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01.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-12

Mixing times of one-sided $k$-transposition shuffles

Authors:
Evita Nestoridi↗Kenny Peng↗Bryan Wong↗

arXiv:2112.05085v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We study mixing times of the one-sided $k$-transposition shuffle. We prove that this shuffle mixes relatively slowly, even for $k$ big. Using the recent ``lifting eigenvectors'' technique of Dieker and Saliola and applying the $\ell^2$ bound, we prove different mixing behaviors and explore the occurrence of cutoff depending on $k$.

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02.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-17

Brain age gap correlates with DTI-derived microstructural abnormalities in multiple sclerosis.

Authors:
Lea↗Al-Ledani↗Bardell↗Maltby↗Ramadan↗R. A↗Lechner-Scott↗

Background: Brain age gap (BAG) is increased in multiple sclerosis (MS), but whether it reflects microstructural pathology beyond conventional atrophy remains unclear. Objective: To test whether BAG is elevated in MS and correlates with conventional and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) abnormalities relative to healthy controls. Methods: A case-control study of 43 people with MS and 18 healthy controls was performed. BAG was estimated from T1-weighted MRI using brainageR. Controls were used as MRI reference distributions. MRI values were expressed as deviation z-scores and correlated with BAG within MS. Conventional MRI and DTI domains were analysed using age/sex-adjusted partial correlations with domain-wise Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction, where appropriate. Results: BAG was higher in MS than controls (4.79 vs -2.58 years; p

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03.
Nature Medicine 2026-06-25

Teclistamab-based induction treatment in transplant-eligible, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a phase 2 trial

Authors:
Marc S. Raab↗

Advancements in frontline therapies have substantially improved outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM); however, many patients will not achieve deep responses and will relapse. Teclistamab, a BCMA×CD3 bispecific antibody, in combination with daratumumab, has demonstrated strong efficacy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma versus standard of care as early as first relapse. This ongoing phase 2 GMMG-HD10/DSMM-XX (MajesTEC-5) study evaluates teclistamab-based regimens in transplant-eligible NDMM. In this prespecified pooled analysis of three cohorts, 49 patients received teclistamab/daratumumab/lenalidomide (Tec-DR; arms A and A1) or Tec-DR with bortezomib (Tec-DVR; arm B). Primary endpoints were incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs; secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity and MRD-negative complete response (CR). The current analysis spans the induction and autologous stem cell transplantation phases until the premaintenance timepoint. Grade 3 or 4 treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) occurred in 91.8% (45/49); most were hematologic (lymphopenia (59.2%; 29/49), neutropenia (59.2%; 29/49) and leukopenia (18.4%; 9/49)). No grade 5 TEAEs were reported. Serious AEs occurred in 55.1% (27/49); pyrexia (12.2% (6/49)) was most common. Any-grade and grade 3 or 4 infections occurred in 81.6% (40/49) and 36.7% (18/49), respectively, the most common grade 3 or 4 infections being COVID-19 and pneumonia (6.1% (3/49) each). Cytokine release syndrome occurred in 67.3% (33/49); all were grade 1 or 2, all resolved and none led to discontinuation of any study treatment. No treatment-related immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) events occurred. Across arms, the MRD-negative CR rate was 91.8% (45/49) by the premaintenance timepoint; the MRD negativity rate was 100% in evaluable samples at postinduction cycle 3 (1 × 10−5 (46/46)), cycle 6 (1 × 10−5 (46/46) and 1 × 10−6 (46/46)) and premaintenance (1 × 10−5 (40/40)); the ORR was 100% (49/49). Total median stem cell yield was 8.1 × 106 per kg. Data support the feasibility of Tec-D(V)R induction in transplant-eligible NDMM, with a consistent safety profile compared with individual regimen components and notable early MRD negativity rates. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05695508 . In the ongoing phase 2 GMMG-HD10/DSMM-XX (MajesTEC-5) trial in patients with transplant-eligible, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, induction with the BCMA×CD3 bispecific engager teclistamab in combination with daratumumab plus lenalidomide, with or without bortezomib, had a similar toxicity profile to other bispecific regimens with an encouraging and deep response rate.

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04.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

CODA-BENCH: Can Code Agents Handle Data-Intensive Tasks?

Authors:
Yuxin Zhang↗Ju Fan↗Meihao Fan↗Shaolei Zhang↗Xiaoyong Du↗

Advanced agents are increasingly demonstrating the potential to operate as autonomous engineers, creating a growing demand for evaluation benchmarks that capture the complexity of real-world development. Such environments typically involve both complex code and large-scale data (i.e., file system). However, existing benchmarks usually evaluate code-centric or data-centric capabilities in isolation, leaving a clear gap with real development scenarios. In this paper, we bridge this gap by introducing CODA-BENCH, the first benchmark to jointly evaluate code and data intelligence in a data-intensive environment. We construct a data-intensive Linux sandbox based on the Kaggle ecosystem (containing hundreds of datasets), where agents must actively explore complex file hierarchies to identify relevant resources and generate code for data-driven analytical tasks. CODA-BENCH comprises 1,009 tasks spanning 31 communities, with each task environment containing an average of 980 files, simulating realistic data scale and noise. Evaluations of advanced agents reveal that even top-performing systems struggle to effectively integrate data discovery with code execution, achieving a success rate of only 61.1%. These results highlight a substantial gap in current agentic capabilities for data-intensive tasks and point to promising directions for future research.

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05.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

Resonant Minds: Closed-Loop Social Avatars with Theory of Mind

Authors:
Jianxu Shangguan↗Jing Xu↗Hang Ye↗Xiaoxuan Ma↗Yizhou Wang↗Jenq-Neng Hwang↗Wentao Zhu↗

Creating lifelike digital humans with genuine social intelligence requires unifying cognitive reasoning and multimodal generation within a coherent framework. Current approaches treat these as separate tasks: Large Language Models excel at dialogue but lack embodied expression, while diffusion-based talking head models achieve visual fidelity but ignore social cognition. To bridge this gap, we propose a closed-loop dual-agent framework integrating perception, social reasoning, and expression into a continuous interaction cycle. The perception module analyzes partners' multimodal behaviors from video, while the social reasoning module infers hidden mental states through Theory of Mind and selects responses via an ensemble mechanism. The expression module then generates emotion-controllable videos that jointly synthesize speaker speech and facial expressions with listener reactive behaviors, capturing bidirectional dynamics absent in prior work. We further construct a hierarchical Persona-Scenario dataset with psychologically grounded personas and private social goals to support evaluation under information asymmetry. Experiments on this dataset demonstrate competitive or superior performance on both dialogue quality and video generation metrics. Notably, our method surpasses even the full-information Script mode on key dialogue quality dimensions, suggesting that explicit mental state inference under uncertainty can elicit more thoughtful dialogue than unrestricted information access. Project page: https://resonantminds.github.io/.

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06.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

Failure Modes of Large Language Models on Research-Level Mathematics: A Taxonomy and an Empirical Characterisation

Authors:
Arnesh Banerjee↗Ayushi Bhattacharjee↗

arXiv:2606.24902v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The "First Proof" benchmark [1] posed ten research-level mathematics questions to the strongest publicly available LLMs and found them consistently wrong-not silent, but confidently, fluently wrong. This paper asks why. Working from the per-question post-mortems in First Proof's Appendix A, I identify four failure modes: citation fabrication (F1), premise smuggling (F2), silent problem reformulation (F3), and local-to-global compatibility gaps (F4). I then audit eight one-shot proofs generated by Gemini 2.5 Flash on Questions 1, 2, and 5 of the benchmark, using two instruments built specifically to surface F1 and F2. The central finding is uncomfortable for anyone who sees retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as the obvious fix: not one of the eight proofs contained a confirmed fabricated citation, yet every single one contained at least one load-bearing claim asserted as a "fundamental result" or "standard argument" with no justification attached. That failure mode-F2, premise smuggling-is invisible to citation verification by design. A premise-audit instrument I introduce flags it at 100% precision (5/5 judge-confirmed flags are true positives) and 50% proof-level recall in this corpus. The taxonomy and the audit together suggest that the right long-term objective is building inference-time pipelines that prevent these failure modes from occurring, not just detecting them after the fact. Index Terms–Large language models, mathematical reasoning, hallucination, premise smuggling, failure-mode taxonomy.

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07.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-15

ViT-Up: Faithful Feature Upsampling for Vision Transformers

Authors:
Krispin Wandel↗Jingchuan Wang↗Hesheng Wang↗

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have become a dominant architecture for visual representation learning, providing exceptionally strong and broadly reusable backbone features. However, ViTs are commonly operated on relatively small patch-token grids due to the quadratic cost of global self-attention, which creates a persistent bottleneck for dense prediction tasks such as semantic segmentation and depth estimation. This has motivated the development of task-agnostic feature upsamplers. While recent state-of-the-art methods produce visually sharp dense representations, their reliance on shallow image encoders for guided upsampling can introduce feature leakage, fragmentation, and blur. We introduce ViT-Up, an implicit feature upsampling framework that replaces external image guidance with layer-wise query construction from intermediate ViT hidden states. This enables feature prediction at arbitrary continuous image coordinates while preserving alignment with the backbone feature space. Experiments demonstrate that ViT-Up consistently outperforms state-of-the-art image-guided upsamplers across dense prediction and semantic correspondence. On DINOv3-S+, ViT-Up improves over prior methods by up to +2.07 mIoU on Cityscapes and +4.17 PCK@0.10 on SPair-71k. With the larger DINOv3-B backbone, these gains increase to +3.36 mIoU and +8.09 PCK@0.10, demonstrating that ViT-Up scales favorably with backbone capacity.

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08.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18

Measurement noise limits the advantage of nonlinear models over linear models in biomedical prediction

Authors:
Marc-Andre Schulz↗Kerstin Ritter↗

arXiv:2606.18420v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: On biomedical tabular data, flexible models such as deep networks, gradient-boosted trees, and kernel methods are repeatedly matched or beaten by linear and logistic regression given the same features. The usual reaction is to treat this as a model-side shortfall, to be fixed with more data, a better architecture, or tuning, on the assumption that the nonlinear structure is there and the model has failed to capture it. We argue that these fixes cannot help when the binding limit is the measurement rather than the model, as it frequently is in biomedicine. Additive noise blurs the population-optimal predictor, and because blurring removes a function's fine, rapidly varying detail before its broad shape, it erases nonlinear structure faster than linear structure. A degree-$k$ interaction is attenuated by the $k$-th power of feature reliability, while the linear part is attenuated only once. At the reliabilities typical of biomedical measurement, the nonlinear advantage can vanish even when the underlying biology is strongly nonlinear, and what the noise removes cannot be recovered by a larger cohort or a more flexible model, only by better measurement. The nonlinearity is hidden, not absent, and a tie between linear and flexible models is not by itself a verdict on the biology. These pieces are classical, drawn from measurement-error statistics, psychometrics, and Gaussian analysis, and we assemble them into an exact excess-risk identity. Measurement reliability is one of three conditions, alongside sample size and feature representation, that must align for a flexible model to help, and together they leave only a narrow window that most biomedical tasks fall outside. Across 140 UK Biobank tasks, the gap between flexible and linear models, where it exists, carries the predicted noise signature, and the three conditions can be separated by intervention but not by a benchmark alone.

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09.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

UniDDT: Unifying Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Decoupled Diffusion Transformer

Authors:
Shuai Wang↗Liang Li↗Yang Chen↗Ruopeng Gao↗Yao Teng↗Limin Wang↗

Unified Multimodal Models (UMMs) have emerged as a critical direction for general-purpose multimodal intelligence, integrating understanding and generation into a single framework. However, existing UMMs face prominent challenges: (1) the inherent learning conflicts between visual understanding and generation tasks, leading to suboptimal modeling in both tasks; (2) different understanding and generation visual spaces impeding scalability; (3) over-reliance on task-specific data that neglects the duality of text-image understanding and generation. To address these challenges, we propose UniDDT, which leverages a Noisy ViT encoder along with an LLM to unify semantic encoding for visual generation and understanding tasks, while employing a separate diffusion decoder to decouple diffusion decoding from text decoding. With this Noisy ViT encoder, UniDDT is able to leverage the latent space as a unified visual representation, enabling seamless compatibility between understanding and generation tasks. Thus, the scalability within the generation tasks and the semantic expressiveness within understanding tasks can be balanced. Also, we construct dual data structures from the same image-text pairs, fostering interdependence between the generation and understanding data to exploit their inherent duality. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UniDDT achieves effective unification of multimodal understanding and generation with enhanced semantic consistency and scalability. For visual generation tasks, our UniDDT achieves 0.87 GenEval score and 86.9 DPG overall score. For multimodal understanding tasks, our UniDDT achieves 1699.5 score on MME benchmark and 76.5 overall score on SEEDbench.

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10.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17

Are you speaking my languages? On spoken language adherence in multimodal LLMs

Authors:
Hyungwon Kim↗Kandarp Joshi↗Lillian Zhou↗Pavel Golik↗Petar Aleksic↗

While Large Language Model (LLM) based Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) enables seamless multilingual use, models often misidentify the output language, compromising transcription fidelity and downstream application quality. To preserve flexibility and code-switching capabilities, we propose a soft prompting approach that hints at potential spoken languages without strictly constraining the output. We formally define this challenge as a lack of language adherence, introduce a novel metric to quantify violations, and evaluate three mitigation strategies: (1) zero-shot prompting for robust guidance under uncertainty, (2) supervised fine-tuning (SFT) to improve prompt adherence, and (3) Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to enforce adherence during decoding. We present a comparative analysis of these methods across multiple languages, evaluating effectiveness in reducing the language violation while maintaining overall ASR performance. Finally, we discuss trade-offs to guide strategy selection under various compute constraints.

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11.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-15

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ABNORMALITIES IN PREECLAMPSIA WITH SEVERE FEATURES.

Authors:
Rathod↗A. T↗Sarojini↗PC↗S. R↗Deshmukh↗Fathima↗S. A↗

Purpose To determine the frequency of echocardiographic abnormalities in women with preeclampsia with severe features. To describe the spectrum and types of echocardiographic abnormalities associated with preeclampsia with severe features. Method This is a Prospective observational study conducted in Vani Vilas hospital attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore from January 2023 to December 2025. 560 pregnant women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia(SPE) were included in the study. Chronic hypertension without superimposed preeclampsia, underlying cardiac diseases and previous history of peripartum cardiomyopathy were excluded from the study. Transthoracic echocardiography-TTE (2D ECHO) was done to evaluate cardiac structure and function. Echocardiographic abnormalities identified during the study were documented and analysed using descriptive statistical methods. Results Abnormalities in ECHO was noted in 23.03%. A unique finding was the documentation of elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressures (PASP) suggestive of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) (PASP >35 mm HG) among 20.25% of the participants. It was also the commonest abnormality on ECHO. Mild PH was the commonest (15.71%), moderate PH was seen in 3.92% and severe PH in 0.71% of cases. Next most frequent abnormality was moderate to severe valvular regurgitation (10%), followed by left ventricular hypertrophy (5.53%). Diastolic dysfunction (DD) was seen in 3.92%, systolic dysfunction(SD) in 3.57%, chamber dilatation in 3.57% and LV global hypokinesia in 3.03% cases of SPE Conclusion Preeclampsia with severe features (SPE) is associated with 23.03% abnormalities on echocardiography. SPE is associated with systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, chamber dilatation, valvular regurgitation, left ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension.

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12.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

Think-at-Hard: Selective Latent Iterations to Improve Reasoning Language Models

Authors:
Tianyu Fu↗Yichen You↗Zekai Chen↗Guohao Dai↗Huazhong Yang↗Yu Wang↗

Improving the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), especially under parameter constraints, is crucial for real-world applications. Looped transformers address this by performing multiple latent iterations to refine each token beyond a single forward pass. However, we identify a latent overthinking phenomenon: most token predictions are already correct after the first pass, but are sometimes revised into errors in later iterations. We ask whether selectively skipping latent iterations can improve accuracy, and reveal significant potential with an oracle iteration policy that boosts performance by up to 7.3%. Motivated by this, we propose Think-at-Hard (TaH), a looped transformer optimized for selective iteration. TaH employs a lightweight neural decider to trigger latent iteration, only at tokens likely to be incorrect after the standard forward pass. During latent iterations, depth-aware Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) modules shift the objective from general next-token prediction to focused hard-token refinement. A duo-causal attention mechanism extends attention from the token sequence dimension to an additional iteration depth dimension, enabling cross-iteration information flow with full sequential parallelism. Experiments on nine benchmarks show consistent gains across math, QA, and coding tasks. With identical parameter counts, TaH outperforms always-iterate baselines by 3.8-4.4% while skipping iterations on 93% of tokens, and exceeds single-iteration Qwen3 baselines by 3.0-3.8%. When allowing

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13.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18

Scalable Batch Bayesian Optimization Via Subspace Acquisition Functions

Authors:
Dawei Zhan↗Zhaoxi Zeng↗Shuoxiao Wei↗Ping Wu↗

arXiv:2411.16206v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Extending Bayesian optimization to batch evaluation can enable the designer to make the most use of parallel computing technology. However, most of current batch approaches do not scale well with the batch size. That is, their optimization efficiencies often deteriorate as the batch size increases. To address this issue, we propose a simple and efficient approach to extend Bayesian optimization to large-scale batch evaluation in this work. Different from existing batch approaches, the idea of the new approach is to draw a batch of axis-aligned subspaces of the original problem and select one point from each subspace using existing acquisition functions. Numerical experiments show that our proposed approach speedups the convergence significantly when compared with the sequential Bayesian optimization algorithm, and performs very competitively when compared with ten batch Bayesian optimization algorithms. The implementation of our proposed approach is available at https://github.com/zhandawei/SubSpace_Acquisition_Functions.

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14.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-25

TRACER: Training-Free Closed-Loop Structured Inference for Traffic Accident Reconstruction

Authors:
Yanchen Guan↗Chengyue Wang↗Bin Rao↗Haicheng Liao↗Jiaxun Zhang↗Shang Gao↗Chengzhong Xu↗Zhenning Li↗

arXiv:2606.25002v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Traffic accident reconstruction is a forensic inverse problem that requires recovering physically consistent motion from sparse and heterogeneous evidence. Existing learning-based approaches predominantly optimize for semantic plausibility or visual realism, rather than quantitative agreement with measurable geometry and dynamics. Here, we present TRACER, a training-free framework that formulates reconstruction as a closed-loop structured inference process. Instead of directly generating dense trajectories, our framework constructs and iteratively refines event-anchored motion hypotheses under geometric, kinematic, and interaction constraints, guided by structured case memory and consistency-driven diagnosis. This design enables incremental, interpretable corrections when evidence is insufficient, making the accident reconstruction process more aligned with the workflow of human experts. Experiments on real-world accident data show that TRACER achieves improved geometric fidelity, velocity consistency, and collision accuracy over both data-driven and physics-based baselines.

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15.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15

Distributional Biases in Post-Training: A Markovian Analysis of Reasoning Trajectories

Authors:
Dake Bu↗Wei Huang↗Andi Han↗Atsushi Nitanda↗Bo Xue↗Qingfu Zhang↗Hau-San Wong↗Taiji Suzuki↗

arXiv:2511.07368v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Foundation models exhibit broad knowledge but limited task-specific reasoning, motivating post-training strategies such as RL with verifiable rewards (RLVR) and test-time scaling (TTS). While recent work highlights the role of exploration in improving pass@K, empirical evidence points to a paradox: RLVR and ORM/PRM typically reinforce existing paths rather than expanding the reasoning scope, raising the question of why exploration helps if no new patterns emerge. To reconcile this paradox, we adopt the perspective of Kim et al. (2025), viewing easy (e.g., simplifying a fraction) versus hard (e.g., discovering the some symmetry) reasoning steps as low versus high probability Markov transitions. In this tractable model, pretraining corresponds to tree-graph discovering, while post-training corresponds to CoT reweighting. We provably show that, both RLVR and ORM/PRM would favor heavily to several high-probability paths, and thereby forget rare-but-crucial CoTs. Building on this, we further prove that exploration strategies such as rejecting easy instances and KL regularization help preserve rare CoTs. Empirical simulations corroborate our theoretical results.

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16.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-16

Ranking-optimized survival models can underperform fixed-horizon clinical prediction: a SUPPORT2 reanalysis of machine learning, attending-physician judgment, and the original SUPPORT model at 60- and 180-day mortality

Authors:
Truong↗Q. H↗Hoang↗D. C↗Luu↗D. T↗

Machine-learning survival models are increasingly proposed for intensive-care mortality prediction and are almost always selected and reported using the concordance index, a ranking metric averaged over follow-up. Yet most bedside decisions hinge on a probability at a specific time, such as 60- or 180-day mortality. We asked whether ranking-optimized models remain competitive at fixed clinical horizons against two reference points clinicians actually rely on: unaided attending-physician judgment and the original 1995 SUPPORT logistic model. Reanalyzing the SUPPORT2 cohort (9,105 critically ill adults from five United States centers, 1989-1994) under a stratified 70/15/15 split, we compared a gradient-boosted survival model, the physician's recorded prognosis, and the 1995 model at 60 and 180 days, alongside several alternative learners. The survival model achieved competitive ranking concordance (0.705) yet underperformed both comparators at fixed horizons: at 60 days its area under the ROC curve was 0.750, against 0.808 for physicians on the matched sample and 0.827 for the 1995 model, a gap that held across eight independent data splits and remained statistically reliable after multiplicity correction. The shortfall was not miscalibration, since post-hoc recalibration left discrimination unchanged, nor limited capacity, since neural networks, a deep ranking model, and two timepoint-aware discrete-time models also failed to close it; replacing the ranking objective with timepoint-matched binary training recovered roughly half the gap, pointing to an objective-horizon mismatch. Discrimination was equitable across sex, race, and age, but leave-one-disease-out validation exposed severe failure for disease groups absent from training, and the physician advantage was conditional on a physician electing to provide an estimate. We recommend reporting timepoint-specific discrimination alongside concordance, timepoint-matched training when fixed-horizon predictions drive care, leave-one-subgroup validation, and distribution-free prediction intervals to support selective deployment.

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17.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-24

Gradient Mean-Field Dynamics with Measure-Valued States: Well-Posedness, Chaos, and Long-Time Stability

Authors:
Anderson Melchor Hernandez↗

arXiv:2606.24385v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study a stochastic mean-field interacting particle system whose state space is $\Y = \Tt^d \times \cP(U)$, where the first component represents a spatial variable and the second one is a probability measure over a compact metric space $U$. The dynamics are driven by locally Lipschitz drift operators: the spatial component evolves according to a Brownian diffusion, while the measure-valued component is perturbed by a projected cylindrical noise acting in the Arens–Eells space. We first establish existence and uniqueness of strong solutions for both the $N$-particle system and the associated nonlinear McKean–Vlasov equation under locally Lipschitz and linear growth assumptions on the drift coefficients. We then prove propagation of chaos: as $N\to\infty$, the empirical measure converges in expectation in Wasserstein–1 distance towards the unique McKean–Vlasov solution. Further, we investigate exponential convergence of the nonlinear McKean–Vlasov dynamics towards a unique invariant measure.

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18.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

Contagion Networks: Evaluator Bias Propagation in Multi-Agent LLM Systems

Authors:
Zewen Liu↗

arXiv:2606.20493v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: When large language models serve as evaluators in multi-agent systems, their systematic evaluation biases propagate through the agent network. We introduce Contagion Networks, a formal framework for measuring how evaluator biases spread across interacting LLM agents. In a controlled 3-agent experiment using DeepSeek-chat with three distinct evaluator bias profiles (structured, balanced, evidence-based), we measure the Cross-Agent Contagion Matrix Gamma_3 and find that evaluator biases consistently propagate between agents (gamma in [0.157, 0.352]), even within the same underlying model. We identify three propagation regimes governed by the spectral radius rho(Gamma_N), and demonstrate that homogeneous-model agents produce contagion coefficients 3-5x weaker than cross-model coefficients observed in prior work (MM-EPC: gamma approx 0.85-1.3), placing them in the suppression regime. We show that increasing evaluator committee size from k=1 to k=3 reduces effective contagion by 72.4%, providing an actionable mitigation strategy. We release the open-source Contagion Network experimental framework.

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19.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12

Authority, Truth, and Citation Bias: A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Benchmark for Studying Epistemic Susceptibility in Large Language Models

Authors:
Aryan Khurana↗Aravind Ramana RN↗Dhruv Kumar↗

arXiv:2606.13104v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models are increasingly deployed in citation-augmented settings, yet the effect of citation presence on model behavior independent of factual content remains poorly understood. We introduce AuthorityBench, a 220,564-prompt multi-domain benchmark that isolates how citation-based authority signals influence epistemic behavior in LLMs. The benchmark uses a fully balanced 2x2 factorial design crossing claim veracity with citation veracity, the first to do so, across four domains (general knowledge, science, law, and medicine), with controlled variation over 40 prompt templates, four venue prestige tiers, and a country-coded author name dataset. Evaluating seven models on 12 structured research questions, we find that citation presence, whether real or fabricated, consistently increases hallucination rates relative to a no-citation baseline. The effect is strongest when fabricated citations accompany true claims, raising hallucination rates by 3 to 22 percentage points and reaching 35 to 77% in the general knowledge domain, while legal claims are comparatively robust and venue prestige and author demographics show negligible impact. All datasets and evaluation code are available at: https://github.com/floating-reeds/AuthorityBench

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20.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25

A Systematic Analysis of Hybrid Linear Attention

Authors:
Dustin Wang↗Rui-Jie Zhu↗Steven Abreu↗Yong Shan↗Taylor Kergan↗Yuqi Pan↗Yuhong Chou↗Zheng Li↗Jibin Wu↗Ge Zhang↗Wenhao Huang↗Jason Eshraghian↗…

Transformers face quadratic complexity and memory issues with long sequences, prompting the adoption of linear attention mechanisms using fixed-size hidden states. However, linear models often suffer from limited recall performance, leading to hybrid architectures that combine linear and full attention layers. Despite extensive hybrid architecture research, the choice of linear attention component has not been deeply explored. We systematically evaluate various linear attention models across generations - vector recurrences to advanced gating mechanisms - both standalone and hybridized. To enable this comprehensive analysis, we trained and open-sourced 72 models: 36 at 340M parameters (20B tokens) and 36 at 1.3B parameters (100B tokens), covering six linear attention variants across five hybridization ratios. Benchmarking on standard language modeling and recall tasks reveals that superior standalone linear models do not necessarily excel in hybrids. While language modeling remains stable across linear-to-full attention ratios, recall significantly improves with increased full attention layers, particularly below a 3:1 ratio. Our study highlights selective gating, hierarchical recurrence, and controlled forgetting as critical for effective hybrid models. We recommend architectures such as HGRN-2 or GatedDeltaNet with a linear-to-full ratio between 3:1 and 6:1 to achieve Transformer-level recall efficiently. Our models are open-sourced at https://huggingface.co/collections/m-a-p/hybrid-linear-attention-research-686c488a63d609d2f20e2b1e.

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21.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17

LLM Features Can Hurt GNNs: Concatenation Interference on Homophilous Graph Benchmarks

Authors:
Zhongyuan Wang↗Pratyusha Vemuri↗

Adding LLM-generated node features to graph neural networks (GNNs) is widely reported to improve accuracy on standard benchmarks. We document a contrasting observation: when LLM features are introduced through pure input concatenation (rather than joint training, distillation, or prompt-conditioning), they can systematically degrade accuracy on the same homophilous benchmarks where end-to-end LLM pipelines succeed. With an MLP backbone on the Planetoid public split and bag-of-words original features, concatenating SBERT-encoded GPT-4o-mini TAPE features reduces PubMed test accuracy by -17.0 +/- 0.3 pp and Cora by -4.3 +/- 0.6 pp (CiteSeer -0.6 +/- 0.8 pp, within seed noise). The drop attenuates as we relax each condition (GCN / GCNII / GAT backbones, random splits, smaller encoders) and reverses on medium-homophily WikiCS (+4.4 pp) and ogbn-arxiv (+11.7 pp). To predict when concatenation helps versus hurts, we report a simple measure of LLM-alone discriminability, Delta_sig. Across 9 datasets Delta_sig correlates with the concatenation cost more strongly than homophily at point estimate (r^2 = 0.38 vs. 0.06; N=9, bootstrap CIs overlap). The bootstrap-best change-point is tau = 13.8 pp, and the rule "Delta_sig

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22.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Predicting Mergeability of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Updates

Authors:
Lin Tang↗Wei Zhang↗Jing Li↗Hongyu Chen↗Ming Zhao↗Yuxuan Wang↗

arXiv:2606.19549v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) makes it cheap to train many domain- and task-specific language model adapters, but whether two adapters can be merged is usually discovered only after both have been fully trained and evaluated. This late feedback is costly: adapters that are strong in isolation can interfere destructively once their updates are combined. We ask whether this outcome can be anticipated. We formalize adapter mergeability as the degree to which an adapter preserves its single-task utility after merging, and show that it can be forecast from signals measured in the first few percent of training – chiefly how the low-rank updates and their gradients align across tasks and how much they disturb shared representations. We package these signals into MergeProbe, a lightweight predictor that estimates pairwise and set-level retention and turns the estimate into a concrete decision: merge directly, reweight, prune, or route. On MERGE-PEFT, a five-domain benchmark spanning math, code, science, instruction following, and safety, MergeProbe attains the best average and worst-case retention among strong interference-aware merge baselines while adding far less deployment overhead than full task routing. This turns LoRA merging from a post-hoc engineering step into an anticipatory measurement problem.

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23.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

CoAgent: Concurrency Control for Multi-Agent Systems

Authors:
Hongtao Lyu↗Dingyan Zhang↗Mingyu Wu↗Xingda Wei↗Haibo Chen↗

arXiv:2606.15376v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-agent LLM systems – coding agents, devops agents, document agents – now routinely run several agents in parallel against the same git tree, Kubernetes cluster, or document. As soon as two of them mutate shared state, they enter the regime classical concurrency control has studied for decades, but classical mechanisms fit LLM agents poorly. A single agent transaction spans minutes of inference, read sets are broad and opaque rather than statically inferable, and the live state agents act on admits neither fork nor buffer, so writes take effect the moment they execute. Locks block long inference intervals; OCC abort-and-retry discards minutes of work on every conflict. This paper builds concurrency control on a capability classical transactions lack: the LLM inside each agent can judge whether a conflicting write invalidates its plan, and can repair exactly the operations that depended on it. Control therefore turns advisory: the runtime informs, the agent repairs. Our protocol, MTPO (Monotonic Trajectory Pre-Order), fixes a serialization order at launch, serves each read the order-filtered value, and applies writes speculatively in place; a one-way notification asks an affected reader to re-judge and patch its plan, while the framework mechanically undoes and reorders misplaced writes through the saga-style inverse each tool registers in advance. At quiescence the run is serializable in the pre-decided order. We realize MTPO as CoAgent, toolcall middleware whose privileged ToolSmith grows footprint-declared, undoable tools online. On ten contended workloads, CoAgent stays within 5\% of serial correctness at a $1.4\times$ speedup and near-serial token cost, where 2PL and OCC surrender nearly all concurrency gains; on a bash-only target system, it grows a 25-tool library online and lifts the task pass rate from 45/71 to 63/71 at $0.80\times$ the time and $0.86\times$ the cost.

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24.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Coordinate-Queryable Neural Field Reconstruction for EEG Spatial Super-Resolution with Unseen-Electrode Generation

Authors:
Hongjun Liu↗Leyu Zhou↗Zijianghao Yang↗Chao Yao↗

arXiv:2606.23707v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: EEG spatial super-resolution (EEGSR) in real deployments is challenged by random channel missingness, unstable electrode quality, and changing visible-channel patterns caused by bad contacts or device variability. Most existing EEGSR methods learn a fixed low-to-high channel mapping under pre-defined input-output layouts, which makes them brittle when missing channels vary at test time. In this paper, we reformulate EEGSR as learning a shared conditional scalp field from partially observed support channels. Specifically, a position-guided encoder summarizes the observed EEG channels and their coordinates into a latent condition, and a conditional implicit neural representation decoder reconstructs target EEG signals by querying this condition at desired electrode coordinates. During inference, the model directly reconstructs unseen electrode signals from the available EEG support and the queried coordinates. To strengthen the constraint of the encoded latent representation on the decoder and thereby construct a more stable scalp field consistent with the observed channels, we further introduce a fidelity-preserving channel corruption training strategy under mixed electrode states. Extensive experiments across multiple EEG datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework for both random missing-channel reconstruction and strict unseen-electrode signal generation. Notably, under the strict held-out-electrode setting on AAD, our method reduces NMSE by 37.5\% and improves SNR by 2.12 dB over the strongest baseline, showing its ability to synthesize signals at electrode locations never exposed during training.

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25.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detection

Authors:
Chao Wang↗Wei Lu↗Xiang Li↗Jian Yang↗Lei Luo↗

Single-source remote sensing object detection using optical or SAR images struggles in complex environments. Optical images offer rich textural details but are often affected by low-light, cloud-obscured, or low-resolution conditions, reducing the detection performance. SAR images are robust to weather, but suffer from speckle noise and limited semantic expressiveness. Optical and SAR images provide complementary advantages, and fusing them can significantly improve the detection accuracy. However, progress in this field is hindered by the lack of large-scale, standardized datasets. To address these challenges, we propose a new comprehensive dataset for optical-SAR fusion object detection, named Multi-resolution, Multi-polarization, Multi-scene, Multi-source SAR dataset (M4-SAR). It contains 112,174 instance-level aligned image pairs and nearly one million labeled instances with arbitrary orientations, spanning six key categories. To enable standardized evaluation, we develop a unified benchmarking toolkit that integrates six state-of-the-art multi-source fusion methods. Additionally, we propose E2E-OSDet, a novel end-to-end multi-source fusion detection framework that mitigates cross-domain discrepancies and establishes a robust baseline for future studies. Extensive experiments on M4-SAR demonstrate that fusing optical and SAR data can improve mAP by 5.7\% over single-source inputs, with particularly significant gains in complex environments. The dataset and code are publicly available at https://github.com/wchao0601/M4-SAR.

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