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02.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-11

Logical error estimation from syndrome data of surface-code experiments

Authors:
Evangelia Takou↗Cesar Benito↗Arian Vezvaee↗Daniel A. Lidar↗Kenneth R. Brown↗

arXiv:2606.11496v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decoders for quantum error correction (QEC) experiments rely on detector error models (DEMs), which encode, for each error, its probability and the detectors and logical observables it flips. Here we show that estimating DEM event probabilities from experimental syndromes is feasible, avoids independent device benchmarking, and produces useful decoder priors for estimating and reducing decoded logical error probabilities. We evaluate our methods using open-source data from surface-code memory experiments performed on Google's Willow chip, and we carry out analogous surface-code experiments on IBM's \texttt{ibm\_miami} processor. Despite the different physical error scales of the Google and IBM devices, in both cases our estimated DEMs improve logical error probabilities relative to baseline device-informed DEMs, typically at the $5\%-10\%$ level and with larger gains in some IBM cases, without additional calibration circuits, decoder fine-tuning, or supervised fitting to logical outcomes.

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03.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18

Machine Unlearning for the XGBoost Model with Network Intrusion Datasets

Authors:
Diana Magalh\~aes↗Eva Maia↗Jo\~ao Vitorino↗Isabel Pra\c{c}a↗

arXiv:2606.19220v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Machine Unlearning (MU) has emerged as an important technique for removing specific data points from trained models without requiring full retraining. However, most existing MU research focuses on deep learning and image data, leaving a gap in the domain of network intrusion detection, which relies heavily on tabular data. This work introduces XGBoost-Forget, an unlearning approach for the XGBoost model, to address this gap. The approach is evaluated on two tabular Network Intrusion (NI) datasets, IoT-23 and GeNIS, using multiple metrics to assess model performance, unlearning efficiency, and forgetting quality. The results show that XGBoost-Forget maintains predictive performance close to the original model while providing significantly faster unlearning, demonstrating its potential for MU in tabular NI settings.

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04.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

Position Spaces and Graphs

Authors:
Rita-Nathalia Assaf↗Tom Davot↗Fr\'ed\'eric Lardeux↗Fr\'ed\'eric Saubion↗

arXiv:2606.25719v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In this paper, we introduce position graphs, a graph-based reasoning framework based on the formalization of position spaces. This framework utilizes two strict partial orders, representing horizontal and vertical alignment and precedence, to model the relative positions of discrete tokens. Unlike general qualitative spatial calculi, position graphs are constrained by a chain condition and compatibility requirements that focus on rows and columns. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of this representation, beginning with a characterization of graph consistency. Conditions to ensure the consistency of position graphs are established. Furthermore, we investigate the computational complexity of structural pattern discovery, modeled as the induced subgraph isomorphism problem. We demonstrate that this problem remains NP-complete even within the restricted class of position graphs. While initially motivated by document processing, this work focuses on the underlying mathematical properties and algebraic consistency of position-based constraints, providing a formal logical layer that is independent of specific data extraction techniques.

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05.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

Learner-based Concept Drift Detection: Analysis and Evaluation

Authors:
Md Moman Ul Haque Khan↗Samira Sadaoui↗

arXiv:2606.20216v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Machine learning algorithms deployed for evolving streaming environments must handle the non-stationary data distributions, commonly referred to as concept drift. The presence of concept drift poses a major challenge for many real-world applications because it can severely degrade their predictive performance, hindering their ability to support robust decision-making. Consequently, the timely and efficient detection of drift events is critical for sustaining high accuracy over time. This study examines theoretically the concept drift characteristics and numerous drift detection algorithms across several categories. Furthermore, we evaluate their performance on both synthetic and real-world datasets exhibiting diverse streaming scenarios and drift characteristics, such as abrupt and gradual changes. This study aims to enhance understanding of the complex notion of concept drift characteristics and behavior of drift detectors, along with their applicability to diverse contexts.

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06.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Spectral DPPs via NEPv: A Scalable Continuous Relaxation of Determinantal MAP for Diversity-Aware Data Selection

Authors:
Richard Yi Da Xu↗

arXiv:2606.19411v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Selecting a small, diverse, high-quality subset from a massive pool of candidates is a recurring primitive in modern machine learning – data curation and coreset selection for training and fine-tuning large models, active-learning batch acquisition, prompt and exemplar selection for in-context learning, retrieval diversification, and experimental design. Determinantal Point Processes (\operatorname{DPP} s) give a principled, well-calibrated notion of diversity for this task, but their MAP objective – pick a size-$k$ subset $S$ maximizing $\logdet(L_S)$ – is NP-hard, and the standard greedy and sampling algorithms scale superlinearly in the ground-set size $n$. This cost is prohibitive precisely in the data-centric regime where diversity matters most, where $n$ ranges over millions to billions of candidate examples, features, or embeddings. We recast \operatorname{DPP}-MAP as a continuous optimization problem over the Stiefel manifold, and show that its first-order optimality conditions form a Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problem with eigenvector dependency (\operatorname{NEP}v) of a previously unstudied form. This \operatorname{NEP}v\ admits a self-consistent field (\operatorname{SCF}) iteration with a spectral-gap-based local contraction guarantee, giving a principled iterative solver where the diversity objective drives an eigenvector-dependent operator. The resulting algorithm, \OurMethod, requires only matrix-vector products with the kernel and runs in time $O\!\big((ndk+nk^2)\,t\big)$ for a small number of iterations $t$, scaling near-linearly in $n$ and integrating directly with low-rank and feature-map kernels common in ML. This paper focuses on the relaxation, solver, and scaling analysis; full real-data benchmarking is left to a planned empirical study.

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07.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12

Analog Quantum Asynchronous Event-Based Graph Neural Network

Authors:
Kristian Sotirov↗Shaheen Acheche↗Antonio A. Gentile↗Osvaldo Simeone↗

arXiv:2606.11000v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Asynchronous, event-based graph neural networks (AEGNNs) have recently emerged as an efficient paradigm for processing the sparse and high-temporal-resolution data from event cameras. In this paper, we propose quantum analog AEGNNs (QA-AEGNNs), a novel framework to implement an AEGNN on a neutral-atom quantum computer. Neutral-atom quantum processors offer a programmable analog quantum computing platform based on controllable Rydberg-atom interactions. To this end, we map the streaming event data to an array of trapped neutral atoms, where each atom represents a graph node (event) and is positioned such that geometric proximity reflects the spatio-temporal neighborhood of events. The native Rydberg Hamiltonian of the quantum processor is programmed to mirror the message-passing computations of the AEGNN, with atomic qubit states serving as node feature embeddings and inter-atom interactions realizing graph edges. Furthermore, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical training scheme in which the analog Hamiltonian parameters (e.g., laser pulse amplitudes and detunings) are optimized using classical feedback to learn the quantum AEGNN model from data. Our approach leverages the continuous Hamiltonian dynamics and massive parallelism of neutral-atom quantum systems to natively execute event-based graph computations with potential accuracy improvements

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08.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

3D Classification of Paramagnetic Rim Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis via Asymmetric QSM-FLAIR Modeling

Authors:
Veronica Pignedoli↗Giacomo Boffa↗Nicoletta Noceti↗Matilde Inglese↗Francesca Odone↗Matteo Moro↗

Paramagnetic rim lesions (Rim$^+$) identified on susceptibility-sensitive MRI have recently emerged as a specific biomarker of chronic active inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and are associated with long-term disability progression. However, susceptibility imaging and expert interpretation remain limited to specialized centers, visual assessment is time-consuming and variable, and the low prevalence of Rim$^+$ lesions poses severe class imbalance challenges for automated analysis. We propose a 3D multimodal deep learning framework for lesion-level Rim$^+$/Rim$^-$ classification from Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and FLAIR MRI. The architecture explicitly models modality asymmetry by treating QSM as the primary susceptibility-driven signal and conditioning it with FLAIR-derived structural context. To improve robustness under limited data, we employ self-supervised multimodal pretraining followed by supervised fine-tuning with contrastive regularization. The method was evaluated on a clinically acquired cohort of 88 people with MS with expert lesion annotations as reference standard. Results highlight improved performance compared to prior architectures, supporting the effectiveness of asymmetric multimodal modeling for automated chronic active lesion identification.

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09.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24

Similarity of Neural Network Representations in Superposition

Authors:
Sunny Liu↗Habon Issa↗Andr\'e Longon↗Liv Gorton↗Meenakshi Khosla↗Alex Williams↗David Klindt↗

arXiv:2604.00208v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Comparing internal representations is a central goal in neuroscience and machine learning, but standard linear alignment metrics (Representational Similarity Analysis, Centered Kernel Alignment, and linear regression) are frequently applied to neural activity coordinates rather than on the underlying features. We show this matters when neural systems operate in superposition, encoding more features than they have neurons via linear compression. Closed-form derivations prove that these metrics depend on the Gram matrices of each system's projection, not on the latent features themselves: alignment thus combines what a system represents with how it is encoded. For those interested in what features two systems share, this is a problem: Two networks can have identical feature content yet appear more dissimilar than networks exhibiting partial feature overlap. This apparent misalignment need not reflect lost information as compressed sensing guarantees sparse features remain recoverable from the compressed activity. We confirm this by training supervised TopK sparse autoencoders that realize solvable compressed sensing by construction, finding alignment on recovered latents restored even when raw-activation alignment remains deflated. We extend the result to unsupervised SAEs trained without ground-truth latents, and to pretrained vision and language model SAEs, where SAE-latent alignment exceeds raw-activation alignment, consistent with superposition in real systems.

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10.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-15

Data-Driven Stochastic Model for Detecting Patientswith Alzheimer's Disease

Authors:
Abeywardana↗G. D↗Tsokos↗

Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a critical neurological disorder that causes the brain to shrink and leads to the eventual death of brain cells, adversely affecting a person s ability to function. AD is a fast-growing disease in the United States and was the fifth leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older in 2023. In the United States 6.9 million people aged 65 or older were diagnosed with AD, along with a high rate of undiagnosed patients. Thus, the objective of our study is to develop a real data-driven predictive model to identify a patient with AD based on eight risk factors: Age, Gender, ADAS-Cog13, Entorhinal, Fusiform, Intracranial Volume (ICV), Amyloid-Beta, and Tau Protein, with a high degree of accuracy. The quality of the model was evaluated using well-established and sophisticated statistical measures: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration plot, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and K-fold cross-validation. If a patient is given information on the above risk factors, our proposed binary logistic regression model can classify the patient as having AD or not with at least 98% accuracy.

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11.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25

Reading Weakly, Acting Strongly: A Static Parity Horizon and its Dynamical Bypass in the Monitored Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Model

Authors:
Stavros Mouslopoulos↗

arXiv:2606.24928v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study the broken-symmetry phase of the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model, whose two lowest states form a near-degenerate parity doublet split by tunnelling. We show that the same instanton action S_inst that sets the doublet splitting also controls how much parity information a static J_z magnetisation readout can extract. Although J_z measures magnetisation rather than parity - and so distinguishes the two wells easily while remaining almost blind to their relative sign - WKB barrier arguments together with exact diagonalisation show that the spectral gap, the total-variation distance, and the nonlinear distinguishability measures (Jensen-Shannon divergence and Chernoff information) share a single instanton exponent, rather than the doubled exponent a naive small-deviation expansion in the lobes would suggest. Exact diagonalisation up to N = 4500 supports a common leading exponent for all four quantities, with fitted values within a few percent of the WKB instanton value in the largest reliable windows. The same coupling acts strongly inside the doublet: its off-diagonal element grows as |J_01| -> N m_*/2, so the bath can disturb the parity label far more strongly than it can read it from a frozen histogram. We call this separation the static parity horizon - a benchmark for the idealised static J_z channel, not a universal bound on time-resolved monitoring. Restoring the full monitored dynamics, continuous-monitoring simulations (1.48 million full-LMG trajectories with matched QND controls across 77 independent settings) show that a time-resolved homodyne record extracts parity information hidden from the single-shot histogram, over a finite window of system sizes organised by the ratio xi = omega_01/Gamma_01 of coherent doublet rotation to measurement-induced dephasing, and closing again under strong measurement.

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12.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

Vision-language models for chest radiography do not always need the image

Authors:
Mahshad Lotfinia↗Sebastian Ziegelmayer↗Lisa Adams↗Daniel Truhn↗Andreas Maier↗Soroosh Tayebi Arasteh↗

Medical vision-language models report strong chest radiograph accuracy, and this is increasingly read as evidence that they use the image. That inference is unsafe: a model exploiting finding-name priors scores like one that reads the scan, and no standard benchmark separates them. We introduce a causal audit that intervenes on the image, occluding the relevant region, occluding an irrelevant one, and swapping in another patient's same-label scan, and combines three behavioral metrics to test whether a correct answer depends on the image. Across nine systems, a text-only model with no image access reaches within 5.7 accuracy points of the best multimodal one, and a 119-billion-parameter multimodal model is statistically indistinguishable from a 7-billion text-only baseline. The audit splits the cohort into three models that ignore the image, one that is unstable, and five that use it selectively, for a subset of findings; the categories hold across a second dataset, resolution, and prompt phrasing. Against board-certified radiologists, a text-only model is statistically indistinguishable from a radiologist's accuracy while grounding at zero, whereas the image-using models ground at radiologist-comparable rates. Reported confidence flags ungrounded answers only when a model uses the image. Grounding audits, not accuracy, should gate clinical deployment.

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13.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11

Holding the FP8 Quality Ceiling at 8-Bit Weights and Activations: INT8 and GGUF Post-Training Quantization of Ideogram 4.0 for Consumer GPUs

Authors:
Deep Gandhi↗Ali Asaria↗Tony Salomone↗

arXiv:2606.12280v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Post-training quantization lets large text-to-image diffusion transformers run on consumer GPUs, yet the hardware-specific trade-offs are seldom measured directly. We quantize Ideogram 4.0 - a 9.3B flow-matching diffusion transformer (DiT), shipped as two separate-weight copies of a single-stream 34-layer backbone for classifier-free guidance and conditioned by a Qwen3-VL-8B encoder - for Ampere RTX 3090 GPUs, which lack FP8 tensor cores. Our INT8 W8A8 recipe (per-channel weights, per-token dynamic activations, SmoothQuant, and mixed-precision protection of a small high-fragility layer set) holds the FP8 quality ceiling: on a 200-prompt benchmark the paired same-seed bootstrap CI for INT8-FP8 includes zero on both Pick and CLIP, while INT8 improves on NF4 by $+1.9$ CLIP (95% CI $[+1.21,+2.64]$, excluding zero). A per-category OCR analysis, to our knowledge unreported for this model class, confirms text legibility is preserved, and an ablation isolates protection of the FFN down-projections as the dominant quality lever. Our GGUF Q4_K quantization beats NF4 at equal on-disk size and is the Pareto winner on the quality-memory frontier, with paired confidence intervals excluding zero (Q8_0 is quality neutral). Finally, we characterize where 8-bit quantization helps and where it does not: INT8's weights match FP8's footprint rather than shrink it, so a speed gain on Ampere awaits a fused INT8 kernel.

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14.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15

Dynamic Free-Rider Detection in Federated Learning via Simulated Attack Patterns

Authors:
Motoki Nakamura↗

arXiv:2604.04611v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model by aggregating local updates without sharing private data. However, FL often faces the challenge of free-riders, clients who submit fake model parameters without performing actual training to obtain the global model without contributing. Chen et al. proposed a free-rider detection method based on the weight evolving frequency (WEF) of model parameters. This detection approach is a leading candidate for practical free-rider detection methods, as it requires neither a proxy dataset nor pre-training. Nevertheless, it struggles to detect ``dynamic'' free-riders who behave honestly in early rounds and later switch to free-riding, particularly under global-model-mimicking attacks such as the delta weight attack and our newly proposed adaptive WEF-camouflage attack. In this paper, we propose a novel detection method S2-WEF that simulates the WEF patterns of potential global-model-based attacks on the server side using previously broadcasted global models, and identifies clients whose submitted WEF patterns resemble the simulated ones. To handle a variety of free-rider attack strategies, S2-WEF further combines this simulation-based similarity score with a deviation score computed from mutual comparisons among submitted WEFs, and separates benign and free-rider clients by two-dimensional clustering and per-score classification. This method enables dynamic detection of clients that transition into free-riders during training without proxy datasets or pre-training. We conduct extensive experiments across three datasets and five attack types, demonstrating that S2-WEF achieves higher robustness than existing approaches.

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15.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

NOVA: NOise-aware Verbal Confidence CAlibration for Robust Large Language Models in RAG Systems

Authors:
Jiayu Liu↗Rui Wang↗Qing Zong↗Yumeng Wang↗Cheng Qian↗Qingcheng Zeng↗Tianshi Zheng↗Haochen Shi↗Dadi Guo↗Baixuan Xu↗Chunyang Li↗Yangqiu Song↗…

Accurately assessing model confidence is essential for deploying large language models (LLMs) in mission-critical factual domains. While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is widely adopted to improve grounding, confidence calibration in RAG settings remains poorly understood. We conduct a systematic study across four benchmarks, revealing that LLMs exhibit poor calibration performance especially when noisy contexts are retrieved. Specifically, contradictory or irrelevant evidence tends to exacerbate the model's overconfidence issue. To address this, we propose NOVA Rules (NOise-Aware Verbal Confidence CAlibration Rules) to provide a principled foundation for resolving overconfidence under noise. We further design NOVA, a noise-aware calibration framework that synthesizes supervision from ~2K HotpotQA examples guided by these rules. By performing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with this data, NOVA equips models with intrinsic noise awareness without relying on stronger teacher models. Empirical results show that NOVA yields substantial gains, improving ECE scores by 10.9% in-domain and 8.0% out-of-domain. By bridging the gap between retrieval noise and verbal calibration, NOVA paves the way for both accurate and epistemically reliable LLMs.

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16.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-24

Conditionally Poissonian random digraphs

Authors:
Christian M\"onch↗

arXiv:1705.03801v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We define a Poissonian model of directed random graphs which generalises the undirected Poissonian random graph process introduced by Norros and Reittu in Adv. Appl. Probab. 38 (2006), 59–75. Its loopless simple projection is a rank-one independent-arc inhomogeneous digraph of the type studied by Cao and Olvera-Cravioto, Random Struct. Alg. 56 (2020), 722–774. For the Poissonian multigraph itself, we discuss the relation to Norros-Reittu graphs, characterise limiting degree distributions, and record explicit exploration estimates. In particular, we give fixed-depth directed local weak limits, stopped branching-process couplings with weight-mass collision budgets, a comparison with the simple projection, and a rare-event concentration criterion. These estimates are intended as graph-side structural inputs for later dynamics on the graph.

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17.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Online Dynamic Batching with Formal Guarantees for LLM Training

Authors:
Dian Li↗Zekun Wang↗Yaoru Wang↗Jiahong Yan↗

arXiv:2606.19989v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Modern LLM training breaks a core assumption behind offline batch samplers: the true training cost of a sample is only observable after preprocessing, augmentation, templating, tokenization, and multimodal visual-token expansion. Unless one pays for a preprocessing- and augmentation-dependent length cache, batch construction is therefore blind to the quantity that determines padding, memory use, and GPU saturation. We introduce Online Dynamic Batching (ODB), a DataLoader-side drop-in system that moves batch formation to this point of accurate observability while preserving DDP step alignment. We formalize this synchronization requirement as the Distributed Group Alignment Problem and prove deadlock-free bounded termination with default join-mode identity coverage and opt-in non-join sample-quota closure. ODB requires no model, optimizer, or attention-kernel changes and is released as online-dynamic-batching with lightweight trainer adapters. Across public 2B/8B Qwen3-VL runs on UltraChat/LLaVA/ShareGPT4o, ODB improves literal emitted-sample throughput vs. fixed-batch Standard by 1.58-2.51x on single-node Full FT/LoRA and 1.71-3.78x on two-node Full FT, with Standard-comparable quality; production MM-Mix reaches 4.43x. Against GMT/BMT offline token-budget oracles, ODB is within 15% on UltraChat/LLaVA and faster on high-CV ShareGPT4o: 2.24-2.39x single-node Full FT/LoRA and 3.06-3.69x two-node Full FT. Together, ODB occupies the online/drop-in regime for high-heterogeneity LLM fine-tuning: large throughput gains at Standard-comparable quality, formal DGAP guarantees, and no length-cache precompute or kernel rewrites.

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18.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17

ASTEROID: A Spatiotemporal Information Transformer for Forecasting Multi-Step Time Series of Molecular Dynamics

Authors:
Kexin Wu↗Luonan Chen↗Renxiao Wang↗

arXiv:2606.17668v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is computationally demanding, particularly for large-scale systems requiring long-term analysis. Accurate forecast of the outcomes of a MD simulation is not only an attractive scientific challenge but also has substantial practical value. In this work, we developed a data-driven framework, termed ASTEROID (Advanced Spatiotemporal TransformER fOr Inferring Dynamics), that can directly predict multi-step atomic coordinates, avoiding conventional iterative integration. For this purpose, our ASTEROID reformulates MD trajectories as high-dimensional spatiotemporal sequences and integrates the Spatiotemporal Information (STI) Transformation equation into a Transformer architecture. The core innovation of ASTEROID lies in its ability to model multiscale spatiotemporal dependencies. In particular, for spatial dependencies, a local-global self-attention mechanism captures both short- and long-range interactions. For temporal dependencies, an encoder-decoder structure integrates global context with autoregressive forecasting. ASTEROID was evaluated on several quantum-mechanics derived molecular datasets. Our results indicate that ASTEROID achieved not only a higher level of accuracy in multi-step prediction than existing methods on various benchmarks, but also significantly reduced computational cost of conventional MD simulation. Moreover, the model supports iterative multi-step forecasting over an extended time scale. This work establishes a robust and generalizable data-driven paradigm for accelerating MD simulations.

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19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

AI4Land: Scalable Deep Learning for Global High-Resolution Land Use Reconstruction

Authors:
Amirpasha Mozaffari↗Marina Casta\~no↗Stefano Materia↗Etienne Tourigny↗Oscar Molina-Sedano↗Jordi Varela-Agrelo↗Dario Garcia-Gasulla↗Miguel Castrillo Melguizo↗Mario Acosta↗Amanda Duarte↗

arXiv:2606.11793v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Uncertainty in the terrestrial carbon cycle remains a major constraint in climate projections, partly driven by the uncertainties affecting the land surface representation and variability in Earth system models. To address this limitation, we present a data-driven framework AI4Land, for generating high-resolution historical reconstructions and future projections of key land surface variables. The framework follows a two-phase approach using a U-Net architecture. In the first phase, which is the focus of this work, it reconstructs annual land use and land cover by integrating coarse-resolution scenario data with static geophysical features. In a planned second phase, the resulting high-resolution maps will be used to predict dynamic biophysical variables, particularly leaf area index, at finer temporal scales. Trained on Earth observation data, the models learn to reproduce spatially explicit and physically consistent land surface patterns, extending temporal coverage to periods lacking direct observations. AI4Land was developed and trained on MareNostrum5, demonstrating how GPU-accelerated HPC infrastructure enables global-scale climate AI pipelines. The final product is a suite of open-source emulators designed for real-time coupling with digital twin platforms, such as those developed under the Destination Earth initiative. By delivering realistic and evolving land surface conditions on demand, this work aims to reduce critical uncertainties and improve the predictive power of next-generation climate simulations.

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20.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12

SAM-Deep-EIoU: Selective Mask Propagation for Multi-Object Tracking

Authors:
Alexander Holmberg↗

Multi-object tracking has a heavy-tailed difficulty distribution: most frames are easy for a lightweight base tracker, while a small fraction are intrinsically hard. Video object segmentation (VOS) models can often preserve identity through the hard frames where the base tracker fails, but they are much more expensive in compute and memory. We propose selective mask propagation, a tracking algorithm that dispatches from a base tracker to a VOS model only on windows where an assignment-uncertainty signal fires. The base tracker's output is modified only when the VOS model makes a confident prediction that contradicts the base tracker's identity assignment; weak or inconclusive predictions preserve the base output. The method is training-free, treats both the base tracker and the VOS model as black boxes, and can benefit from replacing the VOS component with a more capable model. On DanceTrack, selective mask propagation improves three different base trackers. On SportsMOT, where identity preservation is central to sports analytics, SAM3-Deep-EIoU with global track association achieves state-of-the-art performance on the benchmark with 86.8 HOTA.

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21.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22

Pump-Free Patient-Derived Human Proximal Tubule Microphysiological System for Modeling Flow-Dependent Epithelial Maturation and Cisplatin Injury

Authors:
Sekiguchi↗Suzuki↗Nakao↗Hori↗Mori↗Mirza↗A. F↗Shindoh↗Morita↗Mandai↗Fujiki↗Kikuchi↗…

Recent initiatives by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health to reduce animal testing in drug development have highlighted the need for in vitro platforms that better recapitulate human biology for preclinical safety assessment. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity remains a major cause of drug attrition, underscoring the need for human-relevant kidney models. To address this, a pump-free human patient-derived proximal tubule microphysiological system was developed by integrating human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (hRPTECs), isolated from non-tumorous nephrectomy cortex, with a porous membrane-based microfluidic device. Expanded hRPTECs were cultured for 10 days under static conditions or rocker-driven shear stress approximating physiological proximal tubular flow. Shear stress increased epithelial density, enhanced proximal tubule marker expression (Na+/K+-ATPase and aquaporin-1), and improved Zonula occludens-1 and occludin localization. Bulk RNA sequencing demonstrated transcriptomic changes associated with enhanced apical maturation and epithelial signature. In cisplatin-induced injury assays, shear-conditioned epithelia exhibited reduced cell density and increased {gamma}H2AX staining, indicating greater sensitivity to nephrotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that rocker-driven shear stress promotes epithelial maturation in patient-derived hRPTECs. The pump-free human patient-derived proximal tubule microphysiological system offers a practical, scalable, and physiologically relevant platform for modeling flow-dependent proximal tubule biology and assessing human-relevant nephrotoxicity.

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22.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15

EiCAP: Beyond Fluency, Probing and Improving Emotional Intelligence in LLMs via Psychologically Grounded Multi-Turn Dialogue

Authors:
Nizi Nazar↗Pardis Sadat Zahraei↗Dilek Hakkani-T\"ur↗Natasa Milic-Frayling↗Ehsaneddin Asgari↗

Large Language Models increasingly serve in emotionally sensitive roles, including mental health support, education, and crisis response, yet they lack a principled framework for assessing or improving Emotional Intelligence (EI). We introduce EiCAP, a unified, psychologically grounded six-layer EI taxonomy operationalized into two complementary resources. EiCAP-Bench is a multi-turn, one-vs-three forced-choice evaluation suite with 3,174 probes across 24 subcategories and cross-turn dependencies that reflect real conversational EI demands. EiCAP-SFT is a 152,820-dialogue supervision corpus aligned to the same taxonomy, enabling controlled, interpretable fine-tuning. Two key findings emerge. First, generic conversational supervised fine-tuning does not confer EI: fine-tuning on UltraChat yields no significant gain in any of the 24 subcategories, with a macro score of 24.6%, near the chance level of 25%. Second, applying EI-grounded LoRA, using approximately 0.8% of parameters, directly to Qwen-2.5-7B-Base achieves significant gains in all 24 subcategories, reaching a macro score of 75.33%, a gain of 51.7 percentage points over Base and 37.1 percentage points over Instruct. Crucially, an ablation shows that the UltraChat pre-stage is counterproductive, reducing performance by 21.4 percentage points: direct EI-grounded training is both necessary and sufficient.

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23.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12

VISTA: Video Interaction Spatio-Temporal Analysis Benchmark

Authors:
Alejandro Aparcedo↗Akash Kumar↗Aaryan Garg↗Dalton Pham↗Wen-Kai Chen↗Anirudh Bharadwaj↗Aman Chadha↗Yogesh Rawat↗

Existing benchmarks for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) primarily evaluate spatio-temporal understanding on simple single-action videos, closed attribute sets and restricted entity types, failing to capture the freeform, multi-action interactions between diverse entities which characterize real-world video understanding. Furthermore, the lack of a systematic framework for analyzing model failures across complementary spatio-temporal axes hinders comprehensive evaluation. To address these gaps, we introduce VISTA, a Video Interaction Spatio-Temporal Analysis benchmark designed for open-set, multi-entity and multi-action spatio-temporal understanding in VLMs. VISTA decomposes videos into interpretable entities, their associated actions, and relational dynamics, enabling multi-axis diagnostics and unified assessment of relational, spatial, and temporal understanding. Our benchmark integrates multiple datasets into a single interaction-aware taxonomy and comprises ~12K curated video-query pairs spanning diverse scenes and complexities. We systematically evaluate 11 state-of-the-art VLMs on VISTA, and break down aggregate performance across our taxonomy to reveal shortcomings and pronounced spatio-temporal biases obscured by traditional metrics. By providing detailed, taxonomy-driven diagnostics on a challenging dataset, VISTA offers a nuanced framework to guide advances in model design, pretraining strategies, and evaluation protocols. Overall, VISTA is the first, large-scale, interaction-aware diagnostic benchmark for spatio-temporal understanding in VLMs.

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24.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12

GeoDial: A Multimodal Conversational Tutoring Dataset for Geometry Problem-Solving with Visual Tutor Turns

Authors:
Sankalan Pal Chowdhury↗Junling Wang↗Donya Rooein↗April Yi Wang↗Mrinmaya Sachan↗

arXiv:2606.12419v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Several educational domains rely heavily on diagrams and visual cues, yet most existing tutoring datasets are limited to text-only interactions. This limits the development of AI tutors that can teach in visually grounded ways used by human instructors. Thus, we introduce GeoDial, a multimodal tutoring dataset of over 1.3K teacher-student dialogs in the domain of geometry collected from experienced math teachers, where instructional turns are explicitly grounded in diagram highlights. We propose a scalable annotation protocol that integrates dialog acts, visual highlighting, and feedback, enabling fine-grained supervision of both language and visual tutoring behavior. To illustrate the challenges posed by this setting, we fine-tune several vision-language models on GeoDial and evaluate their ability to generate tutoring utterances and diagram highlights. While supervised fine-tuning substantially improves the quality of generated dialog, it struggles to produce accurate diagram highlights, revealing a key limitation of current methods and highlighting the need for approaches that more effectively integrate visual reasoning with pedagogical interaction.

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25.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

PhyloSDF: Phylogenetically-Conditioned Neural Generation of 3D Skull Morphology via Residual Flow Matching

Authors:
Kaikwan Lau↗Gary P. T. Choi↗

Generating novel, biologically plausible three-dimensional morphological structures is a fundamental challenge in computational evolutionary biology, hampered by extreme data scarcity and the requirement that generated shapes respect phylogenetic relationships among species. In this work, we present PhyloSDF, a phylogenetically-conditioned neural generative model for 3D biological morphology that integrates two innovations: (1) a DeepSDF auto-decoder regularized by a novel Phylogenetic Consistency Loss that structures the latent space to correlate with evolutionary distances (Pearson r=0.993); (2) a Residual Conditional Flow Matching (Residual CFM) architecture that factorizes generation into analytic species-centroid lookup and learned residual prediction, enabling generation from as few as ~4 specimens per species. We evaluate PhyloSDF on 100 micro-CT-scanned skulls of Darwin's Finches and their relatives across 24 species. The model generates novel meshes achieving 88-129% of real intra-species variation at the code level, with all 180 generated meshes verified as non-memorized. Residual CFM surpasses denoising diffusion (which fails entirely at this scale), standard flow matching (which mode-collapses to 3-6% variation), and a Gaussian mixture baseline in both fidelity (Chamfer Distance 0.00181 vs. 0.00190) and morphometric Fr\'{e}chet distance (10,641 vs. 13,322). Leave-one-species-out experiments across 18 species demonstrate phylogenetic extrapolation capability, and smooth latent interpolations produce biologically plausible ancestral skull reconstructions.

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