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01.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22 DOI: HASH:8931b12e773d08691f084a97cc26baff

Early-life nutritional environment is associated with late-life cognition in the Health and Retirement Study, a pellagra epidemic natural experiment

作者:

Vasiljevic↗Schmitz↗L. L↗Engelman↗C. D↗

Early-life exposures are important to several late-life health outcomes. We sought to study the effect of an in utero nutritional environment and its interaction with Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk on late-life cognitive function. We used a natural experiment created by the pellagra epidemic, a nutritional disease caused by a vitamin B3 deficiency, to evaluate the association between in utero pellagra epidemic exposure and late-life cognitive function in the Health and Retirement Study (N = 18,285). We also evaluated whether the in utero exposure could modify the AD polygenic score's (PGS) effect on cognition. In utero pellagra epidemic exposure was significantly associated with cognition ({beta} = -0.025). However, these effects were not isolated to the prenatal period as exposure during childhood periods also had an effect. The interaction between the in utero exposure and the AD PGS was significant, where the genetic effect on cognition was amplified with increasing (progressively worse) in utero exposure levels. These associations imply that the early-life nutritional environment affects late-life cognitive function and that these effects can modify genetic risk.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17362

DriveJudge: Rethinking Autonomous Driving Evaluation with Vision-Language Models

作者:

Xinglong Sun↗Kevin Xie↗Jenny Schmalfuss↗Despoina Paschalidou↗Xiuming Zhang↗Sanja Fidler↗Kashyap Chitta↗Jose M. Alvarez↗

Autonomous driving has shifted towards end-to-end policy learning, where reliable, interpretable policy evaluation is a fundamental challenge as driving quality is highly context-dependent. Commonly used rule-based driving metrics like EPDMS are interpretable but lack context-awareness, while recent VLMbased evaluations are context-aware but limited by ambiguous VLM outputs and weak physical grounding. To evaluate driving in a manner that is both interpretable and context-aware, we introduce DriveJudge. DriveJudge is a driving evaluation agent that combines rule-grounded evaluation with Vision-Language Model (VLM) reasoning and selectively invokes physically-grounded deterministic rule functions after interpreting the environmental context. To train and evaluate DriveJudge, we curate a large-scale dataset of 33,577 challenging driving samples with human annotations on whether the driving behavior is reasonable in the given scenario. With this dataset, we address the underexplored problem of driving metric evaluation, and introduce two human-aligned benchmark tasks: Driving Quality Classification and Trajectory Preference Selection. DriveJudge outperforms EPDMS for driving quality classification by 21.23 AUC, and the recent VLM-based DriveCritic for trajectory preference selection by 6.5%, setting a new standard for interpretable and precise driving evaluation.

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03.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24507

Uncovering Latent Structures in Robust Pulse Sequences: A Model-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach for Adaptable Quantum Control

作者:

Tobias Kiermeyer↗Thomas Heydenreich↗L\'eo Van Damme↗Sebastian Hohenemser↗Florian Marquardt↗Steffen J. Glaser↗

arXiv:2606.24507v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Real-time adaptive control of quantum systems requires rapid generation of robust, high-fidelity pulses across a continuous range of operating conditions. Standard optimization algorithms such as gradient-ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) solve each instance independently, discarding information between runs and requiring costly reinitialization when parameters change. We present an approach to robust optimal quantum control based on model-based reinforcement learning, in which a single neural network – embedding the Hamiltonian directly into the training pipeline – generates robust gates across an entire family of gate configurations, without pre-computed training data. Demonstrated on a single-spin (two-level) system, the trained networks produce pulses for arbitrary rotation angles over a range of pulse durations, detunings, and field inhomogeneities in milliseconds, at fidelities comparable to multi-seed GRAPE. The framework is inherently adaptable: any parameter entering the Hamiltonian can serve as a network input, extending the approach to different systems and control settings. Beyond speed, the network reveals structure in the control landscape: it discovers the same structured phase profiles that appear in GRAPE solutions – made identifiable through fidelity-invariant symmetry transformations – but more consistently than independent optimization. This consistency enables smooth interpolation across the entire trained parameter space.

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04.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25463

Blasto-Net: An Explainable Multi-Task Learning for Blastocyst Segmentation, Grading, and Implantation Prediction

作者:

Zahra Asghari Varzaneh↗Reza Khoshkangini↗Magnus Johnsson↗Thomas Ebner↗Lars Johansson↗

arXiv:2606.25463v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This study introduces Blasto-Net, a multi-task deep learning model for comprehensive blastocyst analysis. The proposed model performs three tasks simultaneously in a single forward pass: segmentation of the ZP, TE, and ICM compartments, morphological grading, and implantation outcome prediction. Accurate blastocyst analysis in in vitro fertilization (IVF) is challenging. The compartments often have similar textures but very different structures. To address these challenges, Blasto-Net employs an EfficientNet-B3 encoder with a UNet-style decoder enhanced by the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and a novel Edge-Aware Attention Module (EAAM) to effectively capture both semantic and boundary information. To handle distinct compartment topologies, the network employs specialized segmentation heads and a composite region- and boundary-based loss. Additionally, Grad-CAM++ visualizations are used to verify the anatomical consistency of the model's predictions. Evaluated on a public HMC blastocyst dataset, Blasto-Net achieves Dice scores of 94.93%, 91.60%, and 88.82% for ICM, ZP, and TE, respectively, alongside an implantation F1-score of 80.0%. These results demonstrate that Blasto-Net offers an accurate, interpretable, and efficient solution for automated blastocyst assessment, with strong potential to support clinical decision-making in IVF.

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05.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25265

Variational Inference via Entropic Transport Descent

作者:

Vincent Pacelli↗Akash Ratheesh↗Evangelos Theodorou↗

arXiv:2606.25265v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Particle-based variational inference (ParVI) methods approximate an intractable target distribution by evolving an ensemble of interacting samples. Existing approaches rely predominantly on kernel-based repulsion (e.g., SVGD), which suffers from variance collapse in high dimensions and mode collapse on multimodal targets – pathologies caused by the absence of global transport structure. We introduce entropic transport descent (ETD), a ParVI family that frames each particle update as an entropy-regularized optimal transport problem. Derived from the JKO proximal scheme by lifting to the space of couplings and relaxing via the KL chain rule, each ETD iteration reduces to a Sinkhorn computation. The resulting transport plan provides global coordination, guiding each particle to nearby high-density proposals and naturally preserving multimodal structure. ETD can operate entirely score-free, requiring only pointwise evaluations of the unnormalized target density. Experiments on variance-collapse diagnostics, Bayesian logistic regression, neural networks, and molecular Boltzmann distributions show that ETD matches or outperforms SVGD, AGF-SVGD, and SGLD, with the largest gains in high-dimensional and multimodal settings.

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06.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2511.00802

GrowthHacker: Automated Off-Policy Evaluation Optimization Using Code-Modifying LLM Agents

作者:

Jie JW Wu↗Ayanda Patrick Herlihy↗Ahmad Saleem Mirza↗Ali Afoud↗Fatemeh Fard↗

With data-driven development now widely adopted, online A/B testing is an established method for measuring the effects of new technologies. However, deploying online experiments demands resources for design, implementation, and deployment, and may negatively impact users (e.g., unsafe or unethical outcomes) while requiring weeks of data collection. To address this, the growing research area of off-policy evaluation (OPE), or offline A/B testing, assesses new technologies offline using previously collected logged data. OPE is also a fundamental problem in reinforcement learning and is important where online testing is expensive or risky, such as healthcare, recommender systems, education, and robotics. Despite advances in code-generation large language models (LLMs) and agentic workflows, little is known about whether and how LLMs and LLM-based agents can automatically optimize OPE implementations. We propose GrowthHacker, a benchmark that evaluates baseline LLMs and LLM-based agents on large-scale public datasets. GrowthHacker autonomously and iteratively modifies code, runs OPE, and uses the metrics to guide subsequent optimization. We evaluate methods on Open Bandit Pipeline (OBP) and Scope-RL, and develop a two_agent framework that addresses limitations of existing frameworks while reducing complexity. Across both libraries, two_agent shows the highest reliability (98.1%-100% success rate) and positive-outcome rate (78%), with a median improvement of 4.4% among positive outcomes; CrewAI achieves the highest average improvement (37.9%) and is the only framework with zero extreme-value failures. AutoGen and Default each reach 65% positive-outcome rates. These results establish the feasibility of using LLM-based agents as automated "growth hackers" to continuously improve OPE systems, with implications for scaling data-driven decision-making where manual optimization is expensive.

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07.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.10046

Inside the Latent Flow: Causal Deciphering of Attention Dynamics in Audio Separation Foundation Models

作者:

Yuxuan Chen↗Haoyuan Yu↗Peize He↗

arXiv:2606.10046v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Flow-matching transformers achieve strong audio separation, yet their attention dynamics are opaque. We adapt established causal-intervention principles into a deterministic, inference-time probing protocol for SAM Audio. Orthogonal probing uncovers a dual-pathway text-conditioning mechanism: additive injections control semantic identity, while cross-attention refines acoustic structure. We observe an asynchronous layerwise convergence: stable layers build temporal scaffolds early, whereas fast layers continue resolving artifacts during sampling. The model also attenuates temporal segmentation cues to maintain continuous-flow stability. Using these insights, we propose Layer-Selective Attention Caching (LSAC), a training-free acceleration method that caches attention in stable layers. Across acoustic complexities, LSAC cuts self-attention computation by about ~25% with negligible quality loss and yields up to 6.7x higher quality retention than naive step reduction.

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08.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19121

Written by AI, Managed by AI: Semantic Space Control and Index Sickness Elimination Across 391 Consecutive Sessions

作者:

Hui Zhang↗Shuren Song↗

The prevailing engineering intuition for addressing conceptual drift in long-horizon LLM collaboration is to trade more formal constraints for more reliable outputs – designing symbolic identifier systems, accumulating defensive rules in System Prompts, expanding context windows. Our engineering record shows that in long-horizon settings, this direction may produce effects contrary to design intent. Using action research methods in a real software project (Bang-v3) spanning approximately one month and 391 collaborative sessions, we document and analyze the failure process of these strategies. When the symbolic system exceeds a complexity threshold, LLMs do not become more accurate – instead, they abandon genuine understanding of business semantics, retreat to self-referential reasoning within the symbolic layer, and generate outputs that appear internally consistent but are physically disconnected from reality. We name this failure pattern "Index Sickness," and its canonical manifestation "Phantom Legislation." We name the underlying principle the "Pang Principle (Semantic Vitality Law)": natural language carrying explicit purpose conveys far greater information quality than symbolic expression. From this, we design and validate its physical engineering mechanism: "Baseline-Log Physical Separation." In the same project, this mechanism reduced AI Instructions volume by ~75%, and across the subsequent ~150 sessions, no recurrence of Index Sickness was observed. A bilingual companion version (Chinese) is included as supplementary material.

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09.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2510.17059

Consistent Zero-Shot Imitation with Contrastive Goal Inference

作者:

Kathryn Wantlin↗Chongyi Zheng↗Benjamin Eysenbach↗

arXiv:2510.17059v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Zero-shot imitation learning requires an agent to reproduce expert behavior from a single demonstration without additional environment interaction or gradient updates at test time. We introduce Contrastive Inverse Reinforcement Learning (CIRL), a self-supervised framework for pre-training zero-shot imitation agents. Our methods rests on a key observation that many useful tasks can be summarized by a single goal state. We can thus convert the multi-task inverse RL problem into a more tractable goal-inference problem, and utilize state-of-the-art goal-conditioned RL methods to recover a policy that reaches the goal. During pre-training, CIRL jointly employs three components to learn without any rewards or demonstrations: (1) a variant of contrastive RL designed to learn maximum-entropy goal-conditioned policies, (2) an automatic goal proposal mechanism (GoalKDE) that drives exploration, and (3) a mean-field variational model that performs amortized goal inference from trajectories. We prove that this procedure consistently recovers the demonstrator's intent by accounting for the relative difficulty of reaching different states and show how structurally similar prior work may otherwise fail to infer the correct reward. Experiments on goal-conditioned and standard reward-maximizing control tasks show that CIRL outperforms prior zero-shot imitation methods, supporting the expressiveness of goals as a compact summary of behavior.

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10.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18866

Cramér-Type Moderate Deviations for Engel's Series via a Martingale Approach

作者:

Shaochen Wang↗Guangyu Yang↗

arXiv:2606.18866v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Let $x$ be uniformly distributed on $(0,1)$, and let $(q_n)_{n\geq1}$ be the digits of its Engel series expansion. We establish a Cramér-type moderate deviation expansion for $(\log q_n-n)/\sqrt n$. The proof is based on a martingale decomposition and asymptotic results for martingales. As consequences, we obtain a moderate deviation principle over the full range of scales between the central limit theorem and the law of large numbers, without the additional lower rate restriction required in several earlier works. We also derive a uniform Berry–Esseen bound of order $(\log n)/\sqrt n$.

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11.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12590

Analyzing and Improving Fine-grained Preference Optimization in Medical LVLMs

作者:

Shayan Mohammadizadehsamakosh↗Pritam Sarkar↗Leonid Sigal↗Ali Etemad↗Elham Dolatabadi↗

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved strong performance across medical imaging tasks, yet they remain prone to factual inconsistencies, poor visual grounding, and misalignment with clinically meaningful feedback. Existing post-training alignment approaches, including Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and its variants, face three critical limitations in the medical domain: (1) sequence-level reward signals treat clinically critical tokens identically to generic filler text; (2) reliance on static supervised fine-tuning references as preferred responses introduces an off-policy distribution shift, steering optimization toward stylistic artifacts over clinical correctness; and (3) alignment objectives lack explicit visual grounding constraints, leaving models insensitive to subtle yet diagnostically decisive pathological features. Our method leverages a bidirectional token-wise KL regularizer alongside a visual-contrastive grounding objective that pairs clean and lesion-corrupted images to penalize responses generated without adequate visual evidence. Together, these components form a fine-grained, on-policy alignment framework that constructs preference pairs by minimally editing model-generated outputs, correcting only clinically erroneous spans while preserving the original linguistic style. Extensive experiments across medical imaging tasks and clinical text generation benchmarks validate the effectiveness of our approach.

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12.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19364

Closing the Social-Semantic Gap: SPSD for Edge-Based Prompt Compression in Cloud LLM Inference

作者:

Abhinit Sen↗Ajeet Kumar↗Manaranjan Pradhan↗

arXiv:2606.19364v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The prefill stage of Large Language Model (LLM) inference is a growing contributor to cloud-scale energy cost. Many consumer-support and conversational prompts contain social scaffolding: politeness markers, apologetic preamble, repetition, and rapport-building language that is important for human communication but carries low marginal information for machine reasoning. We call this discrepancy the Social-Semantic Gap. We present SPSD (Sentiment Preserving Semantic Distillation), an edge-based pipeline that compresses user prompts using a 4-bit quantised Small Language Model before transmission to a cloud-deployed LLM. Evaluation on a 248-prompt corpus using Gemma-2-2B-Instruct (Q4_K_M) as the SLM and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct as the cloud evaluation model yields a mean input token saving of 99.9 tokens per distilled call, with all 146 distilled calls yielding positive savings. Response quality, assessed by blind LLM-as-judge scoring across 121 pairs, is non-inferior to the raw path within a pre-specified 1-point margin on a 15-point rubric; the judge awarded 43 percent ties, 28 percent distilled wins, and 29 percent raw wins. Cosine similarity is mixed: mean 0.682, median 0.712, with 54.1 percent of pairs above the 0.70 reference threshold. Safety-critical domains are conservatively routed to passthrough via rule-based gates. Per-call net energy saving is estimated at 70-270 uWh under stated assumptions. SPSD shows that on-device prompt distillation can reduce cloud LLM input-token cost while preserving response quality within a practical non-inferiority margin.

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13.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18753

SMART: A Flexible, Interpretable, and Scalable Spatio-temporal Brain Atlas from High-Resolution Imaging Data

作者:

John Kalkhof↗Boris Gutman↗Emile d'Angremont↗Daniel C. Alexander↗Marco Lorenzi↗

We introduce SMART, a framework for learning a flexible, interpretable, and scalable spatio-temporal brain atlas from longitudinal high-resolution 3D medical images. Existing approaches to spatio-temporal atlas construction rely on black-box generative models that lack flexibility, limit interpretability, and struggle to scale to high-dimensional data. SMART addresses these challenges by learning a continuous disease-time atlas that decouples global group-wise disease dynamics from their patient-specific anatomical manifestation. Guided by anatomically inspired priors, SMART models interpretable global trajectories of regional progression along a shared disease timeline through region-specific differential equations. Global trajectories are further personalized to individual anatomies via dense diffeomorphic displacements parameterized by a flexible and scalable multi-scale Neural Cellular Automata. Evaluated on five longitudinal MRI datasets in Alzheimer's disease (ADNI-1/GO/2, OASIS-3, AIBL; > 1,300 subjects), SMART produces anatomically meaningful predictions of disease progression and achieves state-of-the-art forecasting accuracy and improved temporal consistency over adversarial and diffusion baselines. Our approach establishes a new paradigm for flexible, interpretable, and scalable modeling of spatio-temporal change in high-dimensional medical image time-series.

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14.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2509.18085

Structuring The Future: Diffusion LLM Speculative Decoding via Calibrated Draft Graphs

作者:

Sudhanshu Agrawal↗Risheek Garrepalli↗Raghavv Goel↗Christopher Lott↗Fatih Porikli↗Mingu Lee↗

Diffusion LLMs (dLLMs) have recently emerged as a powerful alternative to autoregressive LLMs (AR-LLMs) with the potential to operate at significantly higher token-generation rates. To unlock this potential, we present Spiffy, a speculative decoding algorithm to accelerate dLLM inference while provably preserving the model's output distribution. This work addresses the unique challenges involved in applying ideas from speculative decoding of AR-LLMs to dLLMs. Spiffy performs auto-speculation to eliminate the overheads of an independent draft model, structuring draft states in the form of a novel directed draft graph to take advantage of the bidirectional, blockwise nature of dLLM generation. These draft graphs are calibrated offline to maximize acceptance rates and are dynamically pruned during inference for improved computational efficiency. We present a detailed formulation of Spiffy and demonstrate its ability to accelerate LLaDA, Dream, and SDAR models in combination with KV caching and threshold-based dynamic unmasking leading to up to $8.6\times$ reduction in model inferences and $6.3\times$ acceleration in token rate.

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15.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18730

Two-Phase Bilevel Search for the Moving-Target Traveling Salesman Problem with Moving Obstacles

作者:

Allen George Philip↗Anoop Bhat↗Sivakumar Rathinam↗Howie Choset↗

arXiv:2606.18730v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The Moving-Target Traveling Salesman Problem (MT-TSP) seeks a minimum cost trajectory for an agent that departs from a static depot, visits a set of moving targets, each within one of their assigned time windows, and returns to the depot. In this article, we study the Moving-Target Traveling Salesman Problem with Moving Obstacles (MT-TSP-MO), a generalization of the MT-TSP where the agent trajectory must avoid moving obstacles. We present a Mixed-Integer Conic Programming (MICP) formulation that can be solved using off-the-shelf solvers, as well as a fast and scalable Two-Phase Bilevel Search (TPBS) algorithm that computes high-quality feasible solutions for the problem. We evaluate our approaches against an existing baseline algorithm on a broad range of problem instances with up to 40 targets and 40 obstacles. The results demonstrate that both the proposed methods significantly outperform the baseline with respect to success rates, solution costs, and computation time.

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16.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17904

DiagFlowBench: Evaluating How Language Models Handle Off-Procedure Inputs in Grounded Diagnostic Dialogue

作者:

Guillermo Gil de Avalle↗Laura Maruster↗Shaina Raza↗Christos Emmanouilidis↗

arXiv:2606.17904v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Language models increasingly serve as advisory systems in maintenance operations. To prevent hallucination, recent systems ground these models in procedural documentation to constrain them to approved steps. In practice, however, operator queries frequently stray from this path, requiring models to recognise out-of-scope inputs mid-conversation, a dynamic that current benchmarks rarely prioritise. We introduce DiagFlowBench, a dataset of 50 industrial diagnostic flowcharts from a consumer manufacturer converted into 1,676 multi-turn conversations that contrast compliant with out-of-scope utterances. Evaluating a panel of ten commercial and open-weight models reveals high variability in abstention rates, with models commonly selecting a real but contextually inadequate step rather than fabricating facts. The inherent plausibility and authority of this mapped but wrong advice exposes a challenging vulnerability for grounding systems.

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17.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.24892

ReviewGuard: Aligning LLM-Assisted Peer Review with Long-Term Scientific Impact

作者:

Abdur Rasool↗Xiaohui Huang↗Yanqing Hu↗Linyi Yang↗

arXiv:2606.24892v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Peer review is central to scientific quality control, yet it can undervalue papers that later achieve substantial citation impact. While frontier large language models have shown promise in automating aspects of peer review, they primarily mimic human reviewer preferences rather than predict long-term scientific value. We introduce ReviewGuard, a two-stage framework that aligns LLM-generated reviews with citation-based estimates of long-term scientific impact rather than contemporaneous reviewer judgments. On 20,861 AI/ML papers from OpenReview augmented with Semantic Scholar citation data, ReviewGuard achieves a Spearman correlation of \r{ho} = 0.776 with future citations on rejected-then-published papers, outperforming human reviewers (\r{ho} = 0.492) and a supervised Expert model (\r{ho} = 0.681). Under the same decision threshold, ReviewGuard flags 10.2% of high-impact rejected papers, compared with 1.8% for human reviewers, corresponding to a 5.6x improvement. Our results demonstrate that impact-aligned reinforcement learning can provide editors with a complementary signal for identifying high-potential work, without replacing human judgment.

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18.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16198

GRACE: Boosting Video MLLMs with Grounded Action-Centric Evidence for Viewer Sentiment Prediction

作者:

Ruoxuan Yang↗Tieyuan Chen↗Xiaofeng Huang↗Haibing Yin↗Jun Wang↗Xiping Chen↗Jun Yin↗Xuesong Gao↗Weiyao Lin↗

Viewer sentiment prediction in video advertisements aims to infer the latent affective response evoked in the audience. To bridge the gap between what is shown and what is felt, models must deduce hidden viewer emotions from explicit visual narratives, concrete character-object interactions, and visible textual cues. However, standard Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) typically rely on holistic frame representations, which leave these fine-grained, affect-relevant events implicit and complicate precise emotional reasoning. To address this, we propose a grounded action-centric evidence augmentation framework that enhances video MLLMs' clue extraction and comprehension by introducing explicit event structure and localized visual evidence. Our method extracts temporally ordered subject-verb-object (SVO) triplets and auxiliary visible textual cues from action-centric video descriptions, grounds subject and object entities as visual entity crops, and then enables the MLLM to perform clue-enhanced emotional reasoning based on these extracted structured clues. In this way, action triplets specify "what happens", while grounded visual entity crops anchor "who or what participates in each event" to concrete visual evidence. Experiments on the Pitts dataset show consistent improvements over Qwen2.5-VL and Qwen3-VL baselines. Ablation studies, cross-dataset evaluation on AdsQA, and transfer experiments on an emotion-focused TVQA subset further support the effectiveness and generalization of our approach.

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19.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12671

SalArt-VQA: Diagnosing Whether VLMs Understand Salient Artifacts in Generated Images

作者:

Xiaoxiao Sun↗Ruotian Zhang↗Junzhe Huang↗James Burgess↗Serena Yeung-Levy↗

Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly used to detect whether AI-generated images contain visible artifacts, yet their ability to analyze such artifacts remains poorly understood. A correct image-level decision can still hide important failures: a model may correctly flag an artifact while relying on the wrong visual cue, selecting the wrong region, or describing a defect that the image does not support. To evaluate these behaviors directly, we introduce SalArt-VQA, a diagnostic benchmark for fine-grained SALient ARTifact understanding in AI-generated images. SalArt-VQA contains 950 images and 3,681 human-authored multiple-choice questions spanning artifact images, matched real reference images, and paired generated reference images. Four aligned question types evaluate presence detection, semantic localization, spatial grounding, and evidence-grounded defect identification, while the reference splits test calibration and abstention when the annotated defect is absent. Across 20 VLMs, SalArt-VQA reveals failures that image-level detection accuracy hides: the strongest model reaches 99.37% detection recall on artifact images but answers all four artifact-side questions correctly on only 53.26% of images. Comparing artifact images with artifact-free references reveals a sensitivity-calibration tradeoff: sensitive models often make unsupported artifact claims, while conservative models avoid false alarms largely by missing real artifacts. These results show that high artifact detection accuracy alone does not imply grounded artifact understanding. SalArt-VQA exposes these hidden failure modes and provides a fine-grained evaluation of whether VLM artifact claims are supported by local visual evidence.

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20.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-11 DOI: HASH:8a74a3bb8fdbe9c3ca06880fb9bed9aa

DivQuant: Estimation of Species Richness and Entropy from Small Samples

作者:

Schmitz↗J. E↗Rahmann↗

Estimating diversity properties of discrete distributions from a small observed sample is a fundamental problem in algorithmic statistics that has applications in many fields, in particular bioinformatics, but also in ecology or linguistics. The two most common diversity measures are the number of distinct elements in a multiset, also referred to as species richness in ecology or alpha diversity in microbial analysis, and the Shannon entropy, also referred to as evenness. Estimating these properties from a small sample is particularly challenging for distributions with many rare elements. Thus, many estimators have been proposed in the past that, in practice, work well for different types of distributions. We present DivQuant, an optimization-based, extrapolating richness and entropy estimator with three contributions. First, we formulate the upsampling problem as a convex quadratic program with a Neyman {chi}2 objective. Unlike the linear program of its predecessor RichnEst, DivQuant admits confidence intervals via {chi}2 test inversion that are empirically well-calibrated. Second, we replace RichnEst's fixed-threshold fingerprint truncation with the rare/abundant fingerprint split of Valiant and Valiant, which strongly reduces problem size and preserves enough degrees of freedom for the confidence-interval program to remain valid and feasible. Third, we plug the optimal population fingerprint returned by the program into Shannon's entropy formula to obtain an entropy estimate. DivQuant attains close-to-nominal 95% confidence intervals in essentially all tested regimes, including six simulated distribution families, Tara Oceans microbiome data, and 10X Genomics scRNA-seq data, while competing state-of-the-art methods (RichnEst, iNext, PreSeq) miss the true richness in up to 80% of instances, well above the nominal 5%. In addition, DivQuant outperforms classical asymptotic entropy estimators (Miller-Madow, CAE) and the extrapolating iNext estimator. Running times remain competitive, with DivQuant typically completing in seconds. DivQuant is available as a command-line tool at https://gitlab.com/rahmannlab/divquant.

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21.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23913

Closing the Loop: Formally Verified Law as a Reward Signal for Self-Improving Legal AI

作者:

Armin Heydari↗Torben Leowald↗

arXiv:2606.23913v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This article develops an architecture that creates a formally verifiable reward signal to train legal AI, adapting the LLM proposes, verifier disposes paradigm from mathematical AI to the distinctive demands of law. We present an architecture comprising LLM-driven autoformalization into a formal legal calculus extending Catala, a verification kernel, and explanation generation grounded in formal proof traces. For the computational components of law, the architecture provides provable correctness. For open-textured legal analysis, it provides structural guarantees: every required stage of the legal argument is addressed, argumentation is exercised at the correct stages and not omitted, and the deductive links between steps are valid. We demonstrate the architecture on procedural deadline calculations in German law, Commerce Clause analysis in U.S. constitutional law, and cross-jurisdictional sanction proportionality. We further show that the same architecture has a structural advantage for legal AI training: a deterministic external verifier supplies verifiable outcomes for legal problems and thereby closes the traditional reinforcement-learning loop gap in law.

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22.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.22902

Agent-as-a-Router: Agentic Model Routing for Coding Tasks

作者:

Pengfei Zhou↗Zhiwei Tang↗Yixing Ma↗Jiasheng Tang↗Yizeng Han↗Zhenglin Wan↗Fanqing Meng↗Wei Wang↗Bohan Zhuang↗Wangbo Zhao↗Yang You↗

arXiv:2606.22902v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Real-world users typically have access to multiple Large Language Models (LLMs) from different providers, and these LLMs often excel at distinct domains, yet none dominate all. Consequently, routing each task to the most suitable model becomes critical for both performance and cost. Existing routers treat this as a static, one-off classification problem. However, we identify the performance bottleneck for these routers as information deficit: simply augmenting a vanilla LLM router with performance statistics at the task-dimension level yields a 15.3% relative gain, surpassing a heuristic router built on the same dimension-level priors. Motivated by this finding, we propose Agent-as-a-Router, a framework that formalizes routing as a C-A-F loop (Context->Action->Feedback->Context). It closes the information gap by accumulating execution-grounded experience during deployment. We instantiate this framework as ACRouter, composed of an Orchestrator, a Verifier, a Memory module, and introduce CodeRouterBench, an evaluation environment comprising ~10K task instances with verified scores from 8 frontier LLMs, enabling regret-based router comparison on streaming tasks. Experiments show that ACRouter achieves the lowest cumulative regret on in-distribution tasks and generalizes to out-of-distribution agentic-programming tasks, demonstrating that our routing framework actively closes the information gap. Codes and benchmarks are released at https://github.com/LanceZPF/agent-as-a-router.

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23.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2602.17990

WorkflowPerturb: Calibrated Stress Tests for Evaluating Multi-Agent Workflow Metrics

作者:

Madhav Kanda↗Sharad Agarwal↗Rodrigo Fonseca↗Alok Gautam Kumbhare↗Pedro Las-Casas↗

arXiv:2602.17990v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Multi-agent LLM systems that generate structured workflows from natural-language requests are now deployed in production across cloud automation, DevOps, and enterprise process orchestration. Operating such systems exposes a recurring change-management problem. Routine updates, such as re-running the same input, swapping the underlying LLM, or refactoring an agent's prompt or orchestration code, frequently produce workflows that differ substantially from previously validated references. Engineers are then left without a principled way to decide whether a change is safe to ship. Automatic workflow evaluation is the natural tool for answering this question. In practice, however, metric scores are poorly calibrated, and a numeric change rarely communicates the severity of the underlying degradation. We introduce WorkflowPerturb, a controlled benchmark for studying workflow evaluation metrics by applying realistic, graded perturbations to golden workflows. WorkflowPerturb contains 4,973 golden workflows and 44,757 perturbed variants across three perturbation types (Missing Steps, Compressed Steps, and Description Changes), each applied at severity levels of 10%, 30%, and 50%. We benchmark multiple metric families and analyze their sensitivity and calibration using expected score trajectories and residuals. Our results characterize systematic differences across metric families and support severity-aware interpretation of workflow evaluation scores in change-management settings. Our dataset will be released upon acceptance.

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24.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.17054

Human Universal Grasping

作者:

Kevin Yuanbo Wu↗Tianxing Zhou↗Isaac Tu↗Billy Yan↗Irmak Guzey↗David Fouhey↗Dandan Shan↗Lerrel Pinto↗

arXiv:2606.17054v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Humans can grasp objects effortlessly, whereas multi-fingered robots are far from this level of generality. We argue that the most natural source of robot grasping data is from humans, who pick up thousands of objects every day. We present HUG, a flow-matching model that generates diverse human grasps for any user-specified object in a single RGB-D image captured from a stereo camera. Using smart glasses, we first collect 1M-HUGs, an egocentric dataset of human grasps spanning 1M frames (27.8 hrs) and 6,707 object instances across 41 buildings. Next, to model the distribution of natural human grasps, our novel flow-matching model fuses RGB and depth observations to output a grasp parameterized by wrist translation, wrist rotation, and MANO hand pose. Predicted grasps can be retargeted to various robot hands, enabling zero-shot grasping in everyday scenes. To standardize evaluation, we build a new simulated benchmark, HUG-Bench, of 90 unseen objects from five geometric categories and various sizes, with metric-scale 3D meshes. We evaluate HUG in the real world on the 30-object test set of HUG-Bench across multiple stereo cameras, robot embodiments, and household environments. HUG outperforms the state-of-the-art grasping baselines by +23% and +34% on our challenging object set. Code, data, benchmark, checkpoints, and an interactive demo are released on our website: https://grasping.io/

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25.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2605.22249

D3Seg: Dependency-Aware Diffusion for Brain Tumor Segmentation with Missing Modalities

作者:

Danish Ali↗Ajmal Mian↗Naveed Akhtar↗Ghulam Mubashar Hassan↗

Accurate brain tumor segmentation using multi-parametric MRI is critical for effective treatment planning. However, in clinical settings, complete acquisition of all MRI sequences is not always possible. The absence of certain MRI modalities results in substantial performance degradation in existing segmentation methods, which typically rely on naive feature concatenation or direct fusion strategies. To address this limitation, we propose a novel segmentation model D3Seg which is designed to maintain stable performance under missing-modality settings. D3Seg introduces Multi-hop Modality Graph Fusion (MMGF) to model higher-order inter-modality dependencies, a lightweight diffusion-based imputation mechanism to compensate for missing T1ce and FLAIR feature representations in latent space, and probability-space decision refinement to mitigate dominant-class overconfidence and improve delineation of underrepresented tumor subregions. We evaluate the proposed D3Seg model on BraTS 2023 Glioma as the primary benchmark and further test it on a subset of the external BraTS 2023 Meningioma cohort to assess generalization across tumor pathologies. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art models under different missing-modality conditions. The proposed model achieves approximately 1.5-2.0% Dice improvement on enhancing tumor (ET) and around 1.0% on tumor core (TC) across multiple missing-modality configurations compared to the current state-of-the-art model on BraTS Glioma dataset. Cross-cohort evaluation on BraTS Meningioma dataset demonstrates the generalizability of the proposed model, showing consistent improvements in the challenging TC and ET regions, with approximately 1.5-3.0% and 1.5-6.5% gains respectively across several missing-modality configurations.

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