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01.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22

An integrated AI-microfluidic platform reveals the broad persistence and developmental potential of rare sperm in non-obstructive azoospermia

Authors:
Chen↗Xiao↗Wang↗Song↗Liu↗Shen↗Guo↗Li↗Zhao↗Mo↗Huang↗Xu↗…

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the most severe form of male infertility, severely limiting a patient's prospects for biological fatherhood when surgical retrieval fails. However, the true biological limits of NOA remain obscured by the inherent limitations of conventional gamete recovery protocols: standard centrifugation frequently causes substantial cell loss, masking extremely rare sperm, while surgical interventions are constrained by spatial sampling biases. Here we report SpermSeek, an integrated AI-guided microfluidic platform for real-time, non-destructive isolation of single sperm directly from semen. Operating at scalable throughput (0.36 mL/h), the system achieves 98.3% detection precision and a 95.5% target encapsulation efficiency, suppressing background debris. In a 59-patient NOA cohort, SpermSeek detected morphologically identifiable sperm in 64.4% (38/59) of cases, spanning diverse genetic etiologies, including AZFb/c microdeletions, and severe histopathological phenotypes, such as Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (SCOS). Notably, among a sub-cohort of 41 patients who remained consistently sperm-negative despite prior medical or micro-TESE interventions, our platform identified gametes in 53.7% (22/41) of these cases. Comprehensive safety profiling in healthy human donors and wild-type mice confirmed that processed sperm retain high DNA integrity and epigenomic concordance (r=0.98), supporting transgenerational developmental stability in mice. Furthermore, in a 26-patient validation cohort, SpermSeek recovered rare sperm in 11 cases. Utilizing gametes from a subset (n=5), we demonstrated their capacity to support early human embryogenesis, yielding high-quality cleavage-stage embryos with confirmed genomic euploidy. This work establishes a highly sensitive framework for re-examining the biological limits of human spermatogenesis, laying the foundation to expand autologous reproductive options for patients refractory to conventional retrieval protocols.

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02.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Cryptographic certificates of validity for trustworthy AI

Authors:
Murdoch J. Gabbay↗

arXiv:2606.23768v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We propose cryptographic certificates of validity for agentic AI systems. The core idea is to formally specify a correctness or policy condition as a logical predicate, compile this predicate to a witness-checking problem over polynomial constraints, and use a succinct cryptographic proof system (and optionally zero-knowledge) to certify that the condition holds. This offers a middle ground between formal verification of source code, and cryptographic authentication. An agent's action can be accompanied by an independently checkable proof that it satisfies an agreed formal policy, without requiring the verifier to trust the agent or to re-execute computation. We outline the approach at a high level, give the core mathematical translation, relate the proposal to proof-carrying code, zkVMs, formal methods, and agent governance, and note the specification, auditing, and deployment questions that a full implementation must answer.

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03.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24

Enhancing quantum-classical configuration interaction methods using a neural-network classifier

Authors:
Severino Zeni↗Giovanni Varutti↗Jacopo Nespolo↗Dimitrios Trypogeorgos↗

arXiv:2606.24332v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Selected configuration interaction methods achieve near-exact electronic structure calculations by iteratively constructing compact variational spaces, but their efficiency depends critically on the heuristics used to identify important determinants. Here, we introduce a data-driven selection framework that recasts determinant importance as a binary classification task and integrates a neural-network classifier into the iterative CI workflow through an active-learning loop. At each iteration, a random subset of candidate determinants is labelled via temporary diagonalisation, and the trained classifier guides selection of the remaining configurations. We demonstrate the utility of this framework for both classical and quantum CI methods by calculating the ground-state energy of a diatomic molecule. Our method achieves result parity with traditional configuration interaction methods at substantially lower computational cost: roughly a $\times 5$ reduction in memory and per-iteration cost for the classical cHCI variant, and convergence in markedly fewer iterations for the quantum-classical cSQD variant. These results establish classifier-assisted determinant selection as a lightweight, method-agnostic tool for compressing variational spaces and accelerating both classical and hybrid quantum-classical configuration interaction algorithms.

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04.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

PrototypeNAS: Rapid Design of Deep Neural Networks for Microcontroller Units

Authors:
Mark Deutel↗Simon Geis↗Axel Plinge↗

arXiv:2603.15106v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Enabling efficient deep neural network (DNN) inference on edge devices with different hardware constraints is a challenging task that typically requires DNN architectures to be specialized for each device separately. To avoid the huge manual effort, one can use neural architecture search (NAS). However, many existing NAS methods are resource-intensive and time-consuming because they require the training of many different DNNs from scratch. Furthermore, they do not take the resource constraints of the target system into account. To address these shortcomings, we propose PrototypeNAS, a zero-shot NAS method to accelerate and automate the selection, compression, and specialization of DNNs to different target microcontroller units (MCUs). We propose a novel three-step search method that decouples DNN design and specialization from DNN training for a given target platform. First, we present a novel search space that not only cuts out smaller DNNs from a single large architecture, but instead combines the structural optimization of multiple architecture types, as well as optimization of their pruning and quantization configurations. Second, we explore the use of an ensemble of zero-shot proxies during optimization instead of a single one. Third, we propose the use of Hypervolume subset selection to distill DNN architectures from the Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization that represent the most meaningful tradeoffs between accuracy and FLOPs. We evaluate the effectiveness of PrototypeNAS on 12 different datasets in three different tasks: image classification, time series classification, and object detection. Our results demonstrate that PrototypeNAS is able to identify DNN models within minutes that are small enough to be deployed on off-the-shelf MCUs and still achieve accuracies comparable to the performance of large DNN models.

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05.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-17

Cavity method for permutation models on Cayley trees

Authors:
Masayuki Ohzeki↗

arXiv:2606.17751v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Motivated by permutation statistical models arising in random tensor networks, we study permutation models on a Cayley tree whose variables take values in the symmetric group $\Sn$. The pair interaction is assumed to depend only on the cycle type of the relative permutation. Then the Boltzmann weight is written as a class function on $\Sn$. This property diagonalizes the edge convolution operator in irreducible representation sectors. As a result, the linear stability of the uniform paramagnetic cavity solution is controlled by the character eigenvalue ratios. For cycle-factorized weights, these eigenvalues can be expressed as specializations of Schur functions. We derive the instability criteria and also verify their validity by comparison with direct numerical iterations of the cavity equation.

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06.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-12

Diffusive Dynamics of Nonstabilizerness

Authors:
Zhenyu Xiao↗Shinsei Ryu↗

arXiv:2606.13606v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Symmetries shape the quantum-information dynamics of many-body systems, but their effect on nonstabilizerness, the resource complementary to entanglement, is less understood. We compute the stabilizer Rényi entropy, a measure of nonstabilizerness, in $\mathrm{U}(1)$-symmetric one-dimensional random circuits. The disorder-averaged dynamics is captured by a four-replica tensor network, which we evaluate by $S_4$-adapted infinite time-evolving block decimation (iTEBD) directly in the thermodynamic limit. Together with a hydrodynamic argument, our results identify a diffusive universality class for the late-time approach of nonstabilizerness to its random-state value, with the stabilizer Rényi entropy gap closing as $1/t$. The same scaling is verified in an energy-conserving nonintegrable Ising chain. More broadly, our framework provides a hydrodynamic perspective on nonstabilizerness generation and offers insight into the design of approximate Haar-random states in Hamiltonian dynamics.

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07.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11

AGE-MIL: Anchor-Guided Evidence Learning for Patient-Level Prediction

Authors:
Jiawei Niu↗Jian Chen↗Di Zhang↗Junbo Lu↗Zhangcheng Liao↗Xuhao Liu↗Honglin Zhong↗Mireia Crispin-Ortuzar↗Chen Li↗Zeyu Gao↗Yi Cai↗

Existing computational pathology methods predominantly operate within whole-slide image (WSI)-level multiple instance learning (MIL) paradigms, while patient-level modeling remains underexplored. In routine pathological practice, however, pathologists derive diagnostic and prognostic conclusions by integrating evidence across multiple WSIs rather than relying on any single slide. This discrepancy creates a fundamental misalignment when patient-level supervision is directly imposed on conventional MIL frameworks, often leading to unstable optimization and degraded predictive reliability. To address this issue, we propose Anchor-Guided Evidence MIL (AGE-MIL), a weakly supervised framework for patient-level prediction. AGE-MIL constructs a patient-level anchor from slide representations to capture global pathological context and guide the retrieval and integration of diagnostically relevant local patches, enabling robust patient-level modeling. Patient-level risk is further modeled as an evidence accumulation process, promoting stable optimization under weak supervision. AGE-MIL is evaluated on six clinically relevant patient-level prediction tasks from two independent cohorts. Experimental results show that the proposed framework consistently outperforms eight state-of-the-art MIL methods. Code is available at https://github.com/wodeniua/AGE-MIL.

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08.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

CAGE: Curvature-Aware Gradient Estimation For Accurate Quantization-Aware Training

Authors:
Soroush Tabesh↗Mher Safaryan↗Andrei Panferov↗Alexandra Volkova↗Dan Alistarh↗

arXiv:2510.18784v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Despite significant work on low-bit quantization-aware training (QAT), there is still an accuracy gap between such techniques and native training. To address this, we introduce CAGE (Curvature-Aware Gradient Estimation), a new QAT method that augments the straight-through estimator (STE) gradient with a curvature-aware correction designed to counteract the loss increase induced by quantization. CAGE is derived from a multi-objective view of QAT that balances loss minimization with the quantization constraints, yielding a principled correction term that depends on local curvature information. On the theoretical side, we introduce the notion of Pareto-optimal solutions for quantized optimization, and establish that CAGE yields strong convergence guarantees in the smooth non-convex setting. In terms of implementation, our approach is optimizer-agnostic, but we provide a highly-efficient implementation that leverages Adam statistics. CAGE significantly improves upon the prior state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy, for similar computational cost: for QAT fine-tuning, it halves the compression accuracy loss relative to the prior best method, while for QAT pre-training of Llama models, its accuracy for 3-bit weights-and-activations (W3A3) matches the accuracy achieved at 4-bits (W4A4) with the prior best method. The official implementation can be found over https://github.com/IST-DASLab/CAGE .

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09.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

Evidence of an Emergent "Self" in Continual Robot Learning

Authors:
Adidev Jhunjhunwala↗Judah Goldfeder↗Hod Lipson↗

arXiv:2603.24350v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: A key challenge to understanding self-awareness has been a principled way of quantifying whether an intelligent system has a concept of a "self", and if so how to differentiate the "self" from other cognitive structures. We propose that the "self" can be isolated by seeking the invariant portion of cognitive process that changes relatively little compared to more rapidly acquired cognitive skills - because our self is the most persistent aspect of our experiences. We used this principle to analyze the cognitive structure of robots under two conditions: One robot learns a constant task, while a second undergoes continual learning under variable tasks. We find that robots subjected to continual learning develop an invariant subnetwork that is significantly more stable (p < 0.001) compared to the control, and that this subnetwork is also functionally important: preserving it aids adaptation while damaging it impairs performance. We validate this pattern across three different robots spanning locomotion and manipulation.

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10.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

Resource-Aware LLM Reasoning for Mobile Edge General Intelligence

Authors:
Mingyi Luo↗Ruichen Zhang↗Xiangwang Hou↗Jun Du↗Chunxiao Jiang↗Yong Ren↗Shiwen Mao↗

arXiv:2509.23248v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled an emergence of agentic artificial intelligence (AI) with powerful reasoning and autonomous decision-making capabilities. This integration with edge computing has led to the development of Mobile Edge General Intelligence (MEGI), which brings real-time, privacy-preserving reasoning to the network edge. However, deploying LLM-based agentic AI reasoning in MEGI environments poses significant challenges due to the high computational demands of reasoning and the limited resources of edge devices. To address these challenges, we propose a joint optimization framework for efficient LLM reasoning deployment in MEGI. First, we systematically review enhancement methods to identify mechanisms suitable for edge adaptation. Subsequently, we present a distributed framework that synergizes reasoning enhancement via adaptive CoT prompting with scalable deployment through a distributed MoE architecture. An important innovation of this approach involves modeling reasoning depth as a dynamic network resource variable, which is optimized jointly with expert activation and transmission power. This mechanism allows the system to dynamically regulate expert networks and reasoning complexity according to task requirements and device capabilities. Experimental evaluations in mobile edge environments demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively balances reasoning quality and resource efficiency. The results show that with less than one second of additional inference time, both accuracy and latency satisfaction rate can reach 90\%, validating the practical viability of deploying sophisticated LLM reasoning in resource-constrained MEGI systems.

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11.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-15

Boundary-Centric Clip-Budgeted Active Learning for Temporal Action Segmentation

Authors:
Halil Ismail Helvaci↗Sen-ching Samson Cheung↗

Temporal action segmentation (TAS) in untrimmed videos requires dense temporal supervision. However, most of the annotation cost is spent identifying action transitions where segmentation errors concentrate and small temporal shifts can disproportionately degrade segment-level metrics. We introduce B-ACT, a clip-budgeted active learning framework that explicitly allocates supervision to these error-prone boundary regions. B-ACT operates in a hierarchical two-stage loop: (i) it ranks and queries unlabeled videos using predictive uncertainty, and (ii) within each selected video, it detects candidate transitions from the current model predictions and selects the top-$K$ boundaries via a novel boundary score. The boundary score fuses neighborhood uncertainty, class ambiguity, and temporal prediction dynamics to reveal the underlying importance of each frame. Importantly, our annotation protocol requests labels only at the boundary frames while still training on boundary-centered clips to exploit temporal context through the model's receptive field. Extensive experiments on GTEA, 50Salads, and Breakfast demonstrate that boundary-centric supervision delivers strong label efficiency and consistently surpasses representative TAS active learning baselines and prior state of the art under sparse budgets. Gains are largest on datasets where performance is highly sensitive to boundary placement, as measured by edit and overlap-based F1 metrics.

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12.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

LSTM-Based Detection of Structural Breaks in Property Insurance Loss Reserving: A Climate-Informed Approach

Authors:
Thomas Mbrice↗Shashwat Panigrahi↗

arXiv:2606.11463v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Accurate loss reserving is foundational to insurer solvency, yet accelerating climate driven catastrophes systematically violate the stability assumptions on which traditional actuarial methods depend. This white paper presents a research program testing whether Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks can detect and adapt to these structural breaks faster and more accurately than Chain Ladder, Bornhuetter Ferguson, and Cape Cod methods. Using 15 plus years of regulatory development triangle data from Florida and Louisiana, enriched with NOAA hurricane intensity indices and sea surface temperatures, we hypothesize a targeted improvement of 15, 20% in reserve accuracy for catastrophe exposed years, a threshold grounded both in the prior neural network reserving literature and in the formal convergence results developed here. Beyond empirical validation, we develop a theoretical framework grounding LSTM structural break detection in probabilistic terms, providing formal performance guarantees that compensate for the limited number of catastrophe events in the test period. We document the research design, methodology, expected contributions, and a candid assessment of limitations.

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13.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

Cyclic Denoising Reveals Ultrastable Memories in Diffusion Models

Authors:
Rishabh Sharma↗Stefano Martiniani↗

We introduce cyclic denoising – repeated forward and reverse diffusion at controlled noise amplitudes – as an extraction attack for image diffusion models. Inspired by random organization in disordered solids, cyclic denoising exposes regions of the learned distribution that are largely inaccessible to standard sampling. The dynamics drive samples toward attractors with a broad stability spectrum. The deepest attractors are ultrastable: they regenerate after near-total corruption and persist through thousands of noising-denoising cycles. Many of these attractors correspond to memorized training images, including stock photographs, brand watermarks, and web-crawl artifacts. The attack requires only sampler-level control, with no gradients, weight inspection, prompts, captions, or prior knowledge of the training data. Unlike generate-and-filter attacks, which rely on large-scale prompted generation and post-hoc similarity or membership-inference filtering, our main protocol is fully unconditioned. We demonstrate the phenomenon in Stable Diffusion v1.4 and in a pixel-space DDPM, showing consistent behavior across latent- and pixel-space diffusion models. Across noise amplitudes, we observe a yielding-like transition: low-amplitude cycling produces trivial absorbing fixed points or limit cycles, while larger amplitudes induce rearrangements, basin hopping, and long-lived trapping in structured memorized attractor basins. We also observe hierarchical partial absorption, prompt-stabilized basins, and cross-initial-condition universality of the recovered attractor set. Our results therefore show that cyclic denoising is both a physics-inspired probe of generative landscapes and a practical tool for memorization auditing, with implications for privacy, copyright compliance, and model fingerprinting.

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14.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-15

Large-scale semantic mapping of learner agency and autonomy reveals what measurement and generative AI research overlook

Authors:
Fei Qin↗Xiaobo Liu↗Yaowen Zhang↗Xuming Li↗Fei Wang↗Mutlu Cukurova↗Jingjing Chen↗Yu Zhang↗

arXiv:2606.10881v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Learner agency and autonomy are foundational to personal development, yet a pervasive "jingle-jangle" fallacy (i.e. identical terms denoting different constructs, distinct terms denoting identical ones) has substantially hindered cumulative knowledge. Treating meaning as a phenomenon constituted through use in linguistic practice, we extracted 8,954 definitions and 2,700 scale items from over 14,000 publications, to investigate how researchers actually used learner agency and autonomy with a semantic analysis pipeline. The definitional landscape of two constructs resolves into three dimensions: regulation and control of learning (task), intrinsic motivation and internal decision-making (person), and social-relational action (sociocultural), thereby empirically quantifying the jingle-jangle fallacy. Existing scales, however, systematically underrepresent the sociocultural dimension. Critically, current generative AI research in education concentrates on learning regulation and control, narrowing the behavioral repertoire that AI-mediated learning environments are designed to cultivate. Beyond conceptual clarification, this work carries direct implications for conceptualization, measurement, and practice towards supporting the multidimensional learner agency and autonomy.

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15.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-17

Agentic Discovery of Non-Canonical Antimicrobial Peptides with AMPGAN v3

Authors:
Jay Jung↗Xiaohan Zhang↗Shenghan Song↗Mahmoud Sayedahmed↗Chijian Xiang↗Yunong Xu↗Ahmed AbdelKhalek↗Severin T. Schneebeli↗Matthew J. Wargo↗Jianing Li↗Safwan Wshah↗

arXiv:2606.17127v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance causes to over a million deaths annually. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising solution, but generative AMP models are not yet ready to design peptides with non-natural amino acids and/or chemical modifications, which are essential for real-world peptide drugs. We present AMPGAN v3, a multi-objective conditional GAN that expands the generative vocabulary to D-amino acids and N/C-terminus modifications such as amidation. By separating adversarial and activity-aware supervision across two specialized discriminators, AMPGAN v3 substantially improves training stability and outperforms prior generative AMP models on external classifiers. We validated five candidates spanning three structural classes in vitro; two showed activity against Gram-positive strains, with the best candidate reaching MIC 8 {\mu}g/mL against B. subtilis. To support downstream curation, we further present PepCraft, a multi-agent framework for end-to-end AMP discovery in which a Planning Agent orchestrates specialized executors for generation, filtering, and verification. Its prioritization recommendations align with our in vitro outcomes. Together, these contributions let us examine, on a small but real scale, how generative and agentic AI compose in therapeutic peptide discovery. Code: https://github.com/marszzibros/AMPGANv3

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16.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

Controlled Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Fault Classification and Localization in Power System Protection

Authors:
Julian Oelhaf↗Georg Kordowich↗Changhun Kim↗Paula Andrea P\'erez-Toro↗Christian Bergler↗Andreas Maier↗Johann J\"ager↗Siming Bayer↗

arXiv:2510.00831v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The increasing complexity of modern power systems, driven by the integration of inverter-based and distributed energy resources, challenges the reliability of conventional protection schemes and motivates the use of machine learning for protection tasks. However, published results are often difficult to compare because datasets, sensing assumptions, and decision horizons vary across studies. This paper presents a controlled comparison of machine learning models for fault classification (FC) and fault localization (FL) under identical sensing, timing, and validation conditions on a common electromagnetic transient dataset, using decision windows of 10-50 ms to reflect protection-relevant time scales. For FC, the best-performing nonlinear models achieve F1 scores above 0.98 already at 10 ms, while lower-capacity models degrade at shorter horizons but improve with longer windows, indicating that relevant fault-type information is already present in the earliest transient. For FL, the top-performing models reach a stable localization error of about 10 % of normalized line length across all evaluated horizons, while weaker models form a clearly separated second performance tier. Line-resolved analysis shows that localization accuracy varies across grid segments, indicating topology-dependent difficulty rather than insufficient temporal context alone. These findings provide a controlled reference for comparing machine learning models across two protection tasks with fundamentally different information requirements.

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17.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

Equity with Efficiency: An Empirical Study of Tokenizers for Multilingual Large Language Models

Authors:
Kieron Seven Jun Wei Lee↗Muhammad Reza Qorib↗Andrew Ivan Soegeng↗Hwee Tou Ng↗

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) depend on subword tokenization to bridge discrete text and continuous neural representation. State-of-the-art multilingual LLMs often use Byte-level Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) tokenizers that structurally favor high-resource languages and Latin scripts. For speakers of underrepresented languages, particularly those across Southeast Asia, this bias inflates inference costs and widens cross-lingual capability gaps. We present the first systematic comparison of equitable tokenizers on a unified benchmark spanning 11 Southeast Asian languages. Beyond tokenizer-level analysis of compression efficiency and cross-lingual equity, we assess downstream task performance through controlled 1.5B-parameter language model training using the same training data. Our results show that Parity-aware BPE lies on the Pareto frontier of the efficiency-equity trade-off, achieving strong compression parity at competitive cost. Morphology-Driven Byte Encoding delivers the best semantic reasoning performance through morphologically richer representations, albeit at a higher computational expense. Byte Latent Transformer underperforms on downstream tasks, possibly because its architectural assumptions misalign with the constraints of limited low-resource training data. Together, our findings demonstrate that cross-lingual fairness and tokenization efficiency are not fundamentally at odds, and offer practical guidance for designing equitable multilingual models.

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18.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16

AthDGC: An Open Diachronic Greek Treebank with Indo-European Parallels

Authors:
Nikolaos Lavidas↗Kiki Nikiforidou↗Dag Haug↗Leonid Kulikov↗Vassiliki Geka↗Vassileios Symeonidis↗Theodoros Michalareas↗Sofia Chionidi↗Anastasia Tsiropina↗Eleni Plakoutsi↗Evangelos Argyropoulos↗

AthDGC ("Athens-PROIEL") is an open, end-to-end workflow and dataset. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first openly licensed dependency-parsed treebank of Greek that spans eight diachronic periods, namely Archaic, Classical, Koine, Late Antique, Byzantine, Late Byzantine, Early Modern, and Modern Greek, under a single PROIEL XML 2.0 schema, with verse-level cross-alignment of the New Testament to Latin (Vulgate), Gothic (Wulfila), Old Church Slavonic (Marianus), and Classical Armenian. AthDGC builds on the PROIEL Treebank Family (Haug and Johndal 2008; Eckhoff et al. 2018), which established the schema and the Koine-Greek reference set for the project. Annotation uses the Stanford Stanza PROIEL-trained workflow; sentence-level alignment uses LaBSE, a multilingual sentence-embedding model; word-level alignment uses multilingual-BERT attention through the AwesomeAlign procedure. The v0.4 release provides curated samples and the open-source toolkit; the full annotated corpus partitions remain under v0.5 audit on the Greek national HPC. Quantitative scale, per-witness verse counts, and per-period annotated-row counts are reported in the v0.5 release notes, after the audit pass completes. Concept DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20439182.

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19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Repeated Shared Access Enables Grokking, but Edit Propagation Depends on an Addressable Memory

Authors:
Yanan Niu↗

arXiv:2606.20737v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We study factual edit propagation in a controlled synthetic knowledge-graph QA setting using a 2x2 grid that crosses loop recurrence with shared-memory access: a dense transformer (Dense), a looped transformer (Loop), a dense backbone with shared memory (Dense+Mem), and a looped backbone with shared memory (loop-memory coupling, LMC). The two factors dissociate. For learning, both routes to repeated shared access – looped recomputation and repeated memory rereading – cross the out-of-distribution (OOD) grokking barrier that Dense fails, so repeated shared access is the behavioral regularity, not a specific architecture. For editing, the substrates split along a different axis: applying a single localized factual edit (conditioned on direct success) and measuring 2-hop propagation on a shared pre-edit-correct set, the edit propagates strongly in both memory-bearing cells (LMC 0.78-0.92, Dense+Mem 0.71-0.96) and only weakly in the memory-free ones (Loop 0.04-0.30, Dense 0.00-0.03). The split is along the memory axis, not the loop axis: every memory-bearing seed exceeds every memory-free seed, with no detectable difference between the two memory cells. Crucially Dense+Mem has no recurrence, so the propagating ingredient is an addressable site that an edit can write to and later computation rereads, not loop recomputation; Loop is at best a partial intermediate. The affordance survives coarsening the store (N=128 to N=13): propagation attenuates but the memory/no-memory split persists, so fine granularity buys precision rather than the affordance itself. These results dissociate learning competence from editing affordance – repeated shared access suffices to grok, but edit propagation depends on whether the substrate exposes an addressable memory that the forward computation can write to and later reread, an affordance that loop recurrence provides only partially.

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20.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Solving Inverse Problems of Chaotic Systems with Bidirectional Conditional Flow Matching

Authors:
Peiyan Hu↗Jian Zhang↗Jiashu Pan↗Ruiqi Feng↗Tao Zhang↗Zhi-Ming Ma↗Yuan-Sen Ting↗Gongjie Li↗Tailin Wu↗

arXiv:2606.24824v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Modeling chaotic systems is crucial yet challenging. Inverse problems in chaotic dynamics, namely inferring initial conditions from final states, remain largely unsolved because of ill-posedness, non-uniqueness, instability, and potentially chaotic time-reverse dynamics. We address this open problem with Bidirectional Conditional Flow Matching (Bi-CFM), which learns bidirectional mappings between distributions of initial and final states to capture the stochasticity of chaotic evolution and mitigate exponential error accumulation over time. Furthermore, for systems with conservation laws, we extend it to Conservation-constrained Bi-CFM (CBi-CFM). Across the classic Lorenz, Circuit, and high-dimensional Lorenz 96 systems, Bi-CFM improves five distribution-level metrics over baselines while achieving a speedup of more than two orders of magnitude. In the three-body planet-planet scattering problem in planetary dynamics, CBi-CFM better respects conservation laws, with conservation errors comparable to those of the ground truth. Finally, on real observations of globular clusters, collisional million-body systems shaped by $\sim 10^{10}$ years (10 Gyr) of evolution, our method represents an advance in accuracy, establishing a scalable route to solving inverse problems of long-timescale real-world chaotic dynamics.

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21.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-17

LLM-Driven Extraction of NI-RADS and Imaging Tumor Characteristics to Enhance Oropharyngeal Cancer Survivorship Surveillance

Authors:
Song↗Shbita↗Jang↗I. J. H↗Starostina↗Lewis↗Sahli↗Floyd↗W. R↗Mahin↗Rinsurongkawong↗Barbon↗…

Abstract Purpose Radiologic surveillance is essential for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) survivors, guiding recurrence detection and follow-up strategies. The Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System provides a standardized framework for post-treatment risk reporting at both the primary tumor site (pNI-RADs) and cervical lymph nodes (nNI-RADS). Comprehensive surveillance additionally requires assessment of disease status, including the primary tumor, nodal involvement, and distant metastases. These clinical results are often embedded as unstructured data within free-text radiology reports. We hypothesized that a large language model (LLM) can reliably extract NI-RADS score criteria and summarize key imaging features from unstructured radiology text, achieving high concordance with expert review. Methods Previously untreated OPC patients who received definitive cancer therapy were identified. Eligible imaging reports included post-treatment head and neck CT, MRI, or FDG PET/CT scans containing narrative and impression text. Examinations lacking narrative or impression text, containing pre-existing NI-RADS annotations, or involving non-surveillance imaging modalities were excluded. A total of 200 reports were randomly selected from 7,076 eligible examinations for manual abstraction using a three-reviewer consensus framework to establish a reference dataset. Using the Palantir Foundry Pipeline Builder, a GPT-5-based LLM was deployed to extract pNI-RADS and nNI-RADS scores, and key imaging features of disease status from these reports. Performance was evaluated using exact agreement and F1-based metrics. Results Agreement for no evidence of disease (score of 1) was 93.3% (126/135; F1 = 0.94) and 90.3% (130/144; F1 = 0.93) for pNI-RADS and nNI-RADS, respectively. For NI-RADS [&ge;]2, exact category agreement was 73.1% (38/52; macro-F1 = 0.75) for pNI-RADS and 64.3% (27/42; macro-F1 = 0.56) for nNI-RADS. Quadratic weighted {kappa} was 0.81 and 0.59, respectively. For post-treatment disease surveillance variables, agreement was 94.9% (149/157; F1 = 0.87) for primary tumor presence, 89.1% (164/184; F1 = 0.87) for nodal disease presence, and 94.7% (126/133; F1 = 0.70) for distant metastasis detection. Specificity was high across disease-status variables (0.95-0.99), with negative predictive values of 0.95 for primary tumor, 0.87 for nodal disease, and 0.99 for distant metastasis. Conclusions Our LLM-based information retrieval and classification approach for radiographic treatment response from unstructured, multidimensional imaging reports achieved high performance for disease exclusion and moderate performance for detecting suspected residual and/or new disease. This pipeline supports scalable and standardized surveillance data capture for longitudinal monitoring, clinical analytics, and survivorship research in head and neck oncology.

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22.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11

P3D-Bench: Benchmarking MLLMs for Parametric 3D Generation and Structural Reasoning

Authors:
Yikang Yang↗Zhanpeng Hu↗Youtian Lin↗Mengqi Zhou↗Jingxi Xu↗Feihu Zhang↗Jiaheng Liu↗Yao Yao↗

Multimodal large language models can write code to produce complex programs as well as use programs to do 3D modeling, which opens up a new avenue for 3D generation powered by their priors, world knowledge and reasoning. Yet existing benchmarks rarely evaluate 3D modeling through code. Such modeling demands more than runnable code: from a text or visual specification, a model must generate a parametric 3D program that is geometrically precise, semantically aligned and assembly-consistent. We introduce P3D-Bench, a benchmark for parametric 3D generation. Unlike a 3D mesh, a parametric 3D program exposes explicit dimensions, construction operations and part relations, revealing whether a model recovers a design's structure, not just its appearance. Under a unified protocol, P3D-Bench covers three task families (Text-to-3D, Image-to-3D and Assembly-3D) and scores each output for executability, geometric fidelity, topology, text-grounded constraints, multiview semantic alignment and part-level structure. We evaluate frontier MLLMs and text-only LLMs on 400 text cases, 400 image cases and 203 annotated assemblies, with domain-specific models as reference points. Our extensive evaluation yields three findings. First, assemblies are the hardest setting, where models still fail to compose multiple parts into a coherent structure. Second, models can often recover the global shape and semantic identity of the target object, yet fail to reproduce the precise parametric geometry specified by the input. Third, part-level modeling remains weak on assemblies, where models recover neither the geometry of each part nor the right number of parts. These results position P3D-Bench as a benchmark for evaluating precise parametric geometry and part-level structure in parametric 3D generation.

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23.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11

Self-Prompting Small Language Models for Privacy-Sensitive Clinical Information Extraction

Authors:
Yao-Shun Chuang↗Tushti Mody↗Uday Pratap Singh↗Shirindokht Shiraz↗Chun-Teh Lee↗Ryan Brandon↗Muhammad F Walji↗Xiaoqian Jiang↗Bunmi Tokede↗

Clinical named entity recognition from dental progress notes is challenging because documentation is highly unstructured, domain-specific, and often privacy-sensitive. We developed a locally deployable framework that enables small language models to self-generate, verify, refine, and evaluate entity-specific prompts for extracting multiple clinical entities from dental notes. Using 1,200 annotated notes, we evaluated candidate open-weight models with multi-prompt ensemble inference and further adapted selected models using QLoRA-based supervised fine-tuning and direct preference optimization. Model performance varied substantially, highlighting the need for task-specific evaluation rather than reliance on generic benchmarks. Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct achieved the strongest baseline performance. After DPO, Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct achieved micro/macro F1 scores of 0.864/0.837 and 0.806/0.797, respectively. These findings suggest that automated prompt optimization combined with lightweight preference-based post-training can support scalable clinical information extraction using locally deployed small language models.

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24.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15

Decoupled Mixture-of-Experts for Parametric Knowledge Injection

Authors:
Baoqing Yue↗Weihang Su↗Qingyao Ai↗Yichen Tang↗Changyue Wang↗Jiacheng Kang↗Jingtao Zhan↗Yiqun Liu↗

Knowledge injection aims to equip large language models (LLMs) with external, domain-specific, or time-sensitive knowledge. Existing approaches typically face a trade-off between flexibility and integration: retrieval-augmented generation keeps knowledge outside the model but only provides prompt-level augmentation, whereas post-training based methods encode new knowledge into shared parameters but may introduce catastrophic forgetting, knowledge conflict, and costly updates. In this paper, we propose Decoupled Mixture-of-Experts (DMoE), a modular architecture for parametric knowledge injection that decouples both experts and the router from the base model. DMoE converts external knowledge corpora into independently updatable expert modules and uses a lightweight uncertainty-aware router to activate relevant experts only when the base model lacks sufficient knowledge during generation. To support efficient auto-regressive inference, DMoE attaches experts only to the final-layer feed-forward network, preserving KV-cache reuse while enabling parameter-level knowledge augmentation. Experiments on knowledge-intensive benchmarks show that DMoE consistently improves answer quality over retrieval and adapter-based baselines.

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25.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18

ActiTect: A Generalizable Machine Learning Pipeline for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening through Standardized Actigraphy

Authors:
David Bertram↗Anja Ophey↗Sinah R\"ottgen↗Konstantin Kufer↗Gereon R. Fink↗Elke Kalbe↗Clint Hansen↗Walter Maetzler↗Maximilian Kapsecker↗Lara M. Reimer↗Stephan Jonas↗Andreas T. Damgaard↗…

arXiv:2511.05221v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a major prodromal marker of $\alpha$-synucleinopathies, often preceding the clinical onset of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy. While wrist-worn actimeters hold significant potential for detecting RBD in large-scale screening efforts by capturing abnormal nocturnal movements, they become inoperable without a reliable and efficient analysis pipeline. This study presents ActiTect, a fully automated, open-source machine learning tool to identify RBD from actigraphy recordings. To ensure generalizability across heterogeneous acquisition settings, our pipeline includes robust preprocessing and automated sleep-wake detection to harmonize multi-device data and extract physiologically interpretable motion features characterizing activity patterns. Model development was conducted on a cohort of 78 individuals, yielding strong discrimination under nested cross-validation (AUROC = 0.95). Generalization was confirmed on a blinded local test set (n = 31, AUROC = 0.86) and on two independent external cohorts (n = 113, AUROC = 0.84; n = 57, AUROC = 0.94). To assess real-world robustness, leave-one-dataset-out cross-validation across the internal and external cohorts demonstrated consistent performance (AUROC range = 0.84-0.89). A complementary stability analysis showed that key predictive features remained reproducible across datasets, supporting the final pooled multi-center model as a robust pre-trained resource for broader deployment. By being open-source and easy to use, our tool promotes widespread adoption and facilitates independent validation and collaborative improvements, thereby advancing the field toward a unified and generalizable RBD detection model using wearable devices.

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