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01.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23690

Beyond the Autoregressive Horizon: A Comprehensive Survey of Diffusion Models, World Modelling, and State Space Models for Code

作者:

Kishan Maharaj↗Ashita Saxena↗Srikanth Tamilselvam↗

arXiv:2606.23690v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Autoregressive (AR) language models have driven significant progress in automated software engineering, enabling powerful code generation and assistance systems. However, the next-token prediction paradigm introduces structural limitations for code reasoning, including restricted global planning, challenges in maintaining long-range dependencies, and limited grounding in program execution semantics. Noting the heavy skewness of existing literature towards AR models, we discuss emerging paradigms that could potentially overcome the logic and scaling bottlenecks of next-token prediction by unlocking next-generation architectural capabilities for code intelligence. Specifically, we discuss the potential of Diffusion Models, which generate code via holistic denoising that captures long-range syntactic constraints often missed by AR models. We also discuss Code World Models (CWMs), which simulate execution states to support reasoning, and State Space Models (SSMs), which provide linear-time efficiency for massive contexts. By connecting these developments with findings from cognitive neuroscience, we outline directions for developing "System 2" code generation agents.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.17020

FusionRS: A Large-Scale RGB-Infrared Remote Sensing Dataset for Dual-Modal Vision-Language Foundation Models

作者:

Jiaju Han↗Ben Zhang↗Xuemeng Sun↗Qike Zhang↗Yuxian Dong↗Chengyin Hu↗Fengyu Zhang↗Yiwei Wei↗Jiujiang Guo↗

Remote sensing vision-language models have advanced Earth observation understanding, but most existing work remains centered on RGB imagery, leaving the complementary information in infrared data underexplored. Infrared images provide distinctive cues, including thermal intensity structures, object boundaries, and illumination-invariant scene features, which can enrich visual-language learning beyond conventional RGB observations. However, a large-scale RGB-infrared-text dataset for remote sensing vision-language modeling is still absent. To address this gap, we introduce FusionRS, the first large-scale RGB-infrared-text dataset designed for dual-modal vision-language learning in remote sensing. FusionRS is constructed by translating diverse public RGB remote sensing images into infrared-style counterparts, forming aligned RGB-IR image pairs. Each pair is associated with conventional scene captions and IR-aware captions that explicitly describe infrared-specific visual properties while preserving semantic content. Based on FusionRS, we train dual-modal vision-language foundation models for RGB-IR joint understanding. We first train CLIP-style models for RGB-IR-text alignment, and then fine-tune generative VLMs for dual-modal RGB-IR captioning. Experiments show that FusionRS improves RGB-IR alignment, infrared-to-text retrieval, and dual-modal captioning over RGB-only and non-IR-aware training settings. Ablation studies further verify that IR-aware captions are crucial for strengthening infrared-language alignment, highlighting the importance of modality-specific textual supervision for more scalable RGB-infrared remote sensing vision-language representation learning.

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03.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2602.09379

LingxiDiagBench: A Multi-Agent Framework for Benchmarking LLMs in Chinese Psychiatric Consultation and Diagnosis

作者:

Shihao Xu↗Tiancheng Zhou↗Jiatong Ma↗Yanli Ding↗Yiming Yan↗Ming Xiao↗Guoyi Li↗Haiyang Geng↗Yunyun Han↗Jianhua Chen↗Yafeng Deng↗

Mental disorders are highly prevalent worldwide, but the shortage of psychiatrists and the inherent subjectivity of interview-based diagnosis create substantial barriers to timely and consistent mental-health assessment. Progress in AI-assisted psychiatric diagnosis is constrained by the absence of benchmarks that simultaneously provide realistic patient simulation, clinician-verified diagnostic labels, and support for dynamic multi-turn consultation. We present LingxiDiagBench, a large-scale multi-agent benchmark that evaluates LLMs on both static diagnostic inference and dynamic multi-turn psychiatric consultation in Chinese. At its core is LingxiDiag-16K, a dataset of 16,000 EMR-aligned synthetic consultation dialogues designed to reproduce real clinical demographic and diagnostic distributions across 12 ICD-10 psychiatric categories. Through extensive experiments across state-of-the-art LLMs, we establish key findings: (1) although LLMs achieve high accuracy on binary depression–anxiety classification (up to 92.3%), performance deteriorates substantially for depression–anxiety comorbidity recognition (43.0%) and 12-way differential diagnosis (28.5%); (2) dynamic consultation often underperforms static evaluation, indicating that ineffective information-gathering strategies significantly impair downstream diagnostic reasoning; (3) consultation quality assessed by LLM-as-a-Judge shows only moderate correlation with diagnostic accuracy, suggesting that well-structured questioning alone does not ensure correct diagnostic decisions. We release LingxiDiag-16K and the full evaluation framework to support reproducible research at https://github.com/Lingxi-mental-health/LingxiDiagBench.

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04.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.01602

Estimating Mutual Information between Time Series and Temporal Event Sequences Across Diverse Analysis Tasks

作者:

Haoji Hu↗Huaqing Mao↗Yijun Lin↗Xiaowei Jia↗Jinwei Zhou↗Minoh Jeong↗Yao-Yi Chiang↗

arXiv:2606.01602v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Pairwise dependence measures such as correlation and causality are fundamental to temporal data mining, yet there is still no principled and robust way to quantify dependence between heterogeneous data types, especially between continuous time series and discrete temporal event sequences. Existing approaches rely on ad hoc transformations or mutual-information estimators that are highly sensitive to quantization, repeated values, and event redundancy, leading to biased or unstable results in practice. We propose a nonparametric mutual information estimator that directly measures the dependence between time series and event sequences without data transformation, learning, or ad hoc discretization. Our method models the continuous-discrete duality of real-world time series to handle quantization and repeated-value artifacts and introduces a latent event clustering strategy to mitigate bias from event co-occurrence and redundancy. Together, these yield a robust and unified framework that bridges discrete and continuous mutual information. We evaluate the proposed estimator on four representative tasks: discrete-continuous time-delayed mutual information for causality analysis, global and local temporal repetition discovery, discrete covariate selection for time series forecasting, and continuous feature selection for classification. Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show consistent improvements over existing methods in accuracy, robustness, and interpretability, positioning our approach as a general-purpose dependence operator for heterogeneous temporal data, similar to Pearson correlation for homogeneous time series. Code available at: https://github.com/HaojiHu/Multimodal-Temporal-Data-Quantification

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05.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13662

EurekAgent: Agent Environment Engineering is All You Need For Autonomous Scientific Discovery

作者:

Amy Xin↗Jiening Siow↗Junjie Wang↗Zijun Yao↗Fanjin Zhang↗Jian Song↗Lei Hou↗Juanzi Li↗

LLM-based agents have shown increasing potential in automating scientific discovery. Given an optimizable metric and an execution environment, they can propose, validate, and iterate scientific solutions, and have produced results that outperform human-designed approaches. As model capabilities continue to improve, we argue that the bottleneck for autonomous scientific discovery is shifting from prescribing agent workflows to designing agent environments: the resources, constraints, and interfaces that shape agent behavior. We frame this as environment engineering: building environments that amplify productive behaviors, such as open-ended exploration, systematic artifact management, and inter-agent collaboration, while suppressing harmful behaviors, such as reward hacking and high-friction human oversight. We present EurekAgent, an environment-engineered agent system for metric-driven autonomous scientific discovery. EurekAgent engineers the environment along four dimensions: permissions engineering for bounded agent execution and isolated evaluation; artifact engineering for filesystem and Git-based collaboration; budget engineering for budget-aware exploration; and human-in-the-loop engineering for easy human supervision and intervention. EurekAgent sets new state-of-the-art results on multiple mathematics, kernel engineering, and machine learning tasks, including new state-of-the-art 26-circle packing results discovered with less than $11 in total API cost. We open-source our code and results, and call for environment engineering as a core research direction for developing reliable autonomous research agents.

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06.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19823

Low-Burden Data Augmentation for Dysarthric ASR via Zero-Shot Voice Cloning

作者:

Satwinder Singh↗Qianli Wang↗Zihan Zhong↗Clarion Mendes↗Hasegawa-Johnson↗Waleed Abdulla↗Seyed Reza Shahamiri↗

arXiv:2606.19823v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Automatic speech recognition remains unreliable for dysarthric speech due to data scarcity and high inter-speaker variability. While synthetic data can address these gaps, traditional methods often require extensive speaker-specific data, reintroducing the collection bottleneck. We investigate zero-shot voice cloning as a low-burden augmentation strategy, using Higgs Audio V2 to clone speakers in the TORGO dataset. We fine-tune (FT) Whisper-medium on cloned, real, and hybrid data and evaluate on held-out real speech. Compared to the zero-shot (31.62%), Clone FT achieved a competitive 26.00% WER, nearly matching the 24.44% and 25.12% seen with Real and Hybrid FT, respectively. Notably, Clone and Hybrid FT outperform Real FT for moderate-severe speakers. Clone FT achieves the best results (11.45% relative) in cross-corpus evaluation on the SAP-1102. These results suggest that zero-shot cloning provides scalable training data that circumvents the costly data collection bottleneck.

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07.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2105.13314

Percolation phase transition on planar spin systems

作者:

Caio Alves↗Gideon Amir↗Rangel Baldasso↗Augusto Teixeira↗

arXiv:2105.13314v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: In this article we study the continuity and sharpness of the phase transition for percolation models defined on top of planar spin systems. The two examples that we treat in detail concern the Glauber dynamics for the Ising model and a Dynamic Bootstrap process. For both of these models we prove that their phase transition is continuous and sharp, providing also quantitative estimates on the two point connectivity. The techniques that we develop in this work can be applied to a variety of different percolation models based on spin-flip dynamics. We also discuss some of the problems that can be tackled in a similar fashion.

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08.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24058

VisChronos: Revolutionizing Image Captioning Through Real-Life Events

作者:

Phuc-Tan Nguyen↗Hieu Nguyen↗Minh-Triet Tran↗Trung-Nghia Le↗

This paper aims to bridge the semantic gap between visual content and natural language understanding by leveraging historical events in the real world as a source of knowledge for caption generation. We propose VisChronos, a novel framework that utilizes large language models and dense captioning models to identify and describe real-life events from a single input image. Our framework can automatically generate detailed and context-aware event descriptions, enhancing the descriptive quality and contextual relevance of generated captions to address the limitations of traditional methods in capturing contextual narratives. Furthermore, we introduce a new dataset, EventCap (https://zenodo.org/records/14004909), specifically constructed using the proposed framework, designed to enhance the model's ability to identify and understand complex events. The user study demonstrates the efficacy of our solution in generating accurate, coherent, and event-focused descriptions, paving the way for future research in event-centric image understanding.

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09.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23939

Constrained Variable Projection for Structured Problems

作者:

Emanuele Zangrando↗Sara Venturini↗Francesco Rinaldi↗Francesco Tudisco↗

arXiv:2606.23939v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Variable projection is a classical technique for separable nonlinear least-squares problems, in which variables that enter linearly are eliminated exactly, yielding a reduced nonlinear problem. By expressing this framework as a particular instance of a broader class of bilevel optimization problems, we develop a constrained variable-projection framework for data-science models, where the remaining variables are subject to convex constraints and the eliminated variables arise from a lower-level least-squares problem. In particular, by interpreting variable projection as a collapsed bilevel optimization problem, we derive exact reduced-gradient formulas compatible with automatic differentiation and propose a conditional-gradient algorithm for the resulting constrained reduced problem. We establish convergence guarantees under standard smoothness and compactness assumptions, and discuss extensions to structured lower-level variables. Numerical experiments on sparse autoencoding, dictionary learning, blind deconvolution, and few-shot learning suggest that the method can improve wall-clock efficiency and data efficiency relative to natural joint-optimization baselines.

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10.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.24964

Evidence for feature-specific error correction in LLMs

作者:

Francisco Ferreira da Silva↗Stefan Heimersheim↗

arXiv:2606.24964v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Understanding the features of large language models (LLMs) is a central goal of interpretability. LLMs are commonly assumed to use superposition to represent more features than they have dimensions. They may not only represent features in superposition but also perform computation in superposition. Theory predicts that computing in superposition requires error correction that privileges feature directions over generic ones, but this prediction has not been tested empirically. We propose an empirical test of error correction in LLMs based on activation perturbations. Perturbing residual-stream activations, we find that they are robust to small perturbations–forming activation plateaus consistent with error correction–but less robust along candidate feature directions ("pure" directions, constructed from contrastive prompt pairs) than along mixtures of two such directions, indicating that the pure directions are privileged. We quantify this privilegedness by modeling the perturbation effect as a function of the $L^p$-norm of its decomposition into feature components. For $p=2$ the response is a quadratic form with at most as many nonzero eigenvalues as the residual-stream dimension, which cannot privilege the many feature directions superposition requires. $p>2$ lifts this constraint and is consistent with feature-specific error correction. We find $p>2$ for contrastive, MELBO, and SAE-decoder directions, and $p\approx2$ for random and PCA directions (controls). These results replicate across Gemma-2-9B, Qwen3-1.7B, Llama-3.1-8B, Mistral-7B-v0.3, Aya-Expanse-8B, and Yi-1.5-9B. We further validate our method on a toy model of error correction with known ground-truth features, recovering $p>2$ for true feature directions, degrading toward $2$ as we rotate away from them.

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11.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.24723

Rotational Vacuum Friction of Nonabsorbing Particles

作者:

F. Javier Garc\'ia de Abajo↗Alejandro Manjavacas↗

arXiv:2606.24723v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A nonabsorbing particle rotating in vacuum can lose angular momentum only by converting mechanical energy into electromagnetic radiation. Here, we develop a quantum theory of rotational vacuum friction for small lossless particles and show that axial symmetry qualitatively changes the leading dissipation channel. At zero temperature, the frictional torque scales as $M\propto\Omega^7$ with rotation frequency $\ Omega$ in anisotropic particles due to the emission of correlated photon pairs whose frequencies sum to $2\Omega$, while a contribution to the torque linear in $\ Omega$ is found at finite temperature. In contrast, axisymmetric particles are protected against photon-assisted friction regardless of temperature.

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12.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2407.06312

Adversarial dynamical systems characterize when data-driven learning succeeds or fails

作者:

Matthew J. Colbrook↗Igor Mezi\'c↗Alexei Stepanenko↗

arXiv:2407.06312v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Many systems resist analytical modeling, making data-driven inference of dynamics important. Yet data-driven methods can fail to converge or generalize, leaving open a central question: When can system behavior be learned reliably from data, and when is such learning impossible? We answer this question using adversarial dynamical systems to identify the boundary between accessible and inaccessible regimes. In Koopman operator learning, a leading framework for representing nonlinear dynamics through linear spectral objects, we design optimal data-driven spectral algorithms with convergence and certification guarantees under conditions arising broadly in physical systems. This yields a convergence theory for Koopman-operator approximations and resolves a longstanding open problem in Koopman spectral analysis. Conversely, by constructing adversarial systems, we prove matching impossibility results: without these conditions, no single-sequence limiting procedure can guarantee learning, regardless of data quality. These results sharply characterize when data-driven spectral learning can succeed and when it must fail. We validate the framework on oscillators, chaotic fluid flows and Arctic sea ice concentration forecasting. In the latter, we uncover hidden modes of Arctic sea ice decline, deliver long-range forecasts with geographic error bounds, and outperform state-of-the-art dynamical and deep learning models at substantially lower computational cost, enabling real-time deployment on standard CPUs.

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13.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12540

Toward Entanglement Bootstrap for Conformal Field Theory in Any Dimension

作者:

Rolando Ramirez Camasca↗Xiang Li↗Ting-Chun Lin↗John McGreevy↗

arXiv:2606.12540v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Given a quantum critical wavefunction in any dimension, we propose a reconstructed Hamiltonian, analogous to the ones previously found for 1+1d CFT and for 2+1d bosonic liquid topologically-ordered states. We test numerically that, for known regularized approximate CFT groundstates (on the icosahedron and the fuzzy sphere), (1) they are close to the groundstate of their reconstructed Hamiltonian, and (2) the spectrum of their reconstructed Hamiltonian on the unit sphere has CFT properties (integer spacing of descendants) and matches known low-lying energies. We show that this provides an automated method to improve the finite-size effects in a fixed Hilbert space.

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14.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16615

SUP-MCRL: Subject-aware Unified Pseudo-feature Coded Multimodal Contrastive Representation Learning for EEG Visual Decoding

作者:

Shengyu Gong↗Weiming Zeng↗Yueyang Li↗Zijian Kang↗Hongjie Yan↗Wai Ting Siok↗Nizhuan Wang↗

Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces suffer severe fidelity degradation in neural visual decoding when generalizing to natural visual experiences. Conventional multimodal contrastive representation learning solely optimizes geometric distance alignment, neglecting semantic consistency and subject selectivity, causing spurious zero-shot alignment. We propose SUP-MCRL, a unified framework integrating three collaborative mechanisms: (1) Semantic-entity Aware Visual Encoder (SAVE), learning spatial attention to extract semantic content without pre-trained saliency models; (2 Unified EEG Enhancer (UEE), employing multi-scale atrous convolutions and inter-band attention for adaptive cross-subject robustness; and (3) Prototype-based Progressive Augmenter (PPA), maintaining an EMA-updated pseudo-feature pool to prevent representation collapse. Zero-shot experiments on THINGS-EEG achieve 66.0%/91.9% (Top-1/Top-5) intra-subject and 24.0%/52.9% LOSO accuracy, surpassing state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/NZWANG/SUP-MCRL.

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15.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16408

MUNI: Multimodal Unified Latent Diffusion for Coherent Any-to-Any Generation

作者:

Kyeongmin Yeo↗Yunhong Min↗Minhyuk Sung↗

arXiv:2606.16408v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce MUNI, an end-to-end multimodal latent diffusion framework for any-to-any generation that unifies subset-conditioned cross-modal generation and unconditional joint sampling through a shared stochastic latent. Existing multimodal generative models are largely LLM-based, which limits leveraging modality-specific generators and requires text-paired data for training. Recent diffusion- and flow-based any-to-any extensions take a different direction but still rely on text-aligned embeddings, fully-paired training, or matched-dimensionality deterministic mappings. MUNI rests on two complementary contributions, one architectural and one in the training objective. First, we extend latent diffusion to multimodal any-to-any generation end-to-end: instead of the standard two-stage recipe that precomputes a frozen latent space and then fits a prior over it, MUNI jointly trains modality-specific encoders, expressive decoders, and a single shared flow-based prior under one objective. Second, we identify that the standard aggregation rules of multimodal variational inference are insufficient once coupled with a learned prior and expressive decoders. A suitable shared latent must simultaneously satisfy coherence across generated modalities, predictive sufficiency of subset latents, and minimality of the latent content. We propose a routed training objective whose structural choices align the latent with these criteria and admit a minimal-sufficiency characterization in the realizable setting. Experiments on PolyMNIST-Quadrant-Labels and a large-scale image-text-audio benchmark show MUNI matching or exceeding the strongest baselines on conditional generation while opening its largest margins on unconditional coherence. Project page: https://muni-proj.github.io/.

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16.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11976

Exploration Structure in LLM Agents for Multi-File Change Localization

作者:

Akeela Darryl Fattha↗Kia Ying Chua↗Lingxiao Jiang↗Laura Wynter↗

arXiv:2606.11976v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Software engineering tools increasingly rely on LLM based agents to localize files to change to resolve a software issue. Most AI agents explore repositories linearly, that is, visiting one directory or file per step. We postulate that this is a structural mismatch for changes that span several subsystems. We compare linear sequential exploration against non-linear, domain-scoped parallel agentic exploration. Using SWE Bench Pro as initial benchmark, we focus on ansible as an exemplar. We construct an approach for persistent-session evaluation of GitHub issues anchored at a single base commit. We compare our non-linear domain-agent file traversal system against a base LLM without direct repository access, a single agent Recursive Language Model (RLM) baseline with a persistent Python REPL and an external CLI baseline using Codex 5.5 High. Domain scoped parallel agent spawning with a small Haiku-class model achieves the highest micro F1 among Haiku class models by a large margin. Domain-agents is the second highest behind only the much larger Codex 5.5 High on our own expanded benchmark including over more recent PRs from 2025 and 2026. On the original, curated, 2020 SWE-bench Pro benchmark, a larger Sonnet plain LLM baseline attains higher micro F1 by predicting few files, leading to higher precision, but at significantly lower all gold recall. We also present three additional findings. First, documentation evolution is a latent dependency unresolved by any approach. Second, naive file system access can degrade localization driven by test-file over prediction. Lastly, forced multi-agent consultation does not measurably help and raises token cost substantially.

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17.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2509.05364

Prototyping an AI-powered Tool for Energy Efficiency in New Zealand Homes

作者:

Abdollah Baghaei Daemei↗

arXiv:2509.05364v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Residential buildings contribute significantly to energy use, health outcomes, and carbon emissions. In New Zealand, housing quality has historically been poor, with inadequate insulation and inefficient heating contributing to widespread energy hardship. Recent reforms, including the Warmer Kiwi Homes program, Healthy Homes Standards, and H1 Building Code upgrades, have delivered health and comfort improvements, yet challenges persist. Many retrofits remain partial, data on household performance are limited, and decision-making support for homeowners is fragmented. This study presents the design and evaluation of an AI-powered decision-support tool for residential energy efficiency in New Zealand. The prototype, developed using Python and Streamlit, integrates data ingestion, anomaly detection, baseline modeling, and scenario simulation (e.g., LED retrofits, insulation upgrades) into a modular dashboard. Fifteen domain experts, including building scientists, consultants, and policy practitioners, tested the tool through semi-structured interviews. Results show strong usability (M = 4.3), high value of scenario outputs (M = 4.5), and positive perceptions of its potential to complement subsidy programs and regulatory frameworks. The tool demonstrates how AI can translate national policies into personalized, household-level guidance, bridging the gap between funding, standards, and practical decision-making. Its significance lies in offering a replicable framework for reducing energy hardship, improving health outcomes, and supporting climate goals. Future development should focus on carbon metrics, tariff modeling, integration with national datasets, and longitudinal trials to assess real-world adoption.

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18.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2512.02080

The 4/$\delta$ Bound: Designing Predictable LLM-Verifier Systems for Formal Method Guarantee

作者:

Pierre Dantas↗Lucas Cordeiro↗Youcheng Sun↗Waldir Junior↗

arXiv:2512.02080v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The integration of Formal Verification tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) offers a path to scale software verification beyond manual workflows. However, current methods remain unreliable: without a solid theoretical footing, the refinement process acts as a black box that may oscillate, loop, or diverge. This work bridges this critical gap by developing an LLM-Verifier Convergence Theorem, providing the first formal framework with provable guarantees for termination in multi-stage verification pipelines. We model the interaction not as a generic loop, but as a sequential absorbing Markov Chain comprising four essential engineering stages: \texttt{CodeGen}, \texttt{Compilation}, \texttt{InvariantSynth}, and \texttt{SMTSolving}. We prove that for any non-zero stage success probability ($\delta > 0$), the system reaches the \texttt{Verified} state almost surely. Furthermore, because of the sequential nature of the pipeline, we derive a precise latency bound of $\mathbb{E}[n] \leq 4/\delta$. We stress-tested this prediction in an extensive empirical campaign comprising over 90,000 trials. The results match the theory with striking consistency: every run reached verification, and the empirical convergence factor clustered tightly around $C_f\approx 1.0$, confirming that the $4/\delta$ bound accurately mirrors system behavior rather than serving as a loose buffer. Based on this data, we identify three distinct operating zones – marginal, practical, and high-performance – and propose a dynamic calibration strategy to handle parameter drift in real-world environments. Together, these contributions replace heuristic guesswork with a rigorous architectural foundation, enabling predictable resource planning and performance budgeting for safety-critical software.

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19.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2508.04086

ToolGrad: Efficient Tool-use Dataset Generation with Textual "Gradients"

作者:

Zhongyi Zhou↗Kohei Uehara↗Haoyu Zhang↗Jingtao Zhou↗Lin Gu↗Ruofei Du↗Zheng Xu↗Tatsuya Harada↗

Prior work synthesizes tool-use LLM datasets by first generating a user query, followed by complex tool-use annotations like depth-first search (DFS). This leads to inevitable annotation failures and low efficiency in data generation. We introduce ToolGrad, an agentic framework that inverts this paradigm. ToolGrad first constructs valid tool-use chains through an iterative process guided by textual "gradients", and then synthesizes corresponding user queries. This "answer-first" approach led to ToolGrad-500, a dataset generated with more complex tool use, lower cost, and almost 100% pass rate. Experiments show that ToolGrad models outperform those trained on expensive baseline datasets and proprietary LLMs. The ToolGrad source code, dataset, and models are available at https://github.com/zhongyi-zhou/toolgrad.

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20.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.16092

VinQA: Visual Elements Interleaved Long-form Answer Generation for Real-World Multimodal Document QA

作者:

Young Rok Jang↗Hyesoo Kong↗Kyunghwan An↗Jae Sub Huh↗Gyeonghun Kim↗Stanley Jungkyu Choi↗

Real-world documents combine text with tables, charts, photographs, and diagrams arranged in diverse layouts, yet existing research on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for document QA predominantly produces text-only responses, underutilizing these visual elements. We introduce VinQA, a dataset for long-form answer generation where cited visual elements are explicitly interleaved with their supporting text and grounded in relevant document pages. To support this task, we study two encoding methods for feeding raw document page images into an MLLM, along with their visual-element citation mechanisms: (1) Page Encoding, which directly encodes full-page images with bounding boxes of visual elements and treats these boxed regions as citable units; and (2) Modality Encoding, which parses each page to extract text and crop visual elements, encodes them separately, and uses these cropped elements as citable units. In our experiments, we propose M-GroSE, a multimodal evaluation framework extending GroUSE to assess answers along four dimensions: completeness, answer relevancy, faithfulness, and unanswerability. We additionally report Visual Source F1 to directly measure visual citation accuracy. Although proprietary frontier models still achieve the best overall scores on the VinQA test split, fine-tuning open Qwen2.5-VL models on the training split substantially improves their performance and narrows this gap. Modality Encoding is initially more robust for complex documents with long text, many visual elements, and diverse citation requirements. After training on VinQA, however, Page Encoding reaches a comparable level, competing effectively even without the explicit parsing used in Modality Encoding. Finally, Visual G-Eval, an MLLM-based judge, confirms that fine-tuned models insert visual elements at semantically appropriate positions with faithful supporting text.

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21.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19292

Risk Stratification for ICU Delirium using Pervasive Ambient Sensing Information

作者:

Jiaqing Zhang↗Sabyasachi Bandyopadhyay↗Miguel Contreras↗Jessica Sena↗Yuanfang Ren↗Andrea Davidson↗Ziyuan Guan↗Tezcan Ozrazgat-Baslanti↗Subhash Nerella↗Azra Bihorac↗Parisa Rashidi↗

arXiv:2606.19292v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Delirium is a common and serious complication in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Despite its prevalence, early prediction and prevention remain challenging. Environmental factors such as ambient sound and light may influence the onset of delirium, yet they are often overlooked in risk assessments. In this study, we examined whether light intensity and sound pressure levels can independently predict delirium across multiple prediction horizons. We evaluated four efficient sequential neural network models on data collected from 9 ICUs across 309 patients to predict delirium for 10 prediction-window sizes. We reported feature importance and direction of influence using Shapley Additive Explanations analysis. The convolutional model achieved the strongest discrimination, with AUC = 0.80 on sound data and on combined data. Sound features were the dominant predictors overall. Integrating sound with light improved short-term ($

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22.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17598

MuseVLA: An Adaptive Multimodal Sensing Vision-Language-Action Model for Robotic Manipulation

作者:

Xingyuming Liu↗Ruichun Ma↗Heyu Guo↗Qixiu Li↗Qingwen Yang↗Lin Luo↗Shiqi Jiang↗Chenren Xu↗Jiaolong Yang↗Baining Guo↗

Humans naturally leverage diverse sensing modalities to interact with the physical world, while most Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models for robotics rely solely on RGB observations. This limits their ability to perceive physical properties that are difficult or impossible to infer from RGB cameras, such as temperature, sound, or radar response. We present MuseVLA, an adaptive multimodal sensing VLA model that integrates novel sensors as on-demand tools for robotic manipulation. Given a task instruction and visual context, MuseVLA first generates a sensor token and target description that select the sensing modality to invoke and what to attend to, analogous to a tool call with arguments. It then converts the selected sensor measurement into a grounded sensor image, a unified intermediate representation that encodes heterogeneous readings for multimodal fusion and action generation. This design decouples sensor-specific processing from the VLA backbone, enabling efficient integration of diverse modalities. To reduce the need for expensive multisensory robot datasets, we further introduce a data synthesis pipeline that augments existing RGB video datasets with grounded sensor images, enabling generalization to unseen sensor-guided tasks. We evaluate MuseVLA on a real-world robot across challenging dexterous hand manipulation tasks that require multimodal sensing inputs, including temperature-guided pick-and-place, audio-driven object search, and radar-assisted hidden object retrieval. MuseVLA achieves 80.6% success rate on average, outperforming RGB-only and multisensory VLA baselines significantly, and exhibits strong zero-shot capabilities on unseen tasks.

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23.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11822

Large Fluctuations in Open Quantum Systems

作者:

V. Yu. Mylnikov↗S. O. Potashin↗A. Kamenev↗

arXiv:2606.11822v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study statistics of atypical measurement outcomes in the steady states of driven open quantum systems. In equilibrium, the probability distribution over the phase space, as encoded in, e.g., the Wigner function, is analytic in the phase-space coordinates. We show that this property is generically lost in driven dissipative systems: their {\it large-deviation function} develops lines and surfaces across which its derivatives are discontinuous. As an illustrative example, we consider a parametrically driven Kerr oscillator coupled linearly and/or nonlinearly to a dissipative bath. Rare fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the induced oscillations are governed by semiclassical instanton trajectories of the corresponding Keldysh-Lindblad action. We demonstrate that a given fluctuation can be realized through multiple distinct instanton trajectories. The competition between these trajectories leads to abrupt switching of the dominant instanton and, consequently, to non-analytic features in the large-deviation function.

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24.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.13772

Digital programming of spin correlations in a fermionic lattice quantum simulator

作者:

Yann Kiefer↗Lars Fischer↗Zijie Zhu↗Konrad Viebahn↗Tilman Esslinger↗

arXiv:2606.13772v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Analog quantum simulation provides a highly controlled platform to study diverse quantum many-body phenomena. However, current methods for state initialisation are limited to thermal ensembles or uncorrelated product states. Here we present a hybrid approach that complements analog preparation with a digital quantum-gate protocol. This approach enables the engineering of target states with specific, long-range spin-correlations from the same initial resource state. By applying collisional gates to adiabatically prepared and filtered four-fermion singlet chains, we program diverse spin-correlation patterns, including that of a Heisenberg chain. We measure the spin correlations using a sequence of quantum gates followed by singlet-pair measurements. Our method paves the way to the targeted preparation of strongly correlated states of matter.

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25.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-18 DOI: HASH:3e687e1dd9f0b7d0e1fece09556915e5

ScriptManager: a platform for scalable and reproducible high-resolution analysis of genomics datasets

作者:

Lang↗O. W↗Beer↗Zhang↗LeSon↗Deen↗Pugh↗Lai↗W. K↗

Background: The growing diversity of genomic and epigenomic assays has driven a parallel expansion in data formats, analysis workflows, and figure-generation tools. However, tools for analyzing data and assembling publication-quality figures are often specialized to a specific assay, dramatically limiting their interoperability and reproducibility. Results: We present the v1.0 release of ScriptManager, a Java-based framework for modular and reproducible analysis and visualization workflows of genomics and epigenomics data. Unlike existing tools specialized for individual assay types, ScriptManager provides a unified and extensible framework for cross-assay visualization and workflow reproducibility. The v1.0 release adds novel analytical modules, GUI session logging, automated unit and integration testing, tutorials, and expanded documentation. It also integrates with the broader reproducibility ecosystem through Singularity containers, Anaconda packaging, and Galaxy XML wrappers. We demonstrate ScriptManager's TagPileup scaling from local single-core execution to a 10,305-job analysis distributed across the Open Science Grid (OSG), with the full workload completing in

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