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01.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-24 DOI: HASH:d1f7d49c3301a62c51d1978a84b316c6

RNabel-A Standalone Software Tool for Annotating Tandem Mass Spectra of Modified Ribonucleic Acids

作者:

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) modifications, with over 170 identified types, play diverse roles in cellular processes. The past decade has witnessed surging demand for accurate identification and localization of RNA modifications in both endogenous and synthetic therapeutic RNAs. With accurate spectral annotation for RNA, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can meet this demand. Here we present RNabel, a user-friendly software tool for in-depth annotation of MS/MS spectra of RNA oligonucleotides. RNabel considers a full set of backbone-cleavage ions (a, b, c, d, a-B, w, x, y, z) in which the ribonucleotide unit could be A, U, C, G, Y (pseudouridine), or I (Inosine). Additionally, RNabel considers 196 modifications on the base, the phosphoribose linkage, the 5' or the 3' terminus, or detachment of a sub-nucleotide fragment as a neutral or charged group. Users can create new components if needed, including ribonucleotides, modifications, neutral or charged groups that could detach from a ribonucleotide. RNabel efficiently processes large datasets in four acceptable formats including .mgf, .raw, .txt from msConvert, and RNabel batch files. Multiple statistical metrics are provided for quality assessment of spectral annotation. To accelerate RNA modification analysis, RNabel is made freely available for Mac and Windows users at https://github.com/songge1111/RNabel/releases.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2510.08976

MIRAGE: Runtime Scheduling for Multi-Vector Image Retrieval with Hierarchical Decomposition

作者:

Maoliang Li ↗Ke Li ↗Yaoyang Liu ↗Jiayu Chen ↗Zihao Zheng ↗Yinjun Wu ↗Chenchen Liu ↗Xiang Chen ↗

To effectively leverage user-specific data, retrieval augmented generation (RAG) is employed in multimodal large language model (MLLM) applications. However, conventional retrieval approaches often suffer from limited retrieval accuracy. Recent advances in multi-vector retrieval (MVR) improve accuracy by decomposing queries and matching against segmented images. They still suffer from sub-optimal accuracy and efficiency, overlooking alignment between the query and varying image objects and redundant fine-grained image segments. In this work, we present an efficient scheduling framework for image retrieval - MIRAGE. First, we introduce a novel hierarchical paradigm, employing multiple intermediate granularities for varying image objects to enhance alignment. Second, we minimize redundancy in retrieval by leveraging cross-hierarchy similarity consistency and hierarchy sparsity to minimize unnecessary matching computation. Furthermore, we configure parameters for each dataset automatically for practicality across diverse scenarios. Our empirical study shows that, MIRAGE not only achieves substantial accuracy improvements but also reduces computation by up to 3.5 times over the existing MVR system.

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03.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.14929

Policy Regret for Embedding Model Routing: Contextual Bandits with Low-Rank Experts

作者:

Yan Dai ↗Negin Golrezaei ↗Patrick Jaillet ↗

arXiv:2606.14929v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Modern recommendation systems increasingly rely on dynamically routing diverse queries to multiple embedding models. Despite its practical significance, this problem remains poorly understood under realistic conditions like adversarial queries, bandit feedback, and limited observability of models. We formalize embedding model routing as an adversarial contextual linear bandit with low-rank experts, where contexts are queries, actions are items, and experts are the embedding models working on low-rank latent representation spaces. We first establish that standard regret notions suffer from structural misspecification or statistical intractability, and we identify a log-quadratic policy class that is expressive enough to capture query-dependent model routing, yet structured enough to allow efficient online learning. Second, we propose a policy gradient algorithm called Hypentropy Policy Gradient (HPG). It provably adapts to the unknown low-rank structure under incomplete information and attains $\tilde{\mathcal O}(s\sqrt{M T})$ linearized policy regret – where $s, M$, and $T$ are the intrinsic rank of the experts, the number of models, and the number of rounds – thus avoiding a curse of dimensionality. Finally, we also provide an computationally efficient and parameter-free implementation of HPG.

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04.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25411

Spin-imbalanced fermion on a dynamic lattice

作者:

Jie Liu ↗Xiaofan Zhou ↗Suotang Jia ↗

arXiv:2606.25411v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We investigate the magnetic order of a one-dimensional spin-1/2 fermion dynamical lattice, where itinerant fermions are coupled to bond-centered localized spins via an Ising-like spin dependent hopping. The model provides an anisotropic dynamical extension of conventional spin-1/2 fermion systems, in which the motion of itinerant fermions is directly modulated by the configuration of localized spins. Using density matrix renormalization group simulations, we map out the ground state phase diagram in various parameter spaces. Depending on the interplay among the hopping dependent on localized spins, the longitudinal field, and the external Zeeman field, two distinct phases are obtained: a paramagnetic phase and a spin-density-wave phase. Most notably, in the partially spin-polarized fermion phase, the spin-density wave ordering wave vector exhibits two distinct phenomena, corresponding respectively to the nesting vectors $2k_{F\uparrow}$ and $2k_{F\downarrow}$ of the spin-resolved Fermi surfaces. We further demonstrate that the two spin-density wave phases are robust against the repulsive Hubbard interaction between itinerant fermions. Our results reveal a novel route for tuning magnetic modulations in one-dimensional correlated systems and enrich the microscopic understanding of dynamical lattice magnetism.

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05.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24145

T2D-Bench: Evidence-Gated Evaluation of LLM Outputs for Type 2 Diabetes Using a Multi-Layer Clinical-Lifestyle Knowledge Graph

作者:

Saba A. Farahani ↗Hung Cao ↗Ramesh Jain ↗Amir M. Rahmani ↗

arXiv:2606.24145v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) can produce clinically fluent recommendations for type 2 diabetes while failing to satisfy guideline constraints or explicitly justify lifestyle-related glycemic claims. We present T2D-Bench, a reproducible benchmark and evidence-gated evaluation framework for testing whether LLM outputs satisfy explicit, graph-checkable evidence requirements. T2D-Bench is built on a multi-layer clinical-lifestyle knowledge graph that combines a biomedical spine (UMLS, DrugBank, SIDER), computable ADA Standards of Care rules, and lifestyle knowledge connected through a mechanistic bridge to glycemic laboratory effects. Across 100 structured vignettes spanning diagnosis, medication safety, and adversarial lifestyle conflicts, baseline outputs failed benchmark-defined evidence-path checks in 35% of cases for GPT-4o-mini and 33% for GPT-4o. The evidence gate detects unsupported omissions and uses constrained revision to bring outputs into verifier-level compliance with benchmark-defined evidence requirements. These results show that computable evidence constraints can make unsupported clinical omissions explicit, measurable, and correctable in diabetes-focused LLM outputs.

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06.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.09073

A Unifying Lens on Reward Uncertainty in RLHF

作者:

Ely Hahami ↗Yoel Zimmermann ↗Ray Zhou ↗Jack Benarroch Jedlicki ↗

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is bottlenecked by reward hacking, where the policy exploits errors in a proxy reward model (RM) and produces high RM scores without genuine quality gains. A natural mitigation is pessimism: lowering rewards in regions where the RM is uncertain. However, standard scalar RMs provide no principled notion of uncertainty. We argue that the right object is a distributional reward model $p(r\mid x,y)$. Under either a Bayesian inference or a KL-distributionally robust optimization (KL-DRO) lens, the KL-regularized RLHF objective admits a closed-form effective reward $\tilde r(x,y) = \pm\beta\log\mathbb{E}_p[e^{\pm r/\beta}]$. The pessimistic branch unifies the prior heuristics for RM ensemble aggregation: mean aggregation, worst-case optimization (WCO), and uncertainty-weighted optimization (UWO) all emerge as limits or truncations of this single expression. This also clarifies the implicit assumptions of each existing rule.

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07.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13735

VHDLSuite: Unified Pipeline for LLM VHDL Generation with Data Synthesis and Evaluation

作者:

Yijun Shen ↗Minghao Shao ↗Yichen Zhao ↗Zhuoyan Yu ↗Boyuan Chen ↗Yik-Cheung Tam ↗Muhammad Shafique ↗

arXiv:2606.13735v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLM) have shown impressive capabilities in Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation, particularly for Verilog. However, evaluating their performance with other Hardware Description Languages (HDL), especially VHDL, remains limited although its distinct language characteristics, such as stricter semantic rules, introduce evaluation considerations that differ from Verilog. This lack of coverage restricts fully understanding of how well current models generalize across hardware design languages with differing structures and semantics. To address this gap, we introduce VHDLSuite, a benchmark-centered infrastructure for scalable VHDL generation evaluation, integrating automated benchmark synthesis, executable validation, and multi-model diagnostic analysis. First, we propose a data pipeline that automatically converts Verilog designs and their accompanying testbenches into executable VHDL benchmark instances, followed by VUnit/GHDL-based validation to ensure each released task is compilable, runnable, and consistently checkable in the VHDL environment. Second, we introduce VHDLBench, a benchmark with over 200 VHDL problems with complete and validated testbenches across a wide range of complexity levels. Third, we extensively evaluate cutting-edge LLMs and uncover key challenges specific on LLM-aided VHDL generation. Our findings provide important insights and support future work in multi-language hardware design automation.Our data pipeline, benchmark, and evaluation framework will be open-sourced.

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08.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2509.19404

Particle Filtering for Non-Deterministic Electrocardiographic Imaging

作者:

Emma Lagracie ↗Luc de Montella ↗

arXiv:2509.19404v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) aims to non-invasively reconstruct activation maps of the heart from temporal body surface potentials. While most existing approaches rely on inverse and optimization techniques that may yield satisfactory reconstructions, they typically provide a single deterministic solution, overlooking the inherent uncertainty of the problem stemming from its very ill-posed nature, the poor knowledge of biophysical features and the unavoidable presence of noise in the measurements. The Bayesian framework, which naturally incorporates uncertainty while also accounting for temporal correlations across time steps, can be used to address this limitation. In this work, we propose a low-dimensional representation of the activation sequence that enables the use of particle filtering, a Bayesian filtering method that does not rely on predefined assumptions regarding the shape of the posterior distribution, in contrast to approaches like the Kalman filter. This allows to produce not only activation maps but also probabilistic maps indicating the likelihood of activation at each point on the heart over time, as well as pseudo-probability maps reflecting the likelihood of a point being part of an earliest activation site. Additionally, we introduce a method to estimate the probability of the presence of a conduction lines of block on the heart surface. Combined with classical reconstruction techniques, this could help discriminate artificial from true lines of block in activation maps. We support our approach with a numerical study based on simulated data, demonstrating the potential of our method.

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09.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2510.25850

Debate2Create: Robot Co-design via Multi-Agent LLM Debate

作者:

Kevin Qiu ↗Marek Cygan ↗

arXiv:2510.25850v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce Debate2Create (D2C), a multi-agent LLM framework that formulates robot co-design as structured, iterative debate grounded in physics-based evaluation. A design agent and control agent engage in a thesis-antithesis-synthesis loop, while criterion-specific LLM judges provide multi-objective feedback to steer exploration. Across five MuJoCo locomotion benchmarks, D2C achieves the highest default-normalized score among the evaluated LLM-based and black-box baselines, with gains up to 3.2x on Ant and nearly 9x on Swimmer. Iterative debate yields 18-35% gains over compute-matched zero-shot generation, and D2C-generated rewards transfer to default morphologies in 4/5 tasks. These results suggest that structured, simulator-grounded multi-agent interaction is a useful mechanism for joint morphology-reward optimization under a fixed-topology, per-candidate-RL protocol. Project page: debate2create.github.io.

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10.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25974

Tensor network characterization and mitigation of readout errors

作者:

Yuchen Guo ↗Shuo Yang ↗

arXiv:2606.25974v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Readout errors are a major bottleneck to extracting reliable information from near-term quantum processors, especially when spatial correlations are non-negligible. We present a unified tensor-network framework that models the readout process as a matrix product operator (MPO), enabling efficient characterization and mitigation beyond uncorrelated approximations. The MPO model is trained via likelihood optimization on calibration data and applies to multiple tasks, including nonlocal observable estimation, random circuit sampling, and random-measurement protocols, such as classical shadows and learning-based tomography. Experiments on a superconducting processor and numerical simulations up to 20 qubits show that the MPO model captures correlated readout errors that uncorrelated models miss, with a sample cost that grows only near-linearly with system size. When extended to two-dimensional systems, the framework can also be integrated with tensor-network quantum error-correction decoders by performing joint inference over data and readout errors. These results establish tensor-network readout error mitigation as a scalable and versatile approach for noise-aware quantum data processing.

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11.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19679

LOKI: Memory-Free Null-Space Constrained Lifelong Knowledge Editing

作者:

Masih Eskandar ↗Miquel Sirera Perell\'o ↗Stratis Ioannidis ↗Jennifer Dy ↗

arXiv:2606.19679v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Lifelong knowledge editing aims to efficiently and sequentially update language models over time, as new knowledge becomes available or when the model makes mistakes, while preserving acceptable performance on past knowledge. One unresolved challenge is that existing methods modify a fixed set of layers for all new knowledge samples, reducing flexibility and increasing catastrophic forgetting. Another is requiring access to previous knowledge and extensive pre-processing to obtain data statistics. To address these challenges, we introduce LOKI, a novel approach that uses dynamic layer selection based on the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion and projects gradient updates onto the null-space of the model weights, bypassing the requirement for previous knowledge access. We show that LOKI achieves superior performance to existing approaches across a wide variety of experiments, achieving up to a 14\% improvement in average accuracy.

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12.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15468

Analyzing Visual Aircraft Representations with Sparse Autoencoders

作者:

Deepshik Sharma ↗

Vision models can achieve strong performance on classification tasks, but the internal representations supporting their predictions are often difficult to interpret. This work investigates whether sparse autoencoders can decompose intermediate representations of a vision model into interpretable features. We train a ConvNeXt classifier on the FGVC-Aircraft dataset, extract spatial activations from its final feature stage, and train a sparse autoencoder on these activations. The learned sparse features are analyzed using top-activating image patches, activation strength, and class selectivity. Qualitative visual inspection reveals that several features correspond to recognizable aircraft structures and visual patterns. We evaluate a subset of selected features using input-space and feature-space ablations, measuring how blurring image patches and suppressing sparse features affect class logits, classification margins, and prediction confidence. The results suggest that sparse autoencoders can reveal partially interpretable, class-relevant visual features associated with aircraft recognition, while also exposing limitations such as polysemanticity and coarse spatial localization.

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13.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12724

Block algebra for morphing circuits

作者:

Rui Chao ↗

arXiv:2606.12724v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Morphing circuits are a new paradigm for quantum error correction that relaxes hardware requirements. We present four constructions for CNOT-based CSS morphing circuits with explicit qubit connectivity degrees. All four constructions are specified in block algebra notation, with entries in algebras generated by permutation matrices. The first three are obtained by rewriting existing surface- and color-code morphing circuits; the fourth is a new three-round construction modeled on the 6.6.6 color code. The surface-code construction recovers the morphing circuit of Ref. [ST25] for two-block group algebra codes. Numerical search then instantiates these permutation matrices using regular representations of finite groups. [ST25] M. H. Shaw and B. M. Terhal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134(9), 090602 (2025).

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14.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15930

ControlMap: Controllable High-Definition Map Generation for Traffic Scenario Simulation

作者:

Marwan Farag ↗Steffen W\"aldele ↗Yu Yao ↗

arXiv:2606.15930v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Simulation is central to validating autonomous driving systems, yet current pipelines are limited by insufficient scenario diversity due to costly High Definition (HD) map creation. Scaling HD maps requires expensive data collection and manual processing. Moreover, existing generative models lack the fine-grained control necessary to target specific road topologies during generation. This paper presents a data-driven pipeline for controllable HD map generation using latent diffusion and ControlNet for spatial conditioning. To our knowledge, we are the first to inject spatial guidance signals into a diffusion model for HD map synthesis. Furthermore, our model supports adjustable conditioning strength through classifier-free guidance and city-level style transfer via city label conditioning. To complement existing metrics, we introduce two novel metrics to evaluate adherence to the control signal and similarity to ground-truth maps. Experiments demonstrate that our model generates realistic HD maps that faithfully follow input road topologies while accurately preserving city-specific details.

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15.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2604.00730

A CEFR-Inspired Classification Framework with Fuzzy C-Means To Automate Assessment of Programming Skills in Scratch

作者:

Ricardo Hidalgo-Arag\'on ↗Jes\'us M. Gonz\'alez-Barahona ↗Gregorio Robles ↗

arXiv:2604.00730v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Context: Schools, training platforms, and technology firms increasingly need to assess programming proficiency at scale with transparent, reproducible methods that support personalized learning pathways. Objective: This study introduces a pedagogical framework for Scratch project assessment, aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), providing universal competency levels for students and teachers alongside actionable insights for curriculum design. Method: We apply Fuzzy C-Means clustering to 2008246 Scratch projects evaluated via Dr.Scratch, implementing an ordinal criterion to map clusters to CEFR levels (A1-C2), and introducing enhanced classification metrics that identify transitional learners, enable continuous progress tracking, and quantify classification certainty to balance automated feedback with instructor review. Impact: The framework enables diagnosis of systemic curriculum gaps-notably a "B2 bottleneck" where only 13.3% of learners reside due to the cognitive load of integrating Logic Synchronization, and Data Representation–while providing certainty–based triggers for human intervention.

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16.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13347

Enhanced Low-Density Region Exploration in Classifier-Guided Diffusion Models Through Modified Reverse Diffusion Sampling

作者:

Jagriti Singh ↗Shekhar Verma ↗Muneendra Ojha ↗

arXiv:2606.13347v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Diffusion models have emerged as state-of-the-art generative models for high-fidelity image synthesis, particularly in their classifier-free guided and classifier-guided forms. However, standard classifier guidance concentrates probability mass around high-density class mean, leading to poor coverage of rare samples in the tails of the class-conditional distributions. Recent work on diffusion-based tail sampling mitigates this by training an additional low-density-seeking classifier with a synthetic-vs-real discriminator, at the cost of additional networks and training. In parallel, a number of samplers and distillation techniques accelerate or refine diffusion sampling, but do not explicitly address long-tail coverage. We propose a purely sampling-time, density-aware extension of classifier-guided conditional diffusion model that targets low-density regions without any additional training. We have applied guidance at noisy images not on predicted noise like most diffusion models. Starting from a pretrained conditional diffusion model and classifier on ImageNet, we modify the guided reverse dynamics by steering trajectories toward low-confidence regions via the modified classifier gradient, and at each time step, we also guide the sampling process toward the predicted real image. 1st guidance helps explore low-probability samples, and 2nd guidance helps to generate samples to be close to the real data manifold. The proposed sampler consistently improves ADM model recall at 64x64 resolution while maintaining a comparable FID, and with a 256x256 ADM model, we showed the results visually with different combinations of both guidance. We also showed that standard ADM classifier guidance, combined with predicted real image guidance, helps generate high perceptual quality samples with a 256x256 ADM model on ImageNet.

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17.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25619

ScaleHP: Estimating Hand Pose in Metric Space

作者:

Ruitao Jing ↗Xingyu Chen ↗Hongyang Li ↗Qing Jiang ↗Yukai Shi ↗Lei Zhang ↗

Accurate metric-space hand pose estimation (HPE) is essential for immersive human-computer interaction and robotics. However, most existing methods predict poses in a root-relative coordinate system and cannot estimate the hand in absolute metric scale. In this work, we observe that the intrinsic proportional relationships among human hand bones encode stable anthropometric priors that implicitly correlate with the overall metric size of the hand. Leveraging this insight, we present ScaleHP, an end-to-end one-stage hand pose estimation framework that bypasses fragile extrinsic depth modules to recover the hand in metric space. ScaleHP employs a transformer-based decoder with a novel scale token to fuse multi-scale morphological and appearance features. By solving for metric coordinates through a perspective-constrained least-squares approach, we achieve high-precision pose estimation in the camera coordinate system. ScaleHP delivers state-of-the-art performance, including 35.8 CS-MPJPE on FreiHand and 4.6/5.9 PA-MPJPE on DexYCB and HO3Dv3. These results demonstrate that internal biological constraints significantly reduce relative geometry and absolute metric errors, offering a robust solution for generalized, real-world hand tracking.

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18.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13750

Tantalum as a base material for superconducting integrated circuits

作者:

arXiv:2606.13750v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The performance of superconducting integrated circuits for quantum applications is fundamentally limited by material-related losses. Tantalum, as an emerging material for next-generation quantum circuits, has attracted considerable attention in recent years after demonstrating breakthrough performance in both superconducting microwave resonators and qubits. Concurrently, a growing body of work is devoted to the operation of tantalum-based circuits and related fabrication techniques. This interest is further stimulated by tantalum thin films polymorphism resulting in a variety of its crystalline structure, superconducting properties, coherence, etc. Furthermore, tantalum circuits exhibit distinctive features in cryogenic experiments, which have not been observed in aluminum- or niobium-based ones. In this review, we summarize the recent research of tantalum thin films growth and phase selection mechanisms on various substrates, key aspects of fabrication and performance of superconducting circuit, including a material first-principles theoretical study. In conclusion, we address a number of open issues, including the role of \b{eta}-phase impurities, the effect of hydrofluoric acid solutions on chain characteristics, and the anomalous behavior of {\alpha}-tantalum chains at cryogenic temperatures.

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19.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-18 DOI: HASH:8a4bd15b1bb88e911e6456a6dbab05a5

Calculation of sequence space coverage in a mutagenesis library

作者:

Florez Prada ↗Uguzzoni ↗Hart ↗D. J ↗

Directed evolution requires screening of large mutagenesis libraries, but accurate calculation of library sizes needed to discover functional variants remains challenging. Existing models provide baseline estimates, yet current computational approaches for finding the best variants scale poorly with library complexity. Here, we introduce a scalable algorithmic framework to compute exact discovery probabilities in saturation mutagenesis libraries with no requirement for explicit sequence enumeration. By aggregating variants into a composition log–sum distribution and applying log-space convolution across randomisation blocks, it is possible to extend this to massive sequence spaces and mixed codon schemes. By inverting these calculations, absolute mathematical ceilings for experimental design are established. Ultimately, this framework provides a rapid, quantitative tool to balance the statistical coverage-diversity trade-off within the limitations of laboratory screening. Finally, this is implemented as an open-source web application (SSCC) that allows researchers to construct heterogeneous library designs and compute required sampling depths, coverage probabilities, and absolute randomisation limits.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24649

Agentic Collaborative Cognition for Zero-Shot 3D Understanding

作者:

Wenxin Wang ↗Bo Zhang ↗Feng Chen ↗Zixuan Wang ↗Wen Li ↗Changsheng Li ↗Yinjie Lei ↗

Recent advancements have explored agentic zero-shot 3D understanding by reformulating it as video keyframe understanding with Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, existing methods face an intrinsic bottleneck due to the finite observation perspectives inherent in videos and the implicit perception of 3D scenes. In this paper, we propose a collaborative multi-agent framework that assigns a Planning Agent to handle high-level viewpoint planning and supplement novel perspectives, and a Perception Agent to explicitly summarize the 3D scene into a structured holistic cognitive map. Specifically, Planning Agent first analyzes this cognitive map to determine query-relevant viewpoints and supplements missing critical perspectives to ensure comprehensive observation. Subsequently, Perception Agent documents object-level attributes from these views by assigning consistent instance identifiers across viewpoints, thereby integrating fragmented observations into the holistic cognitive map. In parallel, it provides feedback to filter out mismatched candidate objects and guide subsequent viewpoint planning. Through this closed-loop iterative process, two agents collaboratively figure out candidates until Perception Agent determines that sufficient information has been captured to complete the task. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on 6 benchmarks, with improvements of 11.1\% Acc@0.5 on ScanRefer, 14.6 BLEU-1 on 3D-assisted dialog, and 2.1 EM on SQA3D.

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21.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2602.05746

Learning to Inject: Automated Prompt Injection via Reinforcement Learning

作者:

Xin Chen ↗Jie Zhang ↗Florian Tram\`er ↗

arXiv:2602.05746v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Prompt injection is a critical vulnerability in LLM agents, yet the strongest methods still rely on human red-teamers and hand-crafted prompts. Adapting automated jailbreak optimizers does not close this gap: jailbreaks shape models toward generic compliance, while prompt injection requires emitting specific tool calls with correct parameters. The success signal is binary, and randomly sampled suffixes almost never trigger it, so standard optimizers have no gradient to follow. We present AutoInject, a black-box reinforcement learning (RL) framework that learns adversarial suffixes for prompt injection. A learned comparison-based reward scores each candidate against the best suffix seen so far, turning the binary signal into a dense reward suitable for RL optimization. The framework supports both online query-based attacks and offline-trained transferable suffixes that need no utility access at deployment, and incorporates a utility objective when task-completion feedback is available. On AgentDojo, AutoInject outperforms template attacks, GCG, TAP, and adaptive attack across production models, with statistically significant improvements under McNemar's test with p

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22.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17657

Using Cognitive Models to Improve Language Model Simulation of Human Persuasion Games

作者:

Zirui Cheng ↗Zeyu Shen ↗Thomas L. Griffiths ↗Peter Henderson ↗

arXiv:2606.17657v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: People make decisions differently in strategic interactions. Some update beliefs like a Bayesian; others exhibit biases like motivated reasoning. Although creators of large language models use simulated humans for safety evaluations and training, they often fail to cover this breadth of human behavior. We argue that cognitive science and economics provide a convenient tool for doing so, making use of mathematical models of human decision-making. We propose an approach that we call Equation-to-Behavior Prompting for guiding large language models to match cognitive models, and evaluate this approach on persuasion games based on legal decision-making. We find that large models can approximate equation-based specifications – Bayesian updating, affine distortion, motivated updating, and Grether's $\alpha$-$\beta$ model – using prompting, but small models fail to do so. However, training small models with reinforcement learning to adhere to mathematical rules, Equation-to-Behavior RL, reduces belief error by 26.5% in out-of-distribution parameterizations. We show that these simulations can help create diverse training environments; training small models to consider different kinds of decision-makers improves average belief change by 2.5%–12% over Bayesian-only training, even when persuading GPT-5-mini. Our work could improve human simulations for training and evaluation in increasingly realistic settings, and could also enable novel research into more complicated mathematical models of human decision-making.

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23.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2602.02465

MentisOculi: Revealing the Limits of Reasoning with Mental Imagery

作者:

Jana Zeller ↗Thadd\"aus Wiedemer ↗Fanfei Li ↗Thomas Klein ↗Prasanna Mayilvahanan ↗Matthias Bethge ↗Felix Wichmann ↗Ryan Cotterell ↗Wieland Brendel ↗

Frontier models are transitioning from multimodal large language models (MLLMs) that merely ingest visual information to unified multimodal models (UMMs) capable of native interleaved generation. This shift has sparked interest in using intermediate visualizations as a reasoning aid, akin to human mental imagery. Central to this idea is the ability to form, maintain, and manipulate visual representations in a goal-oriented manner. To evaluate and probe this capability, we develop MentisOculi, a procedural, stratified suite of multi-step reasoning problems amenable to visual solution, tuned to challenge frontier models. Evaluating visual strategies ranging from latent tokens to explicit generated imagery, we find they generally fail to improve performance. Analysis of UMMs specifically exposes a critical limitation: While they possess the textual reasoning capacity to solve a task and can sometimes generate correct visuals, they suffer from compounding generation errors and fail to leverage even ground-truth visualizations. Our findings suggest that despite their inherent appeal, visual thoughts do not yet benefit model reasoning. MentisOculi establishes the necessary foundation to analyze and close this gap across diverse model families.

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24.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16707

User as Code: Executable Memory for Personalized Agents

作者:

Bojie Li ↗

arXiv:2606.16707v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A personalized AI agent needs a user memory: a persistent model of who the user is, built across many conversations and consulted on each new one. Today this memory is almost always stored as unstructured text, a knowledge graph, or a flat store of facts, and consulted by retrieval – fetching the entries most similar to the current request. Such "bag-of-facts" memory recalls individual facts well, but because storing a fact and acting on it are separate steps, it struggles to resolve contradictions, aggregate over many records, or enforce rules. We argue that user memory should instead be executable. We introduce User as Code (UaC), a paradigm in which an agent's model of a user is a living software project: typed Python objects hold the user's state and ordinary Python functions encode the rules that govern it, so representing and reasoning about the user happen in one medium an interpreter can run. The enabling mechanism is a two-phase pipeline: an append-only log that never discards a fact, periodically checkpointed into typed code. This changes what memory can do. On standard long-term conversation benchmarks, UaC matches both a full-context upper bound and the strongest prior memory systems on recall (78.8% on LOCOMO). Its advantage emerges where representation matters most. On aggregate questions over a user's history – "how many international trips did I take last year?" – retrieval-based memory collapses (6-43%) while UaC stays near-perfect (99%), because the answer is a one-line computation over typed state rather than a search over text. And because its rules execute deterministically whenever the state changes, UaC can surface unsolicited, safety-critical alerts – such as a newly prescribed drug that conflicts with an allergy recorded months earlier – a capability query-driven memory cannot provide.

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25.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25511

Preparing two-mode magnonic Schrödinger cat states in a cavity-magnon-qubit system

作者:

Gen Li ↗Gang Liu ↗Rong-Can Yang ↗Jie Li ↗

arXiv:2606.25511v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The cavity-magnon-qubit system has recently been demonstrated as a new platform for preparing macroscopic quantum states in magnonic systems. Here, we propose to prepare a two-mode magnonic cat state, which is also a non-Gaussian entangled state, based on this practical system involving two yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) spheres and a superconducting qubit coupled to a common microwave cavity. By adiabatically eliminating the cavity and resonantly driving the qubit, an effective magnon-qubit conditional-displacement interaction is achieved. Further working in the magnon-magnon strong-coupling regime and considering two identical magnon frequencies and coupling strengths to the cavity, two hybridized magnon modes are formed, of which the bright mode is prepared in a cat state after a projective measurement on the qubit, while the dark mode remains in its initial vacuum state. Such a state corresponds to a two-mode cat state of two original magnon modes, which share strong non-Gaussian entanglement. We also discuss practical dissipation and dephasing effects on the cat state. The results indicate that strong nonclassicality and non-Gaussian entanglement are present in the two-mode cat state using fully feasible parameters.

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