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01.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-18

Random Schrödinger operators on manifolds and abstract bounds for multiplier-type operators

作者:
Jean-Claude Cuenin↗Konstantin Merz↗Eduard Stefanescu↗

arXiv:2606.19075v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We study random Schrödinger operators on closed Riemannian manifolds with Anderson-type potentials. We prove high-probability spectral inclusion bounds showing that eigenvalues remain close to those of the Laplacian, with deviations controlled by a norm of the potential coefficients. Compared with deterministic bounds, this yields a square-root cancellation gain. The proof is based on a general principle showing that randomisation improves operator norm bounds for multiplier-type operators, which we formulate in both discrete and continuous settings.

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02.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19

Your Mouse and Eyes Secretly Leak Your Preference: LLM Alignment using Implicit Feedback from Users

作者:
Haw-Shiuan Chang↗Jeffrey Gomez↗Mehul Patwari↗Aryan Sajith↗Hamed Zamani↗

To align a Large Language Model (LLM), most existing methods collect explicit human feedback and train a reward model to predict the human preference based on the response text. These existing methods have two key limitations. First, the users rarely provide explicit feedback for LLM responses, which makes the high-quality preference annotation expensive to collect. Second, the methods do not leverage implicit human feedback, which has proven vital to the economic moats of Internet giants. To quantify the value of implicit feedback, we build a new dataset called IFLLM, which collects 1336 multi-turn questions from the 59 Mechanical Turk workers, their mouse trajectories, and eye gazing points to the LLMs' responses from their webcams. IFLLM shows that the users have very diverse types of gazing behavior and mouse trajectories. Our reward model based on the implicit user feedback boosts the accuracy of the text-based reward model from 55% to 64% and nearly triples the relative response quality improvements after applying the DPO to eight LLMs, demonstrating the value of implicit feedback in the wild. Our data collection website, dataset, and codes can be found at https://github.com/themehulpatwari/llm-implicit-feedback/.

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03.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

ProCUA-SFT Technical Report

作者:
Jaehun Jung↗Ximing Lu↗Brandon Cui↗Muhammad Khalifa↗Shaokun Zhang↗Hao Zhang↗Jin Xu↗Amala Sanjay Deshmukh↗Karan Sapra↗Andrew Tao↗Yejin Choi↗Jan Kautz↗…

Training computer-use agents (CUAs) – models that interact with graphical desktops through screenshots and keyboard/mouse actions – requires large-scale, diverse trajectory data collected in full desktop environments. The largest public resource, AgentNet (22.5K human trajectories), leads to negative transfer when used for supervised fine-tuning (SFT): continuing training UI-TARS 7B on AgentNet causes OSWorld success rate to fall from 26.3% to 8-10%. We present ProCUA-SFT, a dataset of 3.1M step-level SFT samples distilled from 93K synthetic trajectories across 2,484 application combinations. The dataset is produced by a fully automated pipeline that (i) synthesizes grounded tasks on live desktops seeded with real-world content – 912 spreadsheets from SpreadsheetBench, approximately 10K permissively-licensed presentations from Zenodo10K, and multi-application OSWorld configs – and (ii) verifies each task's feasibility through binary precondition checking before rollout. A single VLM (Kimi-K2.5) serves as goal generator, precondition judge, and trajectory executor, eliminating planner-actor capability gaps. Each trajectory is expanded into step-prefix samples that exactly reproduce the context layout seen at inference time. Fine-tuning UI-TARS 7B on ProCUA-SFT for one epoch yields 45.0% on OSWorld – an 18.7 percentage-point improvement over the base model and over 35% above AgentNet-trained counterparts. A subset of ProCUA was incorporated into the training data for the Nemotron 3 Nano Omni model, contributing to its computer-use capabilities.

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04.
bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-11

AGZArank: Investigating epitope-conditioned antibody binder ranking with structure-derived synthetic supervision

作者:
Sadykov↗Khamidullina↗Sultankulov↗Seitkali↗

Computational antibody design methods can generate large libraries of candidate binders for a target epitope, but prioritizing which candidates to test experimentally remains a major bottleneck. Existing scoring approaches, including physics-based affinity estimators, structure-prediction-derived confidence measures, and inverse-folding likelihood models, provide useful proxy signals but are not explicitly optimized for early enrichment of binders among many structurally similar candidates. Here we investigate epitope-conditioned antibody binder ranking as a dedicated learning problem and introduce AGZArank, a geometric deep learning framework trained with structure-derived synthetic supervision based on normalized pseudo-energy targets. On a benchmark of 45 experimentally validated antibody-antigen interfaces, AGZArank recovered the true binder within the top ten candidates in 44.4% of cases and showed stronger generalization on post-2021 structures than ProteinMPNN, ESM-IF, and PRODIGY. Ablation experiments indicate that ranking performance depends primarily on training scale and alignment between the optimization objective and retrieval-based evaluation, rather than architectural complexity alone. These results support candidate prioritization as a distinct and tractable problem in computational antibody design.

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05.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-24

Projected epidemiologic and economic impact of the 7-1-7 outbreak response framework in Uganda: a stochastic modelling study of Bundibugyo Ebola virus

作者:
Walekhwa↗A. W↗Silal↗S. P↗Mbaka↗Bbuye↗Nakiire↗Lamorde↗Kwesiga↗Sabiiti↗Nakazibwe↗Kayiwa↗…

The 7 1 7 framework (detection 7 days, notification & 1 day, response & 7 days) is a global target for epidemic preparedness, but its prospective value during an active cross border outbreak has not been quantified. Using a stochastic SEIR model parameterised for Uganda with the Bundibugyo Ebola strain and three daily importation probabilities (10%, 30%, and the observed 56%), we compared a rapid 3 1 5 response (detection 3 days, notification 1 day, response 5 days) against a delayed counterfactual (detection 11 days, notification 10 days, response 12 days). The rapid response reduced median cumulative cases by 60 to 66% (26 to 31 cases vs. 76 to 80 cases) and deaths by 62 to 63% (3 deaths vs. 8 deaths) across all import levels, with total costs of USD 29.1 to 29.9 million compared to USD 37.4 to 38.1 million for the delayed scenario. The rapid response was strictly dominant (cost saving and life saving). Variance based Sobol sensitivity analysis identified the case fatality rate, import probability, and basic reproduction number as the most influential parameters, with detection and response delays contributing through interactions. Institutionalising the 7 1 7 framework in Uganda is projected to be highly cost effective and should be supported with sustainable domestic financing, community based surveillance at unofficial border points, three consecutive PCR laboratory capacity, and multilingual risk communication.

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06.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-17

Softmax as Linear Attention in the Large-Prompt Regime: a Measure-based Perspective

作者:
Etienne Boursier↗Claire Boyer↗

arXiv:2512.11784v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Softmax attention is a central component of transformer architectures, yet its nonlinear structure poses significant challenges for theoretical analysis. We develop a unified, measure-based framework for studying single-layer softmax attention under both finite and infinite prompts. For i.i.d. Gaussian inputs, we lean on the fact that the softmax operator converges in the infinite-prompt limit to a linear operator acting on the underlying input-token measure. Building on this insight, we establish non-asymptotic concentration bounds for the output and gradient of softmax attention, quantifying how rapidly the finite-prompt model approaches its infinite-prompt counterpart, and prove that this concentration remains stable along the entire training trajectory in general in-context learning settings with sub-Gaussian tokens. In the case of in-context linear regression, we use the tractable infinite-prompt dynamics to analyze training at finite prompt length. Our results allow optimization analyses developed for linear attention to transfer directly to softmax attention when prompts are sufficiently long, showing that large-prompt softmax attention inherits the analytical structure of its linear counterpart. This, in turn, provides a principled and broadly applicable toolkit for studying the training dynamics and statistical behavior of softmax attention layers in large prompt regimes.

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07.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-16

Neuromorphic Wireless Split Computing with Resonate-and-Fire Neurons

作者:
Dengyu Wu↗Jiechen Chen↗H. Vincent Poor↗Bipin Rajendran↗Osvaldo Simeone↗

arXiv:2506.20015v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Neuromorphic computing offers an energy-efficient alternative to conventional deep learning accelerators, particularly for real-time processing of time-series data. However, many edge applications, such as wireless sensing and audio recognition, generate streaming signals with rich spectral features that are not effectively captured by conventional leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) spiking neurons. This paper investigates a wireless split computing architecture that employs resonate-and-fire (RF) neurons with oscillatory dynamics to process time-domain signals directly, eliminating the need for costly spectral pre-processing. By resonating at tunable frequencies, RF neurons extract time-localized spectral features while maintaining low spiking activity. This temporal sparsity translates into significant savings in both computation and transmission energy. Assuming an OFDM-based analog wireless interface for spike transmission, we present a complete system design and evaluate its performance on audio classification and modulation classification tasks. Experimental results show that the proposed RF-SNN architecture achieves comparable accuracy to conventional LIF-SNNs and ANNs, while substantially reducing spike rates and total energy consumption during inference and communication.

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08.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

Your "Pro" LLM Subscription May Actually Be "Free": Exposing Fingerprint Spoofing Risks in LLM Inference Services

作者:
Jiahao Zhang↗Xiuyu Li↗Suhang Wang↗

As Large Language Model (LLM) APIs become ubiquitous, users increasingly rely on black-box fingerprinting to verify that providers are serving the advertised premium models. However, these methods may overlook adversarial providers who manipulate model weights to cheat the fingerprint process. We introduce a novel threat termed fingerprint spoofing, where a malicious provider stealthily serves a weaker model that has been parameter-efficiently fine-tuned to mimic a stronger model, thereby evading user-side fingerprinting. We first formally prove that user-side resource constraints (i.e., finite query budgets and weak fingerprinting classifiers) make current fingerprinting vulnerable to fingerprint spoofing. Guided by this theoretical analysis, we propose GhostPrint, a cost-effective attack framework leveraging surrogate modeling, reward-ranked fine-tuning, and knowledge distillation. Extensive evaluations in both static and continual fingerprinting settings demonstrate that GhostPrint allows weak models to consistently bypass representative fingerprint methods while maintaining utility at a low fine-tuning cost, exposing a critical vulnerability in current LLM fingerprinting pipelines.

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09.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11

Anatomically Conditioned Recurrent Refinement for Topology-Aware Circle of Willis Segmentation

作者:
Juraj Peri\'c↗Marija Habijan↗Dario Mu\v{z}evi\'c↗Irena Gali\'c↗Danilo Babin↗Aleksandra Pi\v{z}urica↗

Segmenting the Circle of Willis (CoW) from Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is challenging due to complex topology and thin vascular structures that are prone to fragmentation. Standard Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) often fail to capture these topological constraints, resulting in "broken vessel" artifacts. To address this, we propose the Anatomically Conditioned Recurrent Refinement U-Net (AC2RUNet). Our architecture decouples segmentation into two streams: a Static Stream that extracts invariant anatomical features and a lightweight Dynamic Stream that iteratively refines topological errors over time. We further introduce a dynamic curriculum learning strategy that transitions from high-recall geometric supervision to topology-aware constraints. Validated on the TopCoW dataset, AC2RUNet substantially reduces Hausdorff Distance (4.72 mm vs 9.17 mm) and Betti number errors (0.19 vs 0.40), improving topological connectivity over the nnU-Net baseline while maintaining comparable volumetric Dice.

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10.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

FUSE: Quantifying Uncertainty in Vision-Language Models by Bayesian Fusing Epistemic and Aleatoric Uncertainty

作者:
Harry Zhang↗Luca Carlone↗

Vision-language models (VLMs) are playing an increasingly important role across multiple domains. In many applications, such as robotics, it is crucial to quantify the uncertainty in the output of these models. } We develop FUSE, a probabilistic framework for capturing two complementary sources of uncertainty in vision-language modeling: (i) aleatoric embedding-level uncertainty derived from input data vision-language ambiguity, and (ii) epistemic model-level uncertainty estimated from the semantic response diversity of VLMs. Our approach formulates a Bayesian fusion mechanism that analytically combines these uncertainty sources to produce a scalar measure of uncertainty. This measure can be used to reliably predict the model's output correctness for downstream applications. We demonstrate that our method outperforms baselines and achieves SOTA uncertainty calibration.

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11.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25

Improving Neural Network Training by Decoupling the Magnitude and Direction of Weight Vectors

作者:
Alexander H\"agele↗Alejandro Hern\'andez-Cano↗Atli Kosson↗Martin Jaggi↗

arXiv:2606.25971v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Modern neural network training relies on optimizers such as Adam and Muon which act on each weight matrix as a single object. Yet every weight matrix carries two distinct quantities – a magnitude and a direction – and all optimizers stepping in the matrix as a whole couple their dynamics: the directional change from an update depends on the current magnitude, while the magnitude drifts as a byproduct of learning the direction, so neither is governed directly by the learning rate. Typical training therefore leans on surrounding recipes such as weight decay and warmup to keep learning stable at scale, though these regulate the coupling only indirectly; other recent methods instead constrain the weight to a fixed-norm sphere, but add no learnable magnitude, leaving scale control to normalization layers alone. We propose Magnitude–Direction (MD) Decoupling, an optimizer modification that factorizes each weight into a fixed-norm direction on a hypersphere and learnable per-row and per-column magnitude gains, updated at separate learning rates, all while the model still sees a single fused weight tensor. The method is agnostic to the base optimizer and removes the need for weight decay and warmup. Across both Adam and Muon, MD Decoupling improves on well-tuned baselines, transfers the optimal LR across model width without retuning, and continues to help at scale on large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models. Treating magnitude and direction as separately controlled quantities thus yields more predictable training dynamics and a simple, broadly applicable improvement to modern optimizers.

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12.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25

BiPACE: Bisimulation-Guided Policy Optimization with Action Counterfactual Estimation for LLM Agents

作者:
Hanyang Wang↗Weijieying Ren↗Yuxiang Zhang↗Ding Cao↗Zhizhao Zeng↗Ke Zeng↗Tianxiang Zhao↗

Stepwise group-based RL is an attractive way to train long-horizon LLM agents without a learned critic: it reuses multiple sampled rollouts to estimate local advantages. Its weakness is less visible but more fundamental: every group-relative estimator assumes that the steps it compares are equivalent for credit assignment. We show that current agentic variants violate this assumption through a state-action credit mismatch. The observation-hash partition is overly fine on the state side, creating singleton groups with zero step-level signal, while a single within-group mean is too coarse on the action side, mixing state-value estimation with action-specific credit. We introduce BiPACE (Bisimulation-Guided Policy Optimization with Action Counterfactual Estimation), a drop-in advantage estimator that fixes both sides without adding a critic, auxiliary loss, or extra rollouts. BiGPO clusters steps by cosine distance in the actor's own hidden-state geometry, an empirical policy-induced proxy for bisimulation that substantially lowers the singleton rate left by observation hashing. PACE then recenters returns within each behavioral cluster using action-conditioned peer baselines; its Q-style instance estimates a local Q(s,a)-V(s) nonparametrically. On ALFWorld/Qwen2.5-7B, BiPACE_Q raises overall validation success from GiGPO's 90.8 to $97.1\pm0.9$ over three seeds, and crosses the 95% threshold on every seed, which GiGPO never does within the same budget. On Qwen2.5-1.5B it reaches $93.5\pm1.2$ versus GiGPO's 86.7, and on WebShop and TextCraft it improves over GRPO and GiGPO at both model scales. The measured BiPACE-specific overhead is 11.3% of a single training-step wall time. Yet it changes the estimator's comparison unit from surface identity to approximate behavioral equivalence plus action-side counterfactuals. The code is available at https://github.com/TianxiangZhao/BiPACE.

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13.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-24

Evaluation of Corneal Subbasal Nerve Plexus Alterations in ARSACS and SPG7 by In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy

作者:
Guleser↗U. Y↗Akkaya↗Kesim↗Cakmak↗O. O↗Karslioglu↗M. Z↗Basak↗A. N↗Ertan↗Hasanreisoglu↗…

Purpose: To investigate corneal subbasal nerve plexus alterations using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) in patients with Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) and Spastic Paraplegia Type 7 (SPG7). Methods: This cross-sectional pilot study included eight ARSACS patients, five SPG7 patients, and twenty age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent neurological and ophthalmological examination followed by central corneal imaging using IVCM. Quantitative corneal nerve parameters were analyzed with automated software, and correlations with clinical severity scales were assessed. Results: The mean age was 34.2 +/- 3.4 years in controls, 34.5 +/- 0.7 years in the ARSACS group, and 38.2 +/- 3.5 years in the SPG7 group. Corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) and corneal nerve total branch density (CTBD) were significantly lower in ARSACS and SPG7 patients compared with healthy controls. CNFD, CNFL, CNFA, CNFW, and CNFrD were lower in ARSACS and SPG7 patients compared with healthy controls; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant differences in IVCM parameters were detected between ARSACS and SPG7 patients. Spearman correlation analysis did not show significant correlations between corneal nerve parameters and FARS, SARA, ADL scores, or disease duration. Conclusion: IVCM revealed reduced corneal nerve branching parameters in patients with ARSACS and SPG7. These findings indicate involvement of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus and support the potential role of corneal confocal microscopy as a non-invasive ocular imaging modality for evaluating peripheral neural alterations in hereditary spastic ataxias.

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14.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19

Sign-Language Datasets at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey on Resources, Benchmarks, and Annotation Standards

作者:
Yiming Ni↗Zhi-Qi Cheng↗Jiayu Li↗Wei Cheng↗

Sign languages are expressive visual languages used by Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) communities. Despite substantial progress in sign-language recognition, translation, and production, advances remain constrained by fragmented datasets, inconsistent annotations, and limited linguistic coverage. Existing benchmarks often fail to reflect real-world communication needs, and systematic analyses of these limitations remain limited. In this survey, we present a comprehensive index of sign-language datasets, covering 120 resources across 35 sign languages. We analyze key challenges such as modality imbalance, annotation granularity, and signer bias, and outline considerations for future dataset design. We also introduce a 24-field Sign-Language Datasheet and release a public GitHub repository (https://github.com/Ginqwerty/Open-Sign-Language) to support standardized documentation and reproducible evaluation. Overall, our work provides a unified and practical foundation for developing inclusive, robust, and scalable sign-language technologies in real-world applications.

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15.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-18

Delayed blow-up by transport noise for the 3D Navier-Stokes equation with Navier-slip boundary conditions

作者:
Meng Zhao↗

arXiv:2606.19060v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We study the vorticity formulation of the 3D Navier-Stokes equation driven by transport noise in a periodic channel with Navier-slip boundary conditions. We consider both non-degenerate transport noise and degenerate tangential transport noise. For any prescribed $T>0$ and $\epsilon>0$, we prove that, by choosing the noise intensity sufficiently large and concentrating the noise on sufficiently high modes, the solution exists up to $T$ with probability at least $1-\epsilon$. A main contribution of this work is to identify and analyze the interaction between enhanced dissipation induced by transport noise and physical boundary effects. The no-flux condition breaks the isotropy of the noise and changes the scaling limit of the Itô-Stratonovich corrector. In the non-degenerate case, a boundary feedback term appears in the limiting effective operator; in the degenerate case, the limiting operator is a nonlocal anisotropic tangential dissipation. The proof is based on a combination of a boundary correction operator, a Meyers-type estimate, a scaling-limit analysis of the Itô-Stratonovich corrector, and resolvent estimates for the deterministic limiting equations.

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16.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11

Fast Speech Foundation Model Distillation Using Interleaved Stacking

作者:
Eungbeom Kim↗Kyogu Lee↗

Distilling a large speech foundation model (SFM) into an efficient student model has been successfully applied to low-resource environments. Although distillation reduces inference latency, it requires an additional student model training. However, the training efficiency of SFM distillation remains underexplored. In this work, we explore training acceleration of SFM distillation to speed up model deployment. We examine the potential of stacking, in which the model depth is progressively increased through training until the target model depth is reached. While existing stacking methods improve training speed, they suffer from performance degradation. To handle this limitation, we propose interleaved stacking, a novel stacking method that consistently preserves layer position throughout the stacking process. This property is particularly critical in SFMs, in which each layer encodes distinct layer-specific knowledge. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method on SUPERB.

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17.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15

An Agentic Retrieval Framework for Autonomous Context-Aware Data Quality Assessment

作者:
Hadi Fadlallah↗Ibrahim Dhaini↗Fatima Mubarak↗Rima Kilany↗

arXiv:2606.13692v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Data quality assessment is a critical prerequisite for effective data analytics and data-driven decision-making, yet it remains a challenging task due to the inherently context-dependent nature of data quality. Existing approaches often rely on static rules or manual assessment strategies, limiting their adaptability to diverse usage scenarios and constraining automation at scale. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly large language models, offer new opportunities for automating data quality assessment, but raise concerns related to reliability, grounding, and execution safety. In this paper, we propose a unified agentic-retrieval framework for autonomous context-aware data quality assessment. The framework interprets natural-language descriptions of intended data usage, derives context-aware assessment strategies, and generates executable validation logic through a multi-agent workflow. To ensure operational reliability, the framework introduces a feasibility validation stage that evaluates the realism and executability of generated assessment specifications before execution, enabling iterative refinement when necessary. Accepted validation logic is executed deterministically to guarantee reproducible and auditable results. We implement the proposed framework as an end-to-end prototype and evaluate it across multiple usage scenarios applied to the same dataset. The results demonstrate that assessment outcomes adapt meaningfully to different intended uses, while feasibility-gated execution reduces unrealistic or non-executable rule generation. The proposed approach provides a practical foundation for deploying autonomous yet controlled data quality assessment in modern data-driven environments.

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18.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12

SAM-Deep-EIoU: Selective Mask Propagation for Multi-Object Tracking

作者:
Alexander Holmberg↗

Multi-object tracking has a heavy-tailed difficulty distribution: most frames are easy for a lightweight base tracker, while a small fraction are intrinsically hard. Video object segmentation (VOS) models can often preserve identity through the hard frames where the base tracker fails, but they are much more expensive in compute and memory. We propose selective mask propagation, a tracking algorithm that dispatches from a base tracker to a VOS model only on windows where an assignment-uncertainty signal fires. The base tracker's output is modified only when the VOS model makes a confident prediction that contradicts the base tracker's identity assignment; weak or inconclusive predictions preserve the base output. The method is training-free, treats both the base tracker and the VOS model as black boxes, and can benefit from replacing the VOS component with a more capable model. On DanceTrack, selective mask propagation improves three different base trackers. On SportsMOT, where identity preservation is central to sports analytics, SAM3-Deep-EIoU with global track association achieves state-of-the-art performance on the benchmark with 86.8 HOTA.

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19.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24

Density-Informed Pseudo-Counts for Calibrated Evidential Deep Learning

作者:
Pietro Carlotti↗Nevena Gligi\'c↗Arya Farahi↗

arXiv:2602.01477v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Evidential Deep Learning (EDL) is a popular framework for uncertainty-aware classification that models predictive uncertainty via Dirichlet distributions parameterized by neural networks. Despite its popularity, its theoretical foundations and behavior under distributional shift remain poorly understood. In this work, we provide a principled statistical interpretation by proving that EDL training corresponds to amortized variational inference in a hierarchical Bayesian model with a tempered pseudo-likelihood. This perspective reveals a major drawback: standard EDL conflates epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty, leading to systematic overconfidence on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. To address this, we introduce Density-Informed Pseudo-count EDL (DIP-EDL), a new parametrization that decouples class prediction from the magnitude of uncertainty by separately estimating the conditional label distribution and the marginal covariate density. This separation preserves evidence in high-density regions while shrinking predictions toward a uniform prior for OOD data. Theoretically, we prove that DIP-EDL achieves asymptotic concentration. Empirically, we show that our method enhances interpretability and improves robustness and uncertainty calibration under distributional shift.

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20.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17

DPRM: A Plug-in Doob h transform-induced Token-Ordering Module for Diffusion Language Models

作者:
Dake Bu↗Wei Huang↗Andi Han↗Hau-San Wong↗Qingfu Zhang↗Taiji Suzuki↗Atsushi Nitanda↗

arXiv:2604.24357v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Diffusion language models generate without a fixed left-to-right order, leaving token ordering as a central algorithmic choice. Existing systems mainly use random masking or confidence-driven ordering, which respectively suffer from train–test mismatch and myopic exploration. We introduce DPRM (Doob -transform Process Reward Model), a plug-in token-ordering module that keeps the host architecture, denoising objective and supervision unchanged, and modifies only the ordering policy. DPRM starts from confidence-driven ordering and gradually shifts to process-reward-guided ordering through online estimates. We characterize the exact DPRM policy as a reward-tilted Gibbs reveal law, prove convergence of its stagewise Soft-BoN approximation, show that the online bucketized controller tracks the exact DPRM score at empirical-Bernstein rates, and establish a sample-complexity advantage under tractable optimization assumptions. Across nine hosts covering language reasoning, test-time scaling, protein, single-cell, molecular, DNA, text-to-image generation, and VQA, DPRM order variants improve several language, DNA, and multimodal settings while also identifying boundary cases where confidence-only ordering or task-specific utilities are preferable. Code is available at: https://github.com/DakeBU/DPRM-DLLM

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21.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Deep Learning Approaches for 3D Medical Scene Completion: From Geometric Modeling to Generative Paradigms

作者:
Afifa Khaled↗Said Jadid Abdulkadir↗Majdy Mohamed Eltayeb Eltahir↗

arXiv:2606.24180v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Three-dimensional scene completion has evolved as a major problem in computer vision and robotics, and its applications are diverse, including autonomous navigation and augmented reality. In this study, a systematic review has been conducted to compile the research contributions made in the last ten years, i.e., 2016 to 2026, which has revolutionized the field from the voxel semantic completion paradigm represented by SSCNet to the latest paradigm that combines generative diffusion priors with real-time rendering using a Gaussian splatting technique. The evolution in representation paradigms, such as voxel grids, point learning, implicit neural fields, transformer networks, diffusion networks, and the latest paradigm based on rendering-aware 3D Gaussian primitives, has been discussed in this study. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out on the contributions made in the last ten years, and a taxonomy has been developed to provide a clear idea about the contributions made in the field. The study has also discussed the research contributions made in the field, along with the challenges that still need to be addressed. Finally, the study has presented a research agenda that will provide a clear idea about the directions that can be followed in the development of the next-generation system

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22.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-18

Probabilistic representation and classical solutions of wave equations with complex polynomial nonlinearities

作者:
Joshua J. Y. Chan↗Nicolas Privault↗

arXiv:2606.18919v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We review the probabilistic representation of solutions of wave equations with polynomial nonlinearities in spatial dimensions d=1,2,3 using stochastic branching processes. Under regularity assumptions on the initial data, we derive conditions ensuring the integrability of the corresponding Monte Carlo estimator, and the existence and smoothness of mild and classical solutions. We also present numerical results and comparisons with grid-based algorithms for the solution of nonlinear wave equations.

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23.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

OracleAnalyser: Analysing Implicit Semantics of Oracle Bone Scripts through MLLMs with Post-training

作者:
Zijia Song↗Yelin Wang↗Zhengyi Ma↗Zitong Yu↗Tianheng Wang↗Jiahuan Zhang↗Taorui Wang↗Kaicheng Yu↗

With the advancement of artificial intelligence, research on oracle bone scripts has entered a new era. However, existing methods and benchmarks remain largely confined to recognition tasks, overlooking the equally crucial aspect of oracle bone analysis. To address this gap, we propose OracleAnalyser, a reasoning framework for oracle bone analysis based on post-training techniques. Specifically, we fine-tune Qwen2.5-VL-3B-Instruct through multiple post-training stages and introduce a new preference optimization algorithm, Stable Focal Preference Optimization (SFPO), tailored to the characteristics of oracle bone datasets. In addition, we release both an oracle bone reasoning dataset and an oracle bone preference dataset, and further construct a new benchmark to evaluate models' analytical capabilities for oracle bone scripts. Extensive experiments validate the superior analytical performance of OracleAnalyser, which achieves remarkable results with only 3B parameters, surpassing models with substantially larger scales.

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24.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19

Quantum correlations in QBism's reconstruction program

作者:
Sachin Gupta↗Jacques Pienaar↗

arXiv:2606.07485v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: QBism recasts quantum theory as a normative framework for an agent's probability assignments, with the Born rule taking the form of a consistency condition known as the Urgleichung. Motivated by this perspective, qplex theories provide a broader class of probabilistic models in which the sets of valid states and measurements are constrained by QBist-inspired geometric conditions. While qplexes have been extensively studied for single systems, their implications for bipartite correlations remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate bipartite correlations in qplex theories by expressing joint expectation values as inner products between suitably defined $C$-vectors. This geometric formulation allows Bell-type inequalities to be studied as optimization problems over qplex-compatible probability assignments. We first analyze the CHSH scenario and show that the shared inner-product structure of the $C$-vectors restricts the maximal value to the Tsirelson bound $2\sqrt{2}$. We then turn to the three-outcome CGLMP inequality $I_{2233}$ and find that the same qplex-derived norm and inner-product constraints allow a violation of up to $\leq 2+2\sqrt(3)/3 \approx 3.1547$ versus the quantum maximum of $\approx 2.8729$, thereby exhibiting super-quantum correlations. These results show that qplex geometry captures enough structure to reproduce an important quantum bound in the two-outcome case, but not enough to recover the full set of quantum correlation constraints. The analysis therefore suggests that additional principles are needed to complete the QBist reconstruction of quantum theory.

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25.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-19

From Texts to Scores: Tracing the Emergence of Essay Quality Representations in Large Language Models

作者:
Jiaxu Zuo↗Mu You↗Kaixin Lan↗Tao Fang↗Yujia Huo↗Henghua Shen↗Lidia S. Chao↗Derek F. Wong↗

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have substantially transformed Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet the internal mechanisms underlying LLM-based scoring remain poorly understood. In this work, we systematically analyze the hidden representations of eight LLMs across two English essay datasets (ASAP++, CSEE) and one Portuguese dataset (ENEM). Using linear probing, cross-prompt generalization, dimensionality reduction, and neuron-level analyses, we find consistent evidence that essay quality information is encoded in a linearly accessible form within LLM representations. These representations emerge progressively across layers, remain robust across prompting strategies, and partially transfer across essay prompts despite differences in scoring rubrics. In addition, nonlinear probes provide only marginal and inconsistent improvements over linear probes, suggesting that most essay quality information is already linearly decodable. We further identify individual ``essay scoring neurons'' whose activations strongly correlate with essay scores and whose behavior is sensitive to targeted intervention. Moreover, the layer-wise distribution of these neurons systematically shifts with essay length, with longer essays relying more heavily on deeper layers. Overall, our findings provide evidence that LLMs encode structured representations related to essay quality and offer new insights into the interpretability of LLM-based AES systems.

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