finite loss, even $\widetilde O(k^2)$, and $O(1)$ for one ReLU) from classification (impossible already for $k=2,d=1$).

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