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01.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.24949

What Does a Pathological Speech Assessment Model Know about Acoustic Features? A Case Study on Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients

作者:

Tuan Nguyen↗Corinne Fredouille↗Alain Ghio↗Muriel Lalain↗Virginie Woisard↗

arXiv:2606.24949v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This work investigates the interpretability of a Wav2Vec 2.0based speech intelligibility assessment model for oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients through canonical correlation analysis. By measuring the correlation between the model embeddings and eGeMAPS low-level descriptors (LLDs) as an interpretable reference, we analyze how acoustic information is encoded across the model layers. The analysis is conducted at two levels: individual LLDs layer-wise, and group-level: prosodic, spectral, and voice quality. Results show that the learned representations are most strongly correlated with spectral and prosodic features, with the first MFCC coefficient yielding the highest correlations across all layers. At the group level, spectral and prosodic groups achieve correlations of 0.77 and 0.71 respectively, while voice quality reaches 0.65. Beyond model interpretability, this work also offers practical guidance on acoustic feature selection for pathological speech assessment.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.24890

Small edits, large models: How Wikipedia advocacy shapes LLM values

作者:

Jasmine Brazilek↗Maria Navas↗Alexa Gnauck↗

Can a small group of volunteers shape how AI systems discuss animal welfare, just by editing Wikipedia? We show that they can. Wikipedia appears in nearly every major language model training dataset and is weighted more heavily than web-crawled text. The Pro-Animal Wikipedians (PAW), a group of advocates who add sourced animal welfare content to relevant articles, have made 125 edits across 115 pages. Using gradient-based data attribution (Bergson; MAGIC), we traced how these edits influence language model behavior. TrackStar retrieval attribution on Llama 3.1 8B found that PAW-edited sections made up 68 percent of the highest-attributed documents for animal welfare queries (p < 0.0001) but only 52 percent for unrelated queries about the same companies (p = 0.53): the model links PAW content specifically to animal welfare topics, not to the entities in general. MAGIC counterfactual influence estimation on Llama-3.2-1B, run across five random training-order seeds, gave the same picture even more sharply: in every seed, the top-10 most influential documents on animal welfare queries were all PAW edits (10 of 10, 5 of 5 seeds), while on general queries the same top-10 sat at chance (4 to 6 of 10). Mean PAW influence exceeded mean control influence on animal welfare queries with p < 0.0001 in every seed, an effect 6 to 30 times larger than on general queries. Leave-subset-out validation gave Spearman rho = 1.00 for all 10 runs. When we fine-tuned separate models on PAW content versus control content, each model performed better specifically on the type of text it was trained on: the PAW-trained model cut perplexity on animal welfare text from 12.4 to 8.4, while the control-trained model cut perplexity on control text from 16.1 to 11.4. A small, coordinated Wikipedia editing campaign therefore measurably shapes how language models handle the topics those edits address.

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03.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24245

AutoSpec: Safety Rule Evolution for LLM Agents via Inductive Logic Programming

作者:

Pingchuan Ma↗Zhaoyu Wang↗Zimo Ji↗Yuguang Zhou↗Zhantong Xue↗Zongjie Li↗Shuai Wang↗Xiaoqin Zhang↗

arXiv:2606.24245v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly automate complex tasks by integrating language models with external tools and environments. However, their autonomy poses significant safety risks: agents may execute destructive commands, leak sensitive data, or violate domain constraints. Existing safety approaches face a fundamental tradeoff: hand-crafted rules are interpretable but brittle, with overly conservative rules blocking safe operations (high false positives) while permissive rules miss unsafe behaviors (high false negatives). Neural classifiers lack the interpretability required for safety-critical deployments. We present AutoSpec, a framework that automatically evolves deployed expert-designed safety rules from user safe/unsafe annotations through counterexample-guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) guided by inductive logic programming (ILP). Starting from the expert rules and a stream of annotated traces, AutoSpec iteratively evaluates rules, mines false-positive and false-negative counterexamples, uses ILP to learn which predicates discriminate them, generates candidate rule edits, and verifies candidates to select the best revision. The key insight is that ILP efficiently identifies predicates that appear frequently in false negatives but rarely in false positives (or vice versa), dramatically pruning the exponential search space of rule edits. This continues until convergence, producing interpretable rules that balance precision and recall. We evaluate AutoSpec on 291 execution traces spanning code execution and embodied agent domains. AutoSpec raises rule F1 to 0.98 and 0.93 across the two domains, achieving up to 94% false positive reduction while maintaining high recall, and converges within 4-5 iterations. The ILP-guided approach achieves up to 4.8x higher F1 than heuristic CEGIS. The learned rules are human-readable, auditable, and generalize to unseen scenarios.

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04.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13692

An Agentic Retrieval Framework for Autonomous Context-Aware Data Quality Assessment

作者:

Hadi Fadlallah↗Ibrahim Dhaini↗Fatima Mubarak↗Rima Kilany↗

arXiv:2606.13692v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Data quality assessment is a critical prerequisite for effective data analytics and data-driven decision-making, yet it remains a challenging task due to the inherently context-dependent nature of data quality. Existing approaches often rely on static rules or manual assessment strategies, limiting their adaptability to diverse usage scenarios and constraining automation at scale. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly large language models, offer new opportunities for automating data quality assessment, but raise concerns related to reliability, grounding, and execution safety. In this paper, we propose a unified agentic-retrieval framework for autonomous context-aware data quality assessment. The framework interprets natural-language descriptions of intended data usage, derives context-aware assessment strategies, and generates executable validation logic through a multi-agent workflow. To ensure operational reliability, the framework introduces a feasibility validation stage that evaluates the realism and executability of generated assessment specifications before execution, enabling iterative refinement when necessary. Accepted validation logic is executed deterministically to guarantee reproducible and auditable results. We implement the proposed framework as an end-to-end prototype and evaluate it across multiple usage scenarios applied to the same dataset. The results demonstrate that assessment outcomes adapt meaningfully to different intended uses, while feasibility-gated execution reduces unrealistic or non-executable rule generation. The proposed approach provides a practical foundation for deploying autonomous yet controlled data quality assessment in modern data-driven environments.

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05.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25718

What Does the Brain See? Multiview Neural Representations to Demystify the Brain-Visual Alignment

作者:

Salini Yadav↗Taveena Lotey↗Pravendra Singh↗Partha Pratim Roy↗

Zero-shot visual decoding from electroencephalography (EEG) aims to infer visual semantics from non-invasive neural recordings, but remains challenging due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, non-stationarity, and limited spatial resolution of EEG. Existing EEG-vision alignment methods often rely on holistic EEG embeddings, which can obscure the complementary temporal, spectral, and spatial structure underlying visual perception. We introduce a unified multiview EEG representation learning framework for aligning brain responses with visual semantic embeddings. Our method builds an EEG encoder that jointly models three complementary views: input-conditioned state-space temporal dynamics, learnable wavelet-based spectral decomposition for sample-adaptive frequency modeling, and attention-modulated graph learning for structured electrode interactions. The resulting multiview EEG embeddings are fused and aligned with pretrained visual representations in a shared semantic space using contrastive learning with EEG-specific regularization, enabling 200-way zero-shot visual classification. Experiments on THINGS-EEG benchmark show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance, with 54.8% Top-1 and 85.6% Top-5 accuracy in the within-subject setting and 15.3% Top-1 and 45.4% Top-5 accuracy in the cross-subject setting. We further present the first systematic cross-session EEG-image decoding evaluation, achieving 40.8% Top-1 and 78.0% Top-5 accuracy. These results suggest that explicitly modeling multiview neural structure improves both semantic alignment and generalization in EEG-based visual decoding.

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06.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.22597

MapReason-OSM: Can Vision-Language Models Make Graph-Verifiable Mobility Decisions from Street Maps ?

作者:

Srinivas Venkatanarayanan↗Clement Pakkam Isaac↗

Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly used to read maps for logistics, delivery, and accessible navigation, where the output is an actionable decision (a route, a pin, a parking choice) that must respect the road network. Yet most map benchmarks grade free text or multiple-choice answers that cannot be verified against the underlying graph. We present MapReason-OSM, a benchmark and evaluation harness for graph-verifiable mobility decisions on self-rendered OpenStreetMap panels. We render fixed-style maps for ten U.S. downtowns at two aligned zoom scales, overlay a consistent marker grammar, and pair each panel with a hidden street graph and exact oracles, yielding 6,000 instances (12,000 panels across the two zooms) over 12 routing, facility-location, and visual disambiguation tasks. Models return structured decisions that we snap back to the graph and score for validity, legality, optimality, and constraint satisfaction, plus cross-zoom consistency. Across seven VLMs, models read maps and route simply but fail at graph cost reasoning (single-facility pin placement is near chance even for frontier reasoning models), and are frequently scale-inconsistent. We release the benchmark, harness, and deterministic generator. Code and data: https://github.com/Vi-Sri/mapreason-osm

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07.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2605.28591

Models That Know How Evaluations Are Designed Score Safer

作者:

Katharina Deckenbach↗Haritz Puerto↗Jonas Geiping↗Sahar Abdelnabi↗

The validity of AI safety evaluations depends on models behaving consistently across controlled and deployment settings. Prior work has identified test-time contextual cues, such as hypothetical scenarios, as a source of verbalized evaluation awareness and subsequent behavioral shift. In this paper, we investigate a potential explanation of this phenomenon: evaluation meta-knowledge, defined as parametric knowledge about the structural traits that characterize evaluations. Similar to dataset contamination, where benchmark exposure leads to higher performance through memorization, we hypothesize that models trained on texts describing evaluation practices may implicitly learn to recognize and respond to evaluation-like contexts, for instance, through exposure to scientific articles or social media posts about AI benchmarking. To test this, we fine-tune models on synthetic documents describing evaluation traits such as verifiable structures or moral dilemmas. Evaluating this fine-tuned model on six safety benchmarks, we find that it is significantly safer than the base model and control model. This behavioral shift persists even when restricting the analysis to responses lacking explicit verbalization of evaluation awareness. Our results demonstrate that evaluation meta-knowledge may inflate safety benchmark performance, introducing a novel confounder that is independent of explicit memorization or verbalized evaluation awareness, thus, challenging to detect. These findings have important implications for the design and interpretation of AI safety evaluations. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/compass-group-tue/arxiv2026_evaluation_meta_knowledge.

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08.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24369

Accelerating Disaggregated RL for Visual Generative LLMs with Diffusion-Based Parallelism and Trainer-Assisted Generation

作者:

Sijie Wang↗Zhengyu Qing↗Zhiqiang Tan↗Yiming Yin↗Yeqing Zhang↗Yaoyuan Wang↗Qiang Wang↗Xiaowen Chu↗Shaohuai Shi↗

arXiv:2606.24369v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a dominant post-training paradigm, driving the emergence of high-performance RL systems such as veRL for autoregressive large language models (LLMs). In parallel, diffusion-oriented RL algorithms, e.g., DanceGRPO and FlowGRPO, have rapidly expanded the scope of RL from language reasoning to diffusion-based visual and flow-based generation. However, efficient RL systems for diffusion generative LLMs remain underexplored. Existing implementations, e.g., veRL-Omni, still rely on colocated execution, which simplifies synchronization but couples rollout and training resources, limits heterogeneous deployment, and constrains independent scaling. To this end, we introduce DigenRL, a disaggregated RL framework for diffusion-based generative LLMs that supports flexible resource allocation, accommodates heterogeneous GPUs, and facilitates efficient task scheduling. To maximally reduce the execution bubbles in the disaggregated architecture, we propose: 1) a generation-axis pipeline (GAP) and time-step parallelism (TSP) in the diffusion architecture to enable finer-grained pipelining between rollout and training; 2) an elastic trainer-assisted generation (TAG) approach to enable the trainer GPU resources to dynamically assist in executing rollout generations; and 3) a tightly one-step constrained asynchronous strategy to further utilize the tail bubble in the pipeline. Extensive experiments are conducted on three hardware testbeds with 16-32 GPUs using HunyuanVideo-13B, Wan2.1-14B, FLUX.1-12B, and QwenImage-20B generative models. Experimental results show that DigenRL achieves 1.56-2.10x throughput improvements over state-of-the-art diffusion RL systems, veRL-Omni and GenRL.

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09.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15554

RaLMPH: Reliability-aware Learning for Multi-Pathologist Harmonization in Whole-Slide Image Classification

作者:

Sungrae Hong↗Jiwon Jeong↗Soeun Cheon↗Donghee Han↗Sol Lee↗Jisu Shin↗Kyungeun Kim↗Mun Yong Yi↗

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a standard paradigm for Whole-Slide Image (WSI) analysis and has achieved strong results in computational pathology. However, most MIL pipelines assume a single "gold" label per slide, which conflicts with clinical practice where substantial inter-pathologist variability is common. Existing multi-annotator learning and label-refinement methods typically estimate global annotator reliability or rely on single-instance assumptions, making them poorly suited to MIL and to localized diagnostic contexts where experts disagree. We propose RaLMPH (Reliability-aware Learning for Multi-Pathologist Harmonization), a MIL-based label reconciliation framework for WSIs annotated by multiple pathologists. RaLMPH introduces a reliability field that jointly models (i) local neighborhood structure in WSI feature space and (ii) expert uncertainty (entropy), enabling per-sample identification of trustworthy reference neighborhoods. Leveraging this field, RaLMPH performs sample-wise local annotator ranking to select reliable opinions per slide and applies an adaptive gating mechanism to fuse labels conditioned on local reliability. Experiments on a clinical WSI dataset with labels from six pathologists, as well as controlled simulated benchmarks, show that RaLMPH consistently outperforms existing approaches. Further analyses clarify how our reliability-aware mechanism improves label reconciliation and downstream MIL performance.

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10.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.10775

Spatially Selective Self-Training for Unsupervised Building Change Detection

作者:

Wafaa I. M. Hussin↗Zhi Lu↗Anas M. I. Mohammed↗Xiang Zhou↗Ratiba A. H. Abubaker↗Zhenming Peng↗

Unsupervised building change detection aims to learn building-change masks from unlabeled bi-temporal remote sensing images. Existing label-free methods often follow a discrepancy-to-mask paradigm, directly using temporal differences, frozen foundation-model responses, prompt-based outputs, or post-processing results as final change maps. Although these strategies provide annotation-free cues, they do not learn a task-specific building-change detector and remain vulnerable to the gap between generic temporal discrepancies and building-defined structural changes. In practice, such discrepancies are often noisy and task-irrelevant, as appearance shifts, registration errors, and non-building modifications can produce strong but misleading responses. To address this problem, we propose SST-CD, a spatially selective self-training framework that reformulates fully label-free building change detection as end-to-end detector learning under noisy pseudo supervision. SST-CD uses temporal discrepancies as candidate pseudo labels and trains the detector only on spatially reliable pixels, whose reliability is estimated by a local consistency criterion that filters inconsistent regions from supervision. To further stabilize noisy self-training, a lightweight feature adapter recalibrates bi-temporal features, while a prototype-based decoder produces compact change and no-change representations. Experiments on LEVIR-CD, WHU-CD, and DSIFN-CD show that SST-CD achieves F1 scores of 83.08%, 91.69%, and 86.60%, respectively, outperforming existing unsupervised and label-free baselines.

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11.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16011

Who Flips? Self- and Cross-Model Counterarguments Reveal Answer Instability in LLMs

作者:

Nafiseh Nikeghbal↗Amir Hossein Kargaran↗Shaghayegh Kolli↗Jana Diesner↗

Standard accuracy benchmarks are designed to test how closely large language models (LLMs) approach correct answers, but are not suitable for testing whether LLMs stick with a correct answer when that answer is challenged by a plausible counter-argument. We introduce a controlled protocol for evaluating answer stability: after a model answers a multiple-choice question correctly, we challenge the model's answer with a coherent argument for an incorrect option and measure whether the model flips. The setup a) isolates argumentative content from overt social pressure and b) varies argument length, self-attribution, and cross-model source. Across seven frontier models and 57 MMLU subjects, flip rates range from 17.5% to 97.3%, revealing large differences in stability that are not captured by accuracy metrics alone. We find that self-attribution consistently increases flip rates (mean +7.1pp, up to +18.7pp). Also, pooling wrong-answer arguments across models and selecting the most effective one per question yields stronger adversarial challenges than relying on any single source model. We further construct MaxFlip, a curated challenge set that amplifies flips by up to +23.6pp over standard self-generated challenges. We release the protocol, challenge records, and MaxFlip to support stability evaluation alongside standard accuracy benchmarks. Materials are available at https://github.com/nafisenik/WhoFlips and https://hf.co/datasets/nafisehNik/WhoFlips.

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12.

PLOS Computational Biology 2026-06-05 DOI: HASH:d96b2ba76138ac2b74598da82f90086f

A multiscale, Bayesian inference approach to augment mechanistic models of cell signaling with machine-learning predictions of binding affinity

作者:

Holly A. Huber↗

by Holly A. Huber, Stacey D. Finley Computational models in systems biology are often underdetermined—that is, there is little data relative to the complexity and size of the model. This lack of data is primarily due to limits in our ability to observe specific biological systems and restricts the utility of computational models. To reduce this uncertainty, recent methods have explored augmenting parameter inference of systems biology models with predictions from machine learning models. Such approaches expand the pool of data that is applicable for the inference problem. Here, we explore augmenting the parameter inference of intracellular signaling models. We choose to investigate signaling because experimental measurements of the variables of interest, protein dynamics, are still quite limited. To investigate, we propose a novel, multiscale, Bayesian inference approach that augments traditional signaling data with predictions of binding affinity. These predictions are generated using a machine learning pipeline with measurements of amino acid sequence, from the Universal Protein Resource, or protein structure, from the Protein Data Bank, as inputs. We find that we can successfully integrate these measurements into the inference problem using our novel framework. Excitingly, this integration significantly improves the parameter estimates of signaling models. We demonstrate that how much this improvement impacts predictions of signaling depends on the sensitivity of the prediction to perturbations in the parameter values. Overall, the framework we establish here improves the parameter inference of intracellular signaling models by successfully bridging data on protein sequence and structure with systems-level signaling.

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13.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2604.07945

Incremental Residual Reinforcement Learning Toward Real-World Learning for Social Navigation

作者:

Haruto Nagahisa↗Kohei Matsumoto↗Yuki Tomita↗Yuki Hyodo↗Ryo Kurazume↗

arXiv:2604.07945v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: As the demand for mobile robots continues to increase, social navigation has emerged as a critical task, driving active research into deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. However, because pedestrian dynamics and social conventions vary widely across different regions, simulations cannot easily encompass all possible real-world scenarios. Real-world RL, in which agents learn while operating directly in physical environments, presents a promising solution to this issue. Nevertheless, this approach faces significant challenges, particularly regarding constrained computational resources on edge devices and learning efficiency. In this study, we propose incremental residual RL (IRRL). This method integrates incremental learning, which is a lightweight process that operates without a replay buffer or batch updates, with residual RL, which enhances learning efficiency by training only on the residuals relative to a base policy. Through the simulation experiments, we demonstrated that, despite lacking a replay buffer, IRRL achieved performance comparable to those of conventional replay buffer-based methods and outperformed existing incremental learning approaches. Furthermore, the real-world experiments confirmed that IRRL can enable robots to effectively adapt to previously unseen environments through the real-world learning.

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14.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.22406

Asymptotic Signal Subspace Recovery in Softmax Attention Models

作者:

Lan V. Truong↗

arXiv:2606.22406v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Attention mechanisms have demonstrated remarkable empirical success in identifying relevant information from large collections of tokens, yet the theoretical principles underlying this behavior remain poorly understood. We study a stylized softmax-attention model in which a query vector is learned by stochastic gradient ascent from a collection of informative and nuisance tokens. Exploiting the symmetry of the model, we derive a population objective and characterize the limiting ordinary differential equation governing the learning dynamics. Using tools from stochastic approximation and dynamical systems theory, we establish a rigorous connection between the stochastic learning algorithm and its deterministic limit. Our main result shows that, under suitable high-dimensional scaling assumptions and standard step-size conditions, the learned query converges almost surely to the one-dimensional signal subspace spanned by the latent informative direction. Equivalently, the query asymptotically recovers the latent signal up to the intrinsic sign ambiguity. These results provide a rigorous theoretical foundation for understanding attention mechanisms as signal extraction procedures in high-dimensional noisy environments and offer a dynamical-systems perspective on how attention discovers relevant information in the presence of substantial noise.

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15.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2604.23628

Characterizing Admissible Objective Functions for Hierarchical Clustering

作者:

Ryuki Tsukuba↗Kazutoshi Ando↗

arXiv:2604.23628v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Hierarchical clustering is a fundamental task in data analysis, but classical methods have long lacked a principled objective function. Dasgupta [STOC~2016] took an important step toward addressing this gap by proposing a well-motivated objective function for cluster trees. Cohen-Addad et al. [J. ACM 2019] subsequently introduced the notion of admissibility: an objective function is admissible if, whenever the input similarity matrix admits generating trees, its minimizers are precisely those generating trees.They also gave a necessary and sufficient condition for admissibility within a family of objective functions based on aggregate intercluster similarity. We refer to this family as sum-type objective functions. However, apart from Dasgupta's original objective function, no explicit admissible objective functions in this family were provided. In this paper, we study admissible objective functions for hierarchical clustering in two directions. For sum-type objective functions, we give a complete characterization when the scaling function is a symmetric polynomial of degree at most two, and we derive sufficient conditions for degree-three polynomials. We also show that the recursive sparsest cut algorithm achieves an O$(\phi)$-approximation ratio for the admissible objective functions covered by our characterization, where $\phi$ is the approximation factor of the sparsest cut subroutine. We then introduce max-type objective functions, where cluster interaction is measured by maximum, rather than aggregate, intercluster similarity. For this class, we characterize which objective functions are admissible for arbitrary symmetric scaling functions and give a complete characterization when the scaling function is a symmetric polynomial of degree at most two.

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16.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.20137

PASQA: Pitch-Accent-Focused Speech Quality Assessment Model Trained on Synthetic Speech with Accent Errors

作者:

Masaya Kawamura↗Yuma Shirahata↗Kentaro Mitsui↗Reo Shimizu↗

Existing mean opinion score (MOS) prediction models typically predict utterance-level naturalness MOS and can be insensitive to localized pitch-accent errors. We propose Pitch-Accent-focused Speech Quality Assessment (PASQA), which explicitly targets pitch-accent correctness. To train our model, we construct a controlled Japanese accent-error dataset by changing accent patterns using an accent-controllable text-to-speech system, and compute a pseudo accent-quality score from the accent-error rate. PASQA builds on self-supervised representations and employs mora-conditioned fusion, ranking loss, an auxiliary accent-error localization task, and speaker-invariant training. Experiments show that conventional models fail to preserve the ordering by accent-error severity, whereas PASQA achieves high ordering accuracy on both seen and unseen speakers. Further, PASQA shows stronger agreement with human accent-correctness judgments. The code is available at https://github.com/lycorp-jp/PASQA.

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17.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17430

CIAN: Multi-Stage Framework for Event-Enriched Image Captioning via Retrieval-Augmented Generation

作者:

Trinh Thi Thu Hien↗Trung-Nghia Le↗

Event-enriched image captioning describes not only visible content but also the broader context of events, including timing, location, and participants, capabilities missing in most pixel-bound models. We propose the Contextual Image-Article Narrator (CIAN), a multi-stage framework that enriches captions with external narratives. CIAN retrieves relevant articles using SigLIP, summarizes them to guide a Narrative Generation stage with a LoRA-fine-tuned Qwen model, and applies N-Gram-based Refinement for fluency and coherence. On the OpenEvents-V1 benchmark, CIAN achieves high retrieval performance (mAP 0.979) and improves caption quality, increasing CIDEr from 0.030 to 0.094. These results highlight the effectiveness of retrieval-augmented reasoning combined with linguistic refinement for generating context-aware, human-like captions.

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18.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12559

Feature-preserving Latent-EnKF for Data Assimilation of Flows with Shocks

作者:

Hemanth Chandravamsi↗Hangchuan Hu↗Ponkrshnan Thiagarajan↗Tamer A. Zaki↗

arXiv:2606.12559v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is widely adopted for sequential data assimilation, but fails for solutions with discontinuities, such as shocks in compressible flows. Uncertainty in shock location induces multimodal ensemble statistics that violate the Gaussian assumptions underlying the EnKF, producing large-scale spurious oscillations in the analysis state. We introduce a feature-preserving latent-EnKF that performs the ensemble update in a learned low-dimensional latent space, where shock and flow features admit a smooth manifold representation, thereby preserving sharp features during EnKF analysis. The updated latent state is mapped back to physical state through a shared decoder for all ensemble members. The algorithm eliminates the member-specific ordered training and positivity flooring used in prior approaches. Numerical experiments on a Sod shock tube and Mach 2 shock interaction with a 2D cylinder, using sparse and noisy observations, show accurate feature recovery of shocks and contact discontinuities without spurious oscillations.

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19.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25529

STEB: A Speech-to-Speech Translation Expressiveness Benchmark for Evaluating Beyond Translation Fidelity

作者:

Sitong Cheng↗Weizhen Bian↗Songjun Cao↗Jin Li↗Bei Liu↗Chunyang Jiang↗Yike Zhang↗Weihao Wu↗Yiming Li↗Chi-Min Chan↗Long Ma↗Wei Xue↗…

arXiv:2606.25529v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) should preserve not only lexical meaning, but also expressive attributes: emotion, scenario style (e.g., news reporting vs. dramatic dialogue), and nonverbal vocalizations (NVs). Moreover, collecting cross-lingual target speech that is both translation-faithful and expressively aligned with the source is difficult at scale, making reference-based evaluation impractical. We introduce STEB (Speech-to-Speech Translation Expressiveness Benchmark), a 32.6-hour Chinese–English benchmark that evaluates both standard dimensions (translation fidelity, speaker similarity, duration alignment) and expressiveness dimensions (emotion, scenario style, NV preservation). For expressiveness evaluation, STEB uses a caption-then-summarize framework that converts speech into structured expressive attributes and compares source and hypothesis attributes with an LLM judge. Human validation shows statistically significant correlations with listener judgments across all expressive dimensions. We evaluate six S2ST systems covering cascaded systems, end-to-end models, and speech large language models. Many systems, especially cascaded ones, achieve strong translation fidelity, but they still struggle with emotion preservation (best: 3.82/5) and NV preservation (best: 2.31/5). These results reveal a gap between semantic transfer and expressive transfer, identifying expressiveness preservation as an open challenge for S2ST. Audio samples are available at https://cmots.github.io/steb.github.io/.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2509.22193

Scale or Reason? A Compute-Equivalent Analysis of Reasoning Distillation

作者:

Nicolas Boizard↗Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef↗Kevin El Haddad↗C\'eline Hudelot↗Pierre Colombo↗

Distilling reasoning traces from strong teacher models has become the standard recipe for building capable small language models. Yet reasoning traces are 5-20$\times$ longer than standard instruction fine-tuning (IFT) outputs, meaning every practitioner who chooses reasoning distillation implicitly forgoes training a larger IFT model on the same compute budget. Whether this trade-off is worthwhile remains unaddressed. We study it with a controlled experiment: a single teacher generates paired IFT and reasoning outputs for identical prompts by toggling only its reasoning mode, isolating supervision format as the sole variable. Training students at five scales (0.5B to 14B) and evaluating on 18 benchmarks, we find that at matched FLOPs, IFT lies on or near the Pareto frontier across the majority of configurations. Reasoning reaches the Pareto frontier only on open-ended tasks at 7B and above. Even there, a sequential curriculum mixing just 25-50\% reasoning data with IFT captures most of the accuracy benefit at far lower compute cost.

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21.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.20107

Quantile of Means: A Bonus-Free Ensemble Method for Minimax Optimal Reinforcement Learning

作者:

Asaf Cassel↗Aviv Rosenberg↗

arXiv:2606.20107v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Optimal Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms typically rely on carefully constructed count-based uncertainty estimates to drive exploration. Although theoretically sound, such estimates are hard to compute in practical settings and therefore offer limited insight for designing exploration heuristics. Meanwhile, ensembling has emerged as a practical approach, but remains without theoretical justification. Building on a recent ensemble-based method for Multi-Armed Bandits, we propose a quantile-based ensemble method for finite-horizon Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). Our simple count-free approach achieves optimal variance-dependent regret bounds, providing theoretical grounding for ensemble-based exploration in RL.

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22.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18535

Shrinkage priors for Bayesian Substitute Confounders

作者:

Yordan P. Raykov↗Hengrui Luo↗Justin D. Strait↗Wasiur R. KhudaBukhsh↗

arXiv:2606.18535v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-cause observational studies contain information about unmeasured confounding through the dependence structure among causes. However, literal imputation of the unobserved confounder is often more complex than learning a lower-dimensional substitute score that preserves the shared assignment variation needed for stable causal adjustment. The deconfounder (Wang and Blei, 2019) and related substitute confounder methods exploit this idea, but flexible assignment models can fit the joint distribution of the causes while producing scores that over-encode the treatment vector, collapse overlap, or capture single-cause variation. We develop a Bayesian factor assignment framework for learning sparse substitute confounders that retain coarse multi-cause dependence with shrinkage priors. The theory is stated at the level of posterior concentration, factor score contraction, and overlap-preserving assignment geometry and therefore does not rely on a particular shrinkage prior. Under these conditions, the proposed regression-adjusted estimators are consistent for mean potential outcomes when the corresponding latent variable identification assumptions hold. Shrinkage priors provide a natural tool for latent structural learning: they favour low-dimensional factors supported by multiple causes, discourage effectively single-cause factors, and induce an ordering of the latent factors through progressive shrinkage. Synthetic experiments illustrate the roles of signal strength, outcome validity, and geometry-aware regularization. In an Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) baseline analysis, sparse substitute scores recover much of the adjustment obtained by directly conditioning on invasive cerebrospinal-fluid biomarkers, while collapse diagnostics identify when fitted factors reduce to individual observed measurements.

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23.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12497

$\mu$VLA: On Recurrent Memory for Partially Observable Manipulation in VLA Models

作者:

Egor Cherepanov↗Nikita Kachaev↗Daniil Zelezetsky↗Aydar Bulatov↗Artem Pshenitsyn↗Yuri Kuratov↗Alexey Skrynnik↗Aleksandr I. Panov↗Alexey K. Kovalev↗

arXiv:2606.12497v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Vision-language-action (VLA) models predict chunks of future actions from the current observation, an assumption that fails under partial observability, where decisions depend on information no longer visible. Existing memory-augmented VLAs simultaneously introduce recurrence, retrieval, compression modules, auxiliary objectives, hierarchical memory, or task-specific architectural changes, so the contribution of recurrence itself remains entangled with surrounding machinery. We present a controlled isolation study of recurrence in a strong pretrained VLA backbone. Our formulation augments the transformer with a small set of learnable memory tokens carried across timesteps and updated through self-attention, trained end to end with truncated backpropagation through time, with no auxiliary losses and no architectural changes. We instantiate this as $\mu$VLA, a family of OpenVLA-OFT variants parameterized by memory width m, TBPTT length K, and the memory update rule (cross-step gradients or a detached EMA), so that recurrence is the only varying factor. On MIKASA-Robo, $\mu$VLA improves average success rate on five training tasks from 0.42 to 0.84 at the strongest setting and reaches 0.23 on held-out tasks with the same memory structure versus 0.07 for the memoryless baseline. On tasks requiring different memory structure, performance remains near baseline. On LIBERO, the strongest recurrent variant achieves 96.2% average success, indicating no regression under full observability. We interpret these results as a calibration of the capability envelope of minimal in-backbone recurrence, identifying the regime in which it is sufficient and the regime where additional memory structure is required. Demos and videos can be found in https://avanturist322.github.io/mu-vla/.

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24.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-12 DOI: HASH:f81b311d7126bb4ad41a8f35ca0666ae

Metastatic Patterns and Treatment Characteristics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Nigeria: A Retrospective Cohort Study

作者:

Sowunmi↗Agbakwuru↗Aje↗Kehinde↗Andero↗Eze↗C. G↗Oshikanlu↗

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression. It is associated with limited targeted treatment options, early relapse, and a high propensity for visceral metastasis. Data describing metastatic patterns and treatment characteristics of TNBC in Nigeria remain limited. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cohort study included 869 patients with TNBC managed at the Medserve-LUTH Cancer Center, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between June 2019 and June 2024. Demographic, clinicopathologic, metastatic, and treatment-related data were extracted from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, metastatic patterns, and treatment profiles. Associations between metastatic disease and selected clinicopathologic and treatment variables were explored using Pearsons chi-square test. Complete-case analysis was applied throughout. Results: The mean age at presentation was 52.09 {+/-} 12.26 years. Most patients were married (79.1%), postmenopausal (64.3%), and of Yoruba ethnicity (56.8%). Advanced disease predominated, with Stage III and Stage IV disease accounting for 42.9% and 35.6% of cases, respectively. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype (77.0%), while Grade II tumours constituted 51.3% of graded cases. Surgery was performed in 73.1% of patients, predominantly mastectomy (70.9% of surgical procedures). Chemotherapy was administered to 83.2% of patients, most commonly anthracycline-based regimens (41.8%), while radiotherapy was delivered to 63.5% of patients, with hypofractionated schedules of 42-43 Gy in 15-16 fractions accounting for 47.2% of radiotherapy courses. Metastatic disease was documented in 32.9% of evaluable patients. Lung metastasis was the most frequent site (62.5%), followed by bone (46.3%), regional lymph node invasion (38.5%), liver (23.0%), and brain (22.6%). Tumour grade and histologic subtype were not significantly associated with metastatic disease, whereas radiotherapy exposure demonstrated a significant association with metastatic status ({chi}{superscript 2} = 10.35, p = 0.001). Conclusion: TNBC in this Nigerian cohort was characterized by advanced-stage presentation, invasive ductal predominance, extensive use of multimodality treatment, and substantial visceral metastatic burden. Lung metastasis was the most common metastatic site. These findings provide contemporary real-world data on TNBC in Nigeria and highlight the continuing need for earlier diagnosis, timely referral, and sustained investment in comprehensive cancer care services.

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25.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23766

Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Exoplanet Detection and Atmospheric Characterization with JWST and the Upcoming Ariel Mission

作者:

Muallim Yakubu↗Vwavware Oruaode Jude↗

arXiv:2606.23766v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The detection and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets have entered a new data-intensive era driven by the James Webb Space Telescope and the upcoming Ariel mission. Modern surveys produce millions of light curves and high-resolution spectra that overwhelm traditional pipelines, motivating the rapid integration of Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods into the exoplanet workflow. This review synthesizes the latest progress in applying ML/DL techniques to exoplanet detection (transit identification, candidate vetting, false-positive rejection) and atmospheric characterization (retrieval, detrending, cross-correlation, surrogate modelling) in the context of JWST and Ariel. We start with classical algorithms such as Random Forests and Convolutional Neural Networks, move through Transformers and Recurrent architectures, then survey modern simulation-based inference using Neural Posterior Estimation and Flow Matching Posterior Estimation with normalizing or continuous normalizing flows. We discuss benchmark efforts, including the Ariel Machine Learning Data Challenges (2019 to 2025) hosted with NeurIPS, and key JWST case studies such as the WASP-39b Early Release Science programme. Results indicate that DL approaches consistently match or exceed traditional pipelines in both speed and accuracy, while ML-driven retrievals reduce inference time from CPU-hours to seconds and can accelerate nested-sampling retrievals by factors of 3-8 without compromising Bayesian evidence. We identify outstanding challenges interpretability, calibration of uncertainties under noisy data, hybrid modelling, and the generalization of models across instruments and planet populations and outline a research roadmap spanning the JWST era and beyond into Ariel's launch in 2029.

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