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01.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11320

Semantic Segmentation of Node and Edge Diagrams for Assistive Technology

作者:

Michael Cormier↗Yichun Zhao↗Laura Paul↗Cameron Swift↗Duc Tri Dang↗Miguel Nacenta↗

In this paper, we present a novel set of related models for semantic segmentation of node-link diagrams. These diagrams are frequently used to represent mathematical graphs, relationships between concepts, and flowcharts. Such diagrams are difficult to access non-visually; while some assistive interfaces have been designed for node-link diagrams, they rely upon a machine-readable representation of the diagram, whereas such diagrams will generally be made available as bitmap images. Our compact deep learning models show excellent quantitative and qualitative performance on a large synthetic dataset of node-link diagrams, reaching per-pixel accuracy over 93\%.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23959

Does My Embedding Reflect That $A = B$? Evaluating Mathematical Equivalence in Embedding Models

作者:

Jiaying Ye↗Samarth Rao↗Leo Carlin↗Kedar Chintalapati↗Saharsh Bhargava↗Rachit Jaiswal↗Michael Zhou↗Jared Darlington↗Jarod Alper↗Vasily Ilin↗Henry Kvinge↗

Because mathematics is highly abstract, a single statement can take very different forms depending on what subfield it is framed in. There are many examples where breakthroughs occurred after researchers discovered that a question had already been answered in a different field. At the same time, the growth of new resources related to formalization has increased the need for tools that enable efficient and reliable navigation between mathematical 'languages' (e.g., from Lean to natural language). In this paper, we investigate whether current embedding models capture mathematical equivalence. To do this, we introduce the Mathematically Equivalent but Lexically Different Pairs (MELD) Dataset, a collection of mathematically equivalent statements that are expressed in very different language. We show that current state-of-the-art embedding models tend to group statements by the terminology used to make them instead of the underlying math. Motivated by this, we propose a contrastive approach to learning embeddings of mathematical text that focuses on aligning informal statements with different formalizations. Our experiments demonstrate that this leads to improvements not only on informal-formal retrieval tasks but also on MELD, which only contains natural language statements.

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03.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15153

False Sense of Safety in Selective Signal Classification: Auditing Bound Tightness and Exchangeability for Risk Control

作者:

Jingwen Zhou↗Mingzhe Wang↗

arXiv:2606.15153v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Selective prediction with distribution-free risk control promises that, with confidence 1-delta over the calibration draw, the error rate of accepted inputs stays below a user budget alpha. We audit this promise on signal-domain detectors – machine anomalous-sound detection (ASD) and AI-generated-image forensics – for four calibration rules: uncertified empirical thresholding (NAIVE) and certified Hoeffding, Clopper-Pearson (CP), and betting (WSR) upper confidence bounds. We report three findings. (i) NAIVE thresholding, common in practice, exceeds its declared budget in 49-73% of synthetic trials (n=200 calibration points) and in up to 68% of real-data splits: a false sense of safety rather than a broken theorem, since the rule never had a certificate. (ii) Tightness matters: CP and WSR certify substantial coverage where Hoeffding certifies none, with zero observed budget overruns under exchangeable splits. (iii) Under grouped deployment (unseen machine types or generators), certified rules overrun in 9-30% of trials – far above delta – showing the failure lies in the broken exchangeability premise, not in the bounds; a conservative per-group threshold restores validity at a severe coverage cost.

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04.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15436

Beyond Classification: A Cough Regression Benchmark for Respiratory Acoustic Foundation Models

作者:

Mayur Sanap↗Prasanna Desikan↗Edgar Lobaton↗

arXiv:2606.15436v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Respiratory acoustic foundation models (FMs) excel at cough classification, yet their ability to predict continuous health quantities from cough audio remains largely unexplored, despite the clinical value of passive age, BMI, and disease probability estimation in settings where physical measurements are unavailable. We introduce the multi-model, multi-target cough regression benchmark evaluating five FMs (OPERA-CT, OPERA-CE, OPERA-GT, HeAR, M2D+Resp) across six targets on three datasets under subject-disjoint protocols, comparing linear, MLP-small, and full MLP regression heads. MLP-small beats the mean-predictor baseline on all tasks and linear probing in 23 of 30 model x task cases, with full MLP overfitting on small clinical data but recovering on larger sets, revealing a dataset size x head-capacity trade-off. HeAR leads within-dataset age regression on Coswara (9.12 yr MAE); its CIDRZ result is excluded from headline claims owing to possible HeAR-CIDRZ pretraining overlap. OPERA-GT is favored over OPERA-CT on age in all three datasets, with the CIDRZ margin within seed variance, extending a generative-pretraining advantage from breath to cough. HeAR and M2D+Resp reach near-full performance at N = 50 samples while OPERA models require N = 400. Cross-dataset transfer is strongly asymmetric as large diverse data generalises to small clinical populations (CoughVID to CIDRZ: -0.17 yr) but not vice versa (CIDRZ to Coswara: +2.43 yr, +26.6%).

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05.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19893

MetaResearcher: Scaling Deep Research via Self-Reflective Reinforcement Learning in Adversarial Virtual Environments

作者:

Wei Yu↗Suxing Liu↗Minjie Yu↗Jiahao Wang↗Zhijian Zheng↗Haocheng Deng↗Bing Li↗

arXiv:2606.19893v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Deep research agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in autonomous information gathering and synthesis, yet their training remains constrained by the static nature of simulated environments, the limits of fact-retrieval-only task designs, and the inefficiency of outcome-based reinforcement learning. In this work, we propose MetaResearcher, a novel framework that scales deep research agent training across four synergistic dimensions. First, we introduce an Evolving Virtual World that injects temporal dynamics and adversarial misinformation into the training environment, forcing agents to develop source credibility assessment and temporal conflict resolution skills. Second, we design Discovery-Oriented Tasks – including hypothesis generation and contradiction resolution – that transcend simple fact retrieval and push agents toward genuine research behaviors. Third, we propose a Self-Reflective Meta-Reward mechanism within the GRPO framework that jointly optimizes for answer correctness, search path efficiency, reflection depth, and tool call diversity, directly addressing the repetitive action loop problem observed in prior work. Fourth, we introduce a Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Swarm architecture comprising specialized Scout, Filter, and Synthesizer models that learn collaborative research strategies through coordinated reinforcement learning. Built upon the LiteResearcher infrastructure, MetaResearcher requires zero marginal API cost for training while targeting substantial improvements in both benchmark performance (GAIA, Xbench-DS) and epistemic robustness under adversarial conditions. We present the complete framework design, training methodology, and planned experimental validation.

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06.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24644

Measuring User's Mental Models of Speech Translation in Human-AI Collaboration

作者:

HyoJung Han↗Nishant Balepur↗Jordan Boyd-Graber↗Marine Carpuat↗

Millions of people use machine translation (MT) tools daily, yet little is known about their perception of what systems can and cannot do. This paper studies users' mental models of speech translation systems through a new framework based on cross-lingual question answering, where users either accept MT output or request professional re-translation to answer questions based on the information presented in a foreign language. By analyzing user behavior and accuracy trends across varying translation qualities, we examine to what extent they can predict where the system is likely to be wrong, and how this mental model evolves. Users develop stronger mental models with practice, especially when they have some knowledge of the source language, primarily by relying on surface-level error cues. Moreover, providing speech transcriptions can help users develop better mental models. Our results show the promise of cross-lingual question answering as a downstream task for studying MT mental models and advancing our understanding of human-AI collaboration.

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07.

PLOS Computational Biology 2026-06-17 DOI: HASH:14ccdf196ac98ac3b3b2ed9af190c99e

Deciphering cell type-specific causal genetic effects on brain imaging-derived phenotypes and disorders with single-cell Mendelian randomization

作者:

Anyi Yang↗

by Anyi Yang, Xingzhong Zhao, Xing-Ming Zhao, Yucheng T. Yang Reconstructing causality routes from genetic effects to complex phenotypes in particular cell types is crucial for understanding biological mechanisms underlying the brain-associated phenotypes including imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs), and brain disorders and behaviors (DBs). Here, we develop a single-cell Mendelian randomization framework to infer cell type-specific causal relationships between gene expression and diverse brain-associated complex phenotypes by integrating single-cell expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) and genome-wide association study findings. We identifiy a set of 254 and 217 cis-eQTL target genes (eGenes) that may have causal effects on 112 IDPs and 26 DBs in eight cell types, respectively. These causal eGenes exhibit strong cell type specificity and varied pleiotropy among different types of brain-associated phenotypes. Further integrative analysis reveals putative causality routes among cell type-specific causal eGenes and brain-associated complex phenotypes. Finally, we characterize the spatiotemporal expression patterns of these causal eGenes, and highlight the coordinated associations of the brain-associated phenotypes based on the expression of their causal eGenes. Overall, our study presents a large-scale analysis of the genetic effects of brain structures, disorders and behaviors, providing a catalog of cell type-specific causal eGenes.

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08.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19373

cAPM: Continual AI-Assisted Pace-Mapping with Active Learning

作者:

Dylan O'Hara↗Pradeep Bajracharya↗Casey Meisenzahl↗Karli Gillette↗Anton J. Prassl↗Gernot Plank↗Saman Nazarian↗Roderick Tung↗John L Sapp↗Linwei Wang↗

arXiv:2606.19373v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Ventricular tachycardia is a life-threatening rhythm disorder and a major cause of sudden cardiac death. Pace-mapping is a clinical procedure for identifying the intervention target during catheter ablation of VT. It requires clinicians to pace different sites in the ventricles and rapidly interpret the resulting electrocardiograms to determine where to pace next or whether a target site has been identified. Active learning AI models have been proposed to guide clinicians to the next pacing site, showing promise in reducing the number of pacing sites and improving the efficiency of pace-mapping. Existing methods require retraining each target without the ability to transfer knowledge across multiple VTs within the same patient or across patients. We introduce cAPM for continuous AI-assisted pace-mapping to capture and transfer knowledge accumulated from past pace-mapping data to reduce the number of pace-mapping data needed for future target VTs. This is made possible by a task-agnostic surrogate neural network that learns the mapping from pacing sites to 12-lead ECG morphology, an active-learning strategy that refines this surrogate model by selecting the most informative pacing site for each target, and a continual learning strategy to do so sequentially while retaining knowledge from prior targets. Evaluated on an in-silico testbed consisting of sequentially-presented localization tasks across different physiological conditions and ventricular geometries, cAPM with and without replay of past data samples achieved an 81% probability of localizing within clinical tolerance (5 mm accuracy) using 4.5 pace-mapping sites, compared to the state-of-the-art active-learning method achieving 38% probability using 13.7 pacing sites. These results provide a strong basis for preparing cAPM towards in-vivo preclinical and clinical studies where it can be used to guide pace-mapping.

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09.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.18037

ProvenanceGuard: Source-Aware Factuality Verification for MCP-Based LLM Agents

作者:

Ander Alvarez↗Santhiya Rajan↗Samuel Mugel↗Rom\'an Or\'us↗

Tool-using LLM agents increasingly use the Model Context Protocol (MCP) to answer from heterogeneous evidence sources, including search, APIs, databases, clinical records, and formulary tools. Standard factuality metrics usually test whether an answer is supported by pooled evidence, missing a provenance-sensitive failure mode: a claim may be supported somewhere while being attributed to the wrong source. We call this cross-source conflation. We introduce ProvenanceGuard, a source-aware verifier for MCP-grounded answers. It consumes captured MCP traces with stable tool IDs, source IDs, and raw outputs; decomposes answers into atomic claims; routes claims to source-specific evidence; checks support with NLI and a token-alignment proxy; compares stated attribution with the routed source; and returns per-claim verdicts plus an answer-level allow/block decision. Blocked answers can be repaired with retrieval-augmented answer revision and re-verified. We evaluate on 281 medical-domain MCP-agent traces. A 266-trace adjudicated subset yields 2,325 LLM-assisted claim labels split by trace; 361 held-out labels are human-verified. On the 40-trace held-out split, ProvenanceGuard achieves block F1 0.802 and source accuracy 0.858 over 260 source-eligible claims, outperforming source-blind baselines that do not emit claim-to-source IDs. On a harder multi-source benchmark it reaches block F1 0.846, while source-plus-relation accuracy drops to 0.229, showing that exact source ownership remains difficult with semantically close sources. Repair-and-reverify resolves all blocked answers in the full trace set, often via conservative fallback. In 50 controlled clinical conflation probes, ProvenanceGuard detects all injected attribution swaps with no retained wrong attribution. These results show that source attribution is an independent axis for factuality verification in MCP-based agents.

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10.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-13 DOI: HASH:9cdee739e12bfc0494d71ff31d669cd9

MoE-Bind: Guiding De Novo Protein Binder Generation with Sparse Experts

作者:

Sarkar↗

De novo protein binder design has been dominated by structure-based pipelines that require known three-dimensional target conformations and consume substantial compute and generation time per design, limiting their throughput and accessibility for routine large-scale binder exploration. Sequence-only generative models promise a faster and lighter alternative, yet existing systems remain uniformly dense and frequently reintroduce structural computation at inference, undermining the core advantages they were intended to deliver. Across the broader language modelling community, transformers have meanwhile transitioned from fully dense designs to sparse Mixture-of-Experts architectures that decouple capacity from per-token compute, a shift that has yet to reach sequence-only protein binder generation. We present MoE-Bind, an autoregressive protein binder generator that, for the first time in this domain, combines Multi-head Latent Attention with a sparse Mixture-of-Experts feed-forward network and is evaluated under two independent structure predictors, Boltz-2 and AlphaFold2-Multimer. Despite activating less than half the per-token parameters of compute-matched dense baselines, MoE-Bind matches or exceeds them on full-length receptor-conditioned binder generation on a leakage-free Docking Benchmark 5.0 evaluation, transfers without peptide-specific training to short-peptide design, and reduces training and inference compute by a large margin. Routing analysis on generated binders reveals interpretable expert specialization at both the individual amino acid and biochemical group level, a structured expert-token alignment not previously reported for natural-language MoE models. These results show that sparse architectural design, rather than scale, can deliver fast, structure-free, and interpretable protein binder generation.

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11.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2506.17137

Towards Conditional Feature Alignment for Cross-Domain Counting

作者:

Zhuonan Liang↗Dongnan Liu↗Jianan Fan↗Yaxuan Song↗Qiang Qu↗Runnan Chen↗Yu Yao↗Peng Fu↗Weidong Cai↗

Object counting models often degrade under cross-domain deployment because density composition varies across domains and is itself task-relevant. Standard feature alignment methods tend to suppress such variation by encouraging global domain invariance, which can be harmful when source and target domains contain different proportions of background, sparse foreground, and dense foreground. We propose Conditional Feature Alignment (CFA), a cross-domain counting framework that aligns representations within label-induced conditions rather than across full marginal feature distributions. Given density annotations or pseudo-density predictions, CFA constructs foreground/background or density-level conditions and aligns only features belonging to matching conditions. We formalise this idea through a conditional divergence perspective, showing that conditional alignment removes within-condition discrepancy while preserving condition-marginal density shift. For unsupervised domain adaptation, CFA estimates source conditions from annotations and target conditions from detached pseudo-density maps, then performs condition-wise adversarial alignment with full-image consistency regularisation. For source-domain generalisation, we instantiate the same principle with MPCount by enforcing condition-wise memory-consistency between generated source-domain views. Experiments on crowd and cell counting benchmarks show competitive or improved performance across diverse UDA and DG settings. For example, on JHU-CROWD++ FH$\rightarrow$SN, CFA-DG reduces MAE/RMSE from MPCount's 216.3/421.4 to 90.5/169.9, indicating that condition-wise alignment is especially effective under large weather- and density-induced shifts. These results suggest that condition-wise alignment is a promising design principle for domain-adaptive counting.

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12.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11949

Online Shift Detection and Conformal Adaptation for Deployed Safety Classifiers

作者:

Jun Wen Leong↗

arXiv:2606.11949v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We present an online monitoring system for distributional shift in deployed safety classifiers, using calibrated sequential statistics to detect when a classifier has moved out of distribution. Upon detection, a conformal abstention layer adapts decision thresholds to recover a target error rate epsilon=0.1. In a pre-registered factorial evaluation (4 classifiers x 5 shift conditions x 20 seeds x 2 window sizes, 800 cells), the system achieves 86.6% valid detection (693/800, 95% CI [84.1%, 88.8%]) with mean latency of 39.5 steps. Detection holds across three ground-truth regimes: synthetic onset (86.6%), real temporal jailbreaks (85%, 17/20), and GCG adversarial attacks. Weighted conformal prediction recovers up to 39 pp of lost coverage for DeBERTa (ESS=46/300) but collapses for all other classifiers (ESS~300): logistic density ratio estimation achieves perfect source/target separability in high-dimensional embedding spaces, clipping all importance weights to the floor. DeBERTa shows a gradient from effective correction (paraphrase, ESS=46) to near-total collapse (adversarial suffix, ESS=206). PCA to 32 dimensions breaks the collapse, recovering 33 pp for Llama Guard and 21 pp for ShieldGemma. Variance decomposition reveals classifier (eta^2=0.243), shift type (eta^2=0.237), and their interaction (eta^2=0.185) all contribute substantially to detection latency variance (all p

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13.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12983

Structured Testbench Generation for LLM-Driven HDL Design and Verification-Oriented Data Curation

作者:

En-Ming Huang↗Yu-Hung Kao↗Ren-Hao Deng↗Wei-Po Hsin↗Yao-Ting Hsieh↗Cheng Liang↗Hsiang-Yu Tsou↗Mu-Chi Chen↗Yu-Kai Hung↗Shao-Chun Ho↗Po-Hsuang Huang↗Shih-Hao Hung↗…

arXiv:2606.12983v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Automated testbench generation has become a critical bottleneck in large language model (LLM)-driven Register Transfer Level (RTL) workflows, where large numbers of candidate designs must be verified rapidly and reliably. Existing prompt-based approaches treat testbench generation as unconstrained code synthesis, yielding stochastic outputs with high token cost, low reproducibility, and insufficient coverage. To address this gap, we present STG, a Structured Testbench Generation framework that exploits the inherent structure of hardware designs to generate deterministic testbenches. As a direct verification tool, STG runs 720x faster than an iterative LLM-based testbench generation flow and higher rate of successful compilation, achieves higher coverage, and reduces false-pass verdicts on incorrect DUTs. STG also helps identify errors in RTL generation benchmarks by exposing faulty benchmark testbenches. As a data curation engine, it is 11x faster than LLM-based filtering on a single CPU core with 127x less energy, and the resulting distilled models provide state-of-the-art performance in our multi-benchmark evaluation. As a test-time scaling oracle, it reduces node count by 14-47\%. Our models are available at https://huggingface.co/collections/AS-SiliconMind/siliconmind-v12.

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14.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11425

JailbreakOPT: Tool-Assisted Iterative Jailbreak Prompt Optimization

作者:

Ge Shi↗Jun Yin↗Donglin Xie↗Fangyi Liu↗Yucan Li↗Menglin Liu↗

arXiv:2606.11425v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Jailbreak attacks expose persistent safety weaknesses in large language models (LLMs), but existing stateless single-turn methods face a trade-off: hand-crafted prompts are expressive but static, while iterative prompt optimization can adapt but often relies on low-level mutations that require many target queries. We propose JailbreakOPT, a tool-assisted framework for improving iterative single-turn jailbreak prompt optimization. JailbreakOPT organizes diverse atomic jailbreak prompts into an attack tool library and composes them through a unified intra-episode optimization abstraction to generate stronger standalone attack prompts. To reuse experience across attack episodes, JailbreakOPT further frames tool selection as a contextual bandit problem and applies contextual Thompson sampling to guide exploration and exploitation based on past outcomes. Experiments across multiple target LLMs and attack goals show that JailbreakOPT improves attack success rate (ASR) while reducing the number of attacks until success (No.A) compared with atomic single-turn attacks and existing iterative optimization baselines. This paper may contain offensive or harmful content.

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15.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2506.11139

Grids Often Outperform Implicit Neural Representations at Compressing Dense Signals

作者:

Namhoon Kim↗Sara Fridovich-Keil↗

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) have recently shown impressive results, but their fundamental capacity, implicit biases, and scaling behavior remain poorly understood. We investigate the performance of diverse INRs across a suite of 2D and 3D real and synthetic signals with varying effective bandwidth, as well as both overfitting and generalization tasks including tomography, super-resolution, and denoising. By stratifying performance according to model size as well as signal type and bandwidth, our results shed light on how different INR and grid representations allocate their capacity. We find that, for many tasks involving dense signals, a simple regularized grid with interpolation trains faster and to higher or comparable quality than any INR with the same number of parameters. We also find limited settings – namely fitting binary signals such as shape contours – where INRs outperform grids, to guide future development and use of INRs towards the most advantageous applications.

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16.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.20227

QMFOL: Benchmarking Large Language Model Reasoning via Quantifiable Monadic First-Order Logic Test Case Generation

作者:

Xinyi Zheng↗Ling Shi↗Tianlong Yu↗Yongxin Zhao↗Lorenz Goette↗Kailong Wang↗

arXiv:2606.20227v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in reasoning, particularly in deductive reasoning, which is crucial for high-stakes decision-making. As models improve, evaluation benchmarks should evolve to keep pace. However, existing benchmarks lack fine-grained control over logical complexity and struggle to balance semantic diversity with logical consistency. To address these issues, we propose QMFOL, an automated framework for generating monadic first-order logic reasoning tasks with quantifiable and controllable complexity. It constructs formal logical structures using conjunction and disjunction patterns, enabling precise control over reasoning depth, width, label types, and distractors. These structures are then translated into natural language via LLMs, with logical consistency ensured through round-trip verification using an external prover. Based on our framework, we build QMFOLBench, a benchmark comprising 2880 instances with 960 configurations across diverse logical and semantic dimensions. Evaluations on six large reasoning models (LRMs) and two LLMs show that performance degrades and computational overhead increases with rising logical complexity. Models perform better on True-labeled tasks than on False or Unknown ones, and exhibit sensitivity to semantic variation. Overall, QMFOL offers a scalable and reliable approach for constructing deductive reasoning benchmarks with controllable complexity, enabling more precise evaluation of reasoning capabilities in modern language models.

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17.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.20003

Optimal Shadow Estimation with Minimal Measurement Settings

作者:

Zhiyao Yang↗Datong Chen↗Huangjun Zhu↗

arXiv:2606.20003v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Shadow estimation is a powerful framework for predicting quantum properties from randomized measurements. While $3$-design protocols achieve optimal worst-case performance, the minimal number of measurement bases required for such optimality has remained open. Here we prove that $\Theta(d^2)$ measurement bases are both necessary and sufficient for worst-case optimal shadow estimation and construct an explicit basis family. In stark contrast, any state $2$-design already suffices for average-case optimality: the mean squared shadow norm of normalized observables is bounded by a universal constant, and we prove strong concentration for Haar-random states, yielding constant sample complexity for generic pure-state fidelity estimation. Easily implementable $2$-designs – from mutually unbiased bases, cyclic measurements, or shallow $\mathcal{O}(\log n)$-depth circuits – enable optimal average-case protocols with remarkably simple measurement strategies. Our results establish a fundamental complexity separation: worst-case estimation requires $\Theta(d^2)$ bases, whereas average-case performance requires only $\Theta(d)$ bases, with broad implications for quantum information theory and near-term experiments.

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18.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.12381

Markov property and path regularity for the solutions to SPDEs driven by cylindrical-martingale valued measures

作者:

Santiago Cambronero↗David Campos↗C. A. Fonseca-Mora↗Dar\'io Mena↗

arXiv:2606.12381v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In this paper we prove the Markov property for the solution to stochastic partial differential equations driven by a cylindrical orthogonal martingale-valued measure. We assume our coefficients are time-dependent and satisfy some growth and Lipschitz conditions. We also prove that for time-independent coefficients and under mild assumptions on the cylindrical orthogonal martingale-valued measure, the solutions to our stochastic partial differential equations are Feller. Finally, in the case that the $C_{0}$-semigroup is quasi-contraction, we show that the solution to our stochastic partial differential equation possesses a càdlàg version.

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19.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19868

A Systematic Evaluation of Black-Box Uncertainty Estimation Methods for Large Language Models

作者:

Jiayi Wang↗Xu-Yao Zhang↗

arXiv:2606.19868v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Although large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities across a wide range of tasks, their outputs often remain unreliable and may contain hallucinations, making uncertainty estimation (UE) essential for building trustworthy LLMs. In practice, many mainstream LLMs are only accessible through restricted APIs, where internal signals such as logits and hidden states are unavailable, making black-box UE especially important. However, existing work on black-box UE for LLMs remains fragmented in methodology and lacks a unified empirical comparison. To address this gap, we present a systematic review of black-box UE methods and organize them into five categories: verbalization-based, sampling-based, explanation-based, multi-agent, and hybrid methods. We further build a unified evaluation framework and benchmark 24 representative methods across 4 models and 4 dataset settings. Our results show that no single method consistently dominates across all settings. Nevertheless, methods that reason over and compare candidates in the answer space are generally effective, and hybrid methods that combine multiple uncertainty signals perform well under most conditions. By releasing the benchmark data and a unified evaluation framework, we aim to facilitate reproducible comparisons and support future research, while our empirical findings provide practical guidance for developing future black-box UE methods for LLMs.

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20.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2604.03725

Quantum Algebraic Diversity: Single-Copy Density Matrix Estimation via Group-Structured Measurements

作者:

Mitchell A. Thornton↗

arXiv:2604.03725v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We extend the algebraic diversity (AD) framework from classical signal processing to quantum measurement theory. The Quantum Algebraic Diversity (QAD) Theorem establishes that a group-structured positive operator-valued measure (POVM) applied to a single copy of a quantum state produces a full-rank, group-averaged density matrix estimator whose eigenbasis and eigenvalue ordering track those of the true density matrix, with a bias toward the symmetrized state, analogous to the classical recovery of covariance eigenstructure from a single observation. We establish a Classical-Quantum Duality Map connecting classical covariance estimation to quantum state tomography, and an Optimality Inheritance Theorem showing that classical group optimality transfers to quantum settings via the Born map within the group-averaged family. SIC-POVMs are identified as AD with the Heisenberg-Weyl group and mutually unbiased bases as AD with the Clifford group, revealing the hierarchy $\mathrm{HW}(d) \subseteq \mathcal{C}(d) \subseteq S_d$ that mirrors the classical $\mathbb{Z}_M \subseteq G_{\min} \subseteq S_M$. The double-commutator eigenvalue theorem gives polynomial-time adaptive POVM selection. A worked qubit example shows the group-averaged estimator from a single computational-basis measurement, averaged over a matched $\mathbb{Z}_2$ group, reaching fidelity 0.99 where standard single-basis tomography gives a rank-1 estimate of fidelity 0.80. Monte Carlo simulations for $d = 2$ to $13$ confirm fidelity above 0.90 from a single outcome while standard fidelity degrades as $\sim 1/d$. The growing ratio reflects collapse of the rank-1 standard estimator, not fewer copies per parameter: the biased single-copy estimator reduces the number of distinct measurement settings, not the per-parameter sampling cost, and a genuine copy reduction holds only under exact symmetry.

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21.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-12 DOI: HASH:8b7df08e77472975dbd76c7bbe90bb02

DNA Compression with Genomic Language Models: Tokenization, Benchmarking, and an Information-Content Map

作者:

Macala↗Simecek↗

Lossless compression and probabilistic sequence modeling are two faces of the same coin: a model that assigns high probability to a sequence can encode it in few bits via arithmetic coding. We exploit this duality to evaluate genomic language models as compressors of DNA, using compression primarily as an objective probe of generative sequence modeling rather than as a deployable storage system. We release DNAGPT2, a family of ten GPT-2-small models pretrained for one epoch on a single A40 using the DNABERT2 multi-species corpus that differ only in byte-pair encoding vocabulary size. Coupled with arithmetic coding, the best model reaches 1.47 bits per base (bpb) on the T2T human genome, fourth in the Cobilab compression benchmark and ahead of every general-purpose compressor. Our results suggest that NLP-style tokenization choices may be suboptimal for DNA: a 32-token BPE vocabulary compresses better than larger vocabularies. We also find that, in this benchmark, published long-context genomic LMs underperform a much shorter-context BPE GPT-2; we discuss in Section 5 that this is not a controlled context-length ablation, since the compared models also differ in architecture, training data, parameter count, and tokenization. Finally, we compute a per-nucleotide information-content map of the human genome and show that exons, introns, intergenic regions, and Alu repeats have statistically distinct information profiles.

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22.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2603.18464

AcceRL: A Distributed Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning and World Model Framework for Vision-Language-Action Models

作者:

Chengxuan Lu↗Shukuan Wang↗Yanjie Li↗Yingying Fang↗Huoyan Wang↗Tian Zhang↗Wei Liu↗Shiji Jin↗Fuyuan Qian↗Peiming Li↗Chao Xu↗Baigui Sun↗…

arXiv:2603.18464v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) for large-scale Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models is severely bottlenecked by synchronization barriers and the high cost of environment data acquisition. To overcome these challenges, we propose AcceRL, a distributed asynchronous RL framework that physically isolates environment rollouts, model inference, and gradient updates. By eliminating the cascading long-tail idle bubbles inherent in synchronous systems, AcceRL maximizes hardware utilization and ensures scalable throughput. Furthermore, AcceRL features a modular design that supports the integration of diverse, plug-and-play world models into its distributed pipeline. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the base framework achieves highly competitive performance across all four LIBERO[liu2023libero] task suites. Systematically, the asynchronous architecture delivers a $2.4\times$ throughput speedup over leading synchronous baselines. Algorithmically, by leveraging a world model pre-trained on 1,000 offline trajectories, AcceRL achieves up to a $200\times$ improvement in online sample efficiency on LIBERO-Spatial, establishing a robust framework that is both sample-efficient and time-efficient for embodied AI. Code is included in the supplementary material. Code is available at https://github.com/distanceLu/AcceRL.

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23.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-15 DOI: HASH:0d90a2da2a3d2d78dece637f14838033

oxo-flow: compiled, memory-safe bioinformatics workflow orchestration

作者:

Wang↗

Bioinformatics analyses depend on workflow engines to coordinate dozens of computational tools across complex dependency chains. The most widely adopted engines-Snakemake, Nextflow, the Common Workflow Language (CWL), and the Workflow Description Language (WDL)-run on interpreted or just-in-time (JIT) compiled language runtimes, incurring hundreds of milliseconds of startup latency and providing no compile-time safety guarantees from the host language. We developed oxo-flow, a workflow engine written in Rust that compiles to a single native binary. On an Apple M5 processor, oxo-flow parses, validates, and dry-runs a production-scale workflow in roughly 22 milliseconds-before Snakemake or Nextflow have finished loading their runtime environments. Peak memory usage is 16 megabytes, representing six- to seven-fold reductions relative to Snakemake and Nextflow. Dry-run latency is essentially independent of workflow size: a hundred-fold increase in rule count adds approximately 0.4 milliseconds. oxo-flow integrates 31 command-line tools, a REST interface with 60 endpoints, an embedded web application, and native cluster submission into a single 10-megabyte binary. It provides per-rule environment isolation across seven backends, checkpoint-based fault tolerance with cryptographic output verification, and a formal installation and operational qualification protocol for regulated laboratory environments. Ten curated workflows and three demonstration pipeline repositories are available. oxo-flow is freely available under Apache License 2.0 at https://github.com/Traitome/oxo-flow.

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24.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18309

SAGE: Retain-Aware Post-Hoc Sanitization of Final Unlearning Vector

作者:

Jingyuan Zhang↗Yucheng Bai↗Peixi Wen↗Zhehao Huang↗Zhengbao He↗Hanling Tian↗Xinwen Cheng↗Haiyin Ran↗Xiaolin Huang↗

arXiv:2606.18309v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning aims to remove undesirable knowledge or behaviors while preserving retained capabilities. Current unlearning methods all involve a trade-off between unlearning and retention. We have found that the retention activation bias can also be used to quantify the damage an unlearning method inflicts on retention, without considering the specific implementation of the unlearning process. This allows us to restore retention performance for any unlearning method using a post-hoc approach. Therefore, we propose a complementary post-hoc setting to sanitize the final update vector without rerunning the original unlearning pipeline. In this setting, we design SAGE, Spectral Activation-GEometry Sanitization, a source-agnostic correction for final unlearning updates. SAGE collects real module inputs from a small retain proxy, extracts their dominant activation geometry, and solves a source-anchored optimization objective in closed form, which suppresses update components aligned with high-energy retained directions while preserving the source method's forgetting carrier. Across multiple unlearning methods, model scales, and benchmarks, SAGE consistently relieves the retain-forget trade-off, identifying post-hoc sanitization of final vectors as a practical and underexplored axis for machine unlearning.

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25.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16454

SDS-LoRA: Overcoming Anisotropic Gradient Scaling in Low-Rank Adaptation

作者:

Junghun Oh↗Sungyong Baik↗Kyoung Mu Lee↗

arXiv:2606.16454v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) enables efficient adaptation of large pre-trained models to downstream tasks by parameterizing weight updates with low-rank matrices. In this paper, we investigate the limitations of the LoRA parameterization from a geometric perspective. Specifically, we show that when a full fine-tuning gradient is backpropagated to the low-rank matrices, it undergoes anisotropic scaling driven by their singular values. We argue that this phenomenon is undesirable because it distorts the full fine-tuning gradient by skewing it toward dominant singular directions while suppressing others. Our analyses demonstrate that anisotropic gradient scaling reduces the effective rank of the low-rank matrices' gradients and results in suboptimal alignment between the full fine-tuning gradient and its low-rank approximation in LoRA, thereby exacerbating the gap to full fine-tuning. To address these limitations, we propose a new low-rank parameterization, SDS-LoRA, which structurally decouples singular values from the backward pass. Our method ensures that the full fine-tuning gradient backpropagates only through the orthonormal bases of the low-rank matrices' subspaces, independent of their scales. Convergence analysis demonstrates that while LoRA's convergence rate degrades with the condition number of the low-rank matrices, SDS-LoRA remains independent of it. Experimental results across natural language and vision benchmarks show that SDS-LoRA improves loss convergence and reduces the gap to full fine-tuning, significantly enhancing adaptation performance.

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