Explore the Frontier of Global Academia

01.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13240

Towards More General Control of Diffusion Models Using Jeffrey Guidance

Authors:

Rapha\"el Razafindralambo↗R\'emy Sun↗Fr\'ed\'eric Precioso↗Jes Frellsen↗Pierre-Alexandre Mattei↗

A key strength of diffusion models lies in their flexibility, since their outputs can be controlled at sampling time through guidance. However, beyond simple cases such as conditional sampling, the target distribution is often left implicit, defined only through a sampling rule or a heuristic energy function. To address this, we propose Jeffrey guidance, a principled framework that extends diffusion-model control to applications beyond what standard guidance can express. It leverages Jeffrey's rule of conditioning to update marginal distributions towards a prescribed target, preserving the conditional structure and minimally perturbing the joint distribution. We first demonstrate Jeffrey guidance by targeting a prescribed embedding distribution. With Inception embeddings as the target, this leads to substantial reductions in FID on both CIFAR-10 and FFHQ. We further apply Jeffrey guidance to fairness on CelebA-HQ, updating an unconditional diffusion model to enforce independence between attributes.

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02.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11247

Physics-informed generative AI for semiconductor manufacturing: Enforcing hard physical constraints in generative models by construction

Authors:

Yaser Mike Banad↗Sarah Sharif↗

arXiv:2606.11247v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Generative models are increasingly used to propose designs, data, and control actions for physical systems, yet many such systems are governed by hard physical constraints rather than by perceptual plausibility. Semiconductor manufacturing provides a demanding test case: generated masks, layouts, synthetic defect data, and process recipes must obey lithography, transport, reaction, and device-physics constraints, because physically invalid samples are not merely low quality but unusable. This Perspective argues that semiconductor manufacturing exposes a broader computational-science challenge, namely that generative AI for constrained physical domains must be physics-informed by construction, not corrected only through post-hoc filtering. We survey the emerging architectural toolkit, including physics-informed diffusion, PDE-constrained variational models, neural-operator priors, and conservation-law-respecting generative networks, and show how it connects to differentiable lithography, TCAD, process simulation, and autonomous experimentation. We identify four integration patterns between generative models and physics-based simulators, and we propose a research agenda centered on physics-fidelity benchmarks, differentiable simulator infrastructure, and multimodal foundation models for physical design and manufacturing. The central claim is analytical rather than rhetorical: where physical validity is the binding criterion of success, architectures that enforce it by construction should be expected to outperform those that filter for it after the fact, and the fab is the setting where this distinction is sharpest.

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03.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19025

FoMoE: Breaking the Full-Replica Barrier with a Federation of MoEs

Authors:

Lorenzo Sani↗Zeyu Cao↗Meghdad Kurmanji↗Alex Iacob↗Andrej Jovanovic↗Yan Gao↗Wanru Zhao↗Nicholas D. Lane↗

arXiv:2606.19025v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) typically demands large-scale infrastructure with tightly coupled hardware accelerators. While increasing model and dataset scale remains the dominant driver of performance, Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) architectures have recently achieved state-of-the-art results by decoupling parameter count from computational cost. This efficiency enables training massive models on constrained compute budgets, yet it typically requires the high-speed interconnects of a single datacenter. To overcome these physical limits, recent approaches such as DiLoCo and Photon use low-communication data-parallel methods to enable scaling across geographically distributed, weakly connected data centers. However, these methods suffer from a fundamental inefficiency: they require full model replicas at every site, which imposes prohibitive memory constraints and communication overheads. In this work, we introduce FoMoE, a system that breaks the full-replica paradigm by partitioning expert layers across workers. We demonstrate that FoMoE: (I) reduces communication costs by up to 1.42x over efficient baselines and 45.44x over DDP via partial expert replication in the studied regimes; (II) achieves empirical throughput speedups of up to 1.4x through a novel skip-token mechanism; and (III) shows stable routing in the trained proxy regimes and projects the communication/memory benefits to 100B-scale configurations through system modelling.

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04.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2503.02064

CrossFusion: A Multi-Scale Cross-Attention Convolutional Fusion Model for Cancer Survival Prediction

Authors:

Rustin Soraki↗Huayu Wang↗Sitong Liu↗Joann G. Elmore↗Linda Shapiro↗

Cancer survival prediction from whole slide images (WSIs) is a challenging task in computational pathology due to the large size, irregular shape, and high granularity of the WSIs. These characteristics make it difficult to capture the full spectrum of patterns, from subtle cellular abnormalities to complex tissue interactions, which are crucial for accurate prognosis. To address this, we propose CrossFusion, a novel multi-scale feature integration framework that extracts and fuses information from patches across different magnification levels. By effectively modeling both scale-specific patterns and their interactions, CrossFusion generates a rich feature set that enhances survival prediction accuracy. We validate our approach across six cancer types from public datasets, demonstrating significant improvements over existing state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, when coupled with domain-specific feature extraction backbones, our method shows further gains in prognostic performance compared to general-purpose backbones. The source code is available at: https://github.com/RustinS/CrossFusion

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05.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25000

Geo-Strat-RL: Learning Geological Event Reasoning from Verifiable Tasks

Authors:

Lukas Mosser↗

arXiv:2606.25000v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: To evaluate whether vision-language models can reason about geological histories, it is necessary to construct observations for which the underlying process history is known. Furthermore, reasoning over geological histories is not just a question of recognizing visual patterns, but also of understanding temporal and structural relationships that may be only indirectly visible or highly ambiguous. When ground-truth event histories are not uniquely identifiable or are unavailable, it remains an open challenge to teach models capable of visual reasoning to produce valid geological reconstructions that are consistent with both observed evidence and geological principles. We therefore investigate whether defining a verifiable geological reasoning task can improve geological event reconstruction across observation domains through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). To this end, we present Geo-Strat-RL, a synthetic environment that generates stratigraphic observations and compact visible-evidence event histories. The environment combines a geological generator with an executable verifier that scores chronology, event identity, deposition, and structural relationships. We show that RLVR improves geological reconstruction in vision-language models (VLMs), increasing geological content scores on held out stratigraphic diagrams. We further evaluate the same held-out geological histories in a synthetic seismic observation domain by converting the generated scenes into acoustic-impedance-derived amplitude sections. In this controlled paired-renderer setting, we present evidence that geological reasoning learned from stratigraphic diagram-domain RLVR training transfers to synthetic seismic representations without seismic-specific training examples, supporting the hypothesis that RLVR can teach reusable geological reasoning concepts across related observation formats.

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06.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19069

Model-Free Reinforcement Learning Control for Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems

Authors:

Hugo O. Garc\'es↗Alejandro J. Rojas↗Bernardo A. Hern\'andez↗Andr\'es Escalona↗Jonathan M. Palma↗Md. Rezwan Parvez↗Bhushan Gopaluni↗Sirish L. Shah↗

arXiv:2606.19069v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This paper compares the performance of model-free controllers on a nonlinear system under cyberattacks, including false data injection and denial-of-service attacks. Four RL reward types are analyzed for accuracy, cost, and resilience. Results show that the Lyapunov reward offers the best resilience with low tracking error. Exponential mode also provides good trade-offs with acceptable resilience under moderate training conditions. Progressive and linear rewards converge faster but are less robust. RL-MPCs show strong steady-state resilience but require longer training times; RL-PID controllers are faster with significantly less training time. Proximal Policy Optimization outperforms Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient with a significant reduction in KPI variance. This study serves to highlight how well-designed RL rewards can improve performance and resilience against cyber threats.

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07.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.19152

AdsMind: A Physics-Grounded Multi-Agent System for Self-Correcting Discovery of Adsorption Configurations on Heterogeneous Catalyst Surfaces

Authors:

Zongmin Zhang↗Yuyang Lou↗Bowen Zhang↗Junwu Chen↗Ryo Kuroki↗Xuan Vu Nguyen↗Edvin Fako↗Lixue Cheng↗Philippe Schwaller↗

arXiv:2606.19152v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Identifying the lowest-energy surface-adsorbate configuration is critical for modeling heterogeneous catalysis, yet exhaustive exploration with ab initio calculations is computationally prohibitive. Machine-learning force fields (MLFFs) accelerate structural relaxation but leave the search over the vast configurational space a major bottleneck, and open-loop large language model (LLM) agents lack a physics-grounded feedback mechanism to correct erroneous initial guesses. We propose AdsMind (Adsorption configuration discovery with Machine intelligence and relaxation feedback), a closed-loop multi-agent framework that enables autonomous error correction through MLFF relaxation feedback. Across four LLM backends, AdsMind achieves consistently high search reliability, with success rates of 100% and 98.8% on the benchmarks AA20 and OCD-GMAE62. Relative to its single-pass (1-Shot) ablation it reduces cross-backend energy dispersion, and it uses only 4.11 and 4.67 MLFF relaxations per case, respectively – an approximately 14-fold reduction over heuristic enumeration baselines. Density functional theory (DFT) validation using VASP/PBE on six representative AA20 systems shows that the reported open-loop Adsorb-Agent outputs exhibit qualitative adsorption-energy sign errors for molecular adsorbates, whereas AdsMind preserves the correct sign in all tested cases with closer quantitative agreement. AdsMind thus delivers reliability, self-reflection, and interpretability simultaneously, supporting more DFT-informed autonomous chemistry workflows.

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08.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17384

Improving and Evaluating Hand-Object Interaction Detection

Authors:

Ahmad Darkhalil↗Dima Damen↗David Fouhey↗

Understanding hands and the objects they interact with, both directly and through tools, is a key step for tasks ranging from action perception to 3D reconstruction and robotics. Our paper provides several contributions to the Hand-Object Interaction (HOI) understanding literature: (1) HOI-DETR, a new framework that introduces hand-object and object-object interactions to the Co-DETR architecture to produce a state-of-the-art method; (2) a comprehensive HOI evaluation suite of 4 diverse datasets, including a video benchmark derived from the HD-EPIC dataset and fresh annotations that improve the Hands23 benchmark and (3) a trained checkpoint that significantly improves the state of the art across Hands23, HOIST, FineBio, and HD-EPIC, including mAP gains of over 20 percentage points on Hands23 and FineBio. Our ablations confirm the contributions of each model component.

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09.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-21 DOI: HASH:c9e290f119cceaa66abf690d71211597

DeepCDS: Ab initio coding sequence prediction in prokaryotic short reads

Authors:

Nielsen↗L. S↗Winther↗

Accurate coding sequence prediction in short prokaryotic metagenomic reads remains challenging due to sequence fragmentation, unknown sequence origins, and sequencing errors. Here we introduce DeepCDS, a deep learning-based ab initio coding sequence predictor trained on short prokaryotic sequences with and without simulated Illumina-like sequencing errors. DeepCDS integrates ESM-2 protein language model embeddings with nucleotide-level information to predict complete and fragmented coding sequence regions. Benchmarking on 215 phylogenetically diverse prokaryotic organisms demonstrates that DeepCDS consistently outperforms current state-of-the-art methods in coding sequence detection, start and stop codon localization, and robustness to different sequencing error profiles, while remaining operational at shorter sequence lengths than existing tools support. These findings demonstrate that protein language models capture distinct signals relevant for nucleotide-level coding sequence detection, especially at very short lengths. Ultimately, DeepCDS may help uncover the functional potential of the vast microbial diversity that remains genomically uncharacterized.

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10.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.12852

WISE: A Long-Horizon Agent in Minecraft with Why-Which Reasoning

Authors:

Renmin Cheng↗Changhao Chen↗

arXiv:2606.12852v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Rapid advances have been made in developing general-purpose embodied agent in environments like Minecraft through the adoption of LLM-augmented hierarchical approaches. Despite their promise, low-level controllers often become performance bottlenecks due to repeated execution failures. We argue that a key limitation is not only the lack of episodic memory, but also the decoupling of what-where-when memory from which-why reasoning. To address this, we propose WISE (Which-Why Informed Semantic Explorer), a long-horizon agent framework with an enhanced low-level controller equipped with a Causal Event Graph that augments episodic memory with explicit causal structure linking observations to task relevance. Unlike prior work such as MrSteve, which relies on feature similarity for retrieval, WISE enables robust recall under viewpoint changes and supports opportunistic task reordering through causal reasoning. Building on this memory, we propose an Opportunistic Task Scheduler that dynamically re-prioritizes subtasks when causally relevant opportunities are detected. We further equip WISE with a multi-scale progressive exploration strategy to provide spatially comprehensive observations for downstream reasoning. Experiments show that WISE largely improves task success and efficiency on long-horizon sparse tasks, particularly in settings requiring adaptive decision-making.

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11.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2604.17583

Electromagnetic Wightman functions and vacuum densities for a brane intersecting the AdS boundary

Authors:

A. A. Saharian↗R. M. Avagyan↗V. F. Manukyan↗

arXiv:2604.17583v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We investigate the combined effects of a brane intersecting the AdS boundary and background gravitational field on the local characteristics of the electromagnetic vacuum. Two types of boundary conditions on the brane are considered, which are higher-dimensional generalizations of the perfect electric (PEC) and perfect magnetic (PMC) boundary conditions in Maxwell's electrodynamics. The brane-induced contributions to the Wightman functions of the vector potential and field tensor are explicitly extracted. Simple expressions in terms of elementary functions are provided. The behavior of the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) is mimicked by a scalar field with a negative effective mass squared determined by the radius of the AdS spacetime. The expectation values of the electric and magnetic fields squares and of the energy-momentum tensor are investigated as local characteristics of the vacuum state. The brane-induced contributions to these VEVs have opposite signs for the PEC and PMC conditions. For the PMC condition, this contribution is negative for the electric field squared and positive for the magnetic field squared. The VEV of the energy-momentum tensor has a nonzero off-diagonal component. The brane-induced vacuum energy density is positive for PMC condition, whereas the normal and parallel stresses change sign as functions of the distance from the brane. Unlike the problem involving a planar boundary in the Minkowski bulk, the vacuum energy-momentum tensor does not vanish in (3+1)-dimensional AdS spacetime.

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12.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-12 DOI: HASH:33fd357505c634fe073b6765b575a7fa

PHI-Reason: evidence-grounded species-level phage-host prediction from structured biological text profiles

Authors:

Zhang↗Y.-z↗Xu↗Imoto↗

Phage–host interaction (PHI) prediction is a fundamental problem in microbiology with applications in microbial ecology and microbiome engineering. Existing computational approaches typically convert phage and host information into numerical representations derived from sequence similarity, protein content, genome composition or reference databases, then score candidate hosts or train host-prediction models. Although effective, such representations often make it difficult to inspect which biological evidence supports a prediction. Here, we present PHI-Reason, a species-level PHI prediction framework that reformulates host prediction as constrained biological text reasoning. Instead of embedding phages and hosts directly as numerical vectors, PHI-Reason converts heterogeneous PHI-related evidence from phage genomes, host genomes, functional annotations, homology searches and biological metadata into modular natural-language profiles. A frozen large language model then performs species-level candidate-host ranking or pairwise PHI assessment by integrating the supplied evidence at inference time. Across species-level benchmarks, PHI-Reason achieved competitive host-prediction performance and recovered complementary correct assignments relative to established sequence- and reference-based methods. Its explicit profile design enabled systematic evidence perturbation and rationale-grounding analyses, showing that predictions depend on coherent multi-source biological evidence and that hallucination risk from unsupported or incomplete profiles can be made operationally measurable. These results position PHI-Reason as a constrained evidence-integration framework for species-level PHI prediction. Rather than replacing sequence-based predictors, it provides an interpretable layer that shows how far explicit biological evidence can support host inference, and where that evidence falls short.

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13.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.25374

What Actually Works for Spacecraft Fault-Tolerant Control: An Honest Settled-Gate Benchmark of Learned and Classical Methods

Authors:

Alireza Shojaei↗

arXiv:2606.25374v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Recent learned fault-tolerant-control (FTC) work reports high success on spacecraft actuator faults, but often in simulation, on narrow fault sets, and with transient metrics that a trajectory need only touch once. We ask what recovers spacecraft pointing when success means holding it on faults never seen in training. We answer with a benchmark built around a settled gate, pointing held within 0.2 deg over a dwell window and scored on the true state, train/test splits disjoint in inertia, gain, sign pattern, and bias, Wilson intervals over n=500 episodes per cell, and one-command reproduction on a 6-DOF Basilisk testbed. Across classical, adaptive, learned end-to-end, and structured controllers, three findings stand out. Fault-unaware PD/PID and from-scratch end-to-end RL score 0%, so learning capacity alone is not the lever. Classical adaptive laws resolve sign faults but handle gain poorly at 55.2%, and a literature-faithful Nussbaum-gain law reaches 45.2% and 3.2%. A structured estimate-then-control design, with a learned recurrent module that infers actuator gain online and feeds an analytic law, wins on sign and gain faults at 97.8% and 94.4%, approaching the privileged oracle while unstructured methods remain at zero. The hard wall is constant additive bias, which is 0% for every controller including the privileged gain oracle, because an integral-free law cannot null a constant disturbance. We close it with a disturbance observer that recovers bias from the dynamics and is self-correcting for gain-estimate error. Composed with the gain estimate, it recovers 59.4% of held-out bias faults with no sign/gain regression, moving that class off zero. We classify sensor-fault regimes similarly, show that sensor bias is unobservable from the corrupted measurement alone and therefore requires fusion rather than an observer, and release the benchmark so the gate is shared.

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14.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13605

Distribution-Agnostic Robust Trajectory Optimization via Chance-Constrained Reinforcement Learning

Authors:

Yashdeep Chaudhary↗Roberto Armellin↗Harry Holt↗Marco Sagliano↗

arXiv:2606.13605v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This paper presents a distribution-agnostic robust trajectory-optimization framework based on chance-constrained reinforcement learning. The uncertainty is represented here through initial conditions and process noise, with the only requirement being that it can be sampled. A deterministic nominal trajectory is first computed offline, and reinforcement learning is then used only to robustify that baseline through a structured affine closed-loop correction law comprising a feedforward control adjustment and time-varying feedback gains. Probabilistic feasibility is enforced empirically through rollout-based upper-tail quantiles, while terminal dispersion is regulated through covariance-feasibility penalties. The framework is assessed on two materially different trajectory design problems. The flagship case study is a three-dimensional multi-impulse Earth-Mars transfer, where the learned policy is benchmarked against a recent robust trajectory-optimization reference under Gaussian uncertainty and then evaluated under bounded uniform uncertainty and under process disturbances not seen during training. The second case study is a stochastic atmospheric pinpoint rocket landing problem, used to assess portability to a short-horizon continuous-thrust setting with drag, mass depletion, and glide-slope constraints. The results show that the proposed framework can remain competitive in upper-tail fuel cost while preserving probabilistic feasibility, and that the same robustification scaffold can be carried across heterogeneous spacecraft trajectory planning problems without redesign of its core stochastic-control structure.

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15.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24 DOI: arXiv:2606.23800

Unitary Designs from Doped Matchgate Circuits

Authors:

Fabian Ballar Trigueros↗Zheng-Hang Sun↗Xhek Turkeshi↗Piotr Sierant↗Poetri Sonya Tarabunga↗

arXiv:2606.23800v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Matchgate circuits realize free-fermion dynamics: they are efficiently classically simulable, yet cannot on their own generate the generic randomness required for universal computation or unitary design formation. We study a controlled route beyond this integrable limit by doping matchgate circuits with non-Gaussian gates-physically, the injection of fermionic interactions into an otherwise free system. Using the matchgate commutant framework, we obtain analytic control over unitary $2$-design formation. For globally scrambled dynamics, the design problem maps exactly onto a classical birth-death Markov chain with an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck continuum limit, recasting the emergence of quantum randomness in terms of spectral gaps and mixing times and yielding rigorous bounds on the number of non-Gaussian gates needed for approximate $2$-designs. These bounds hold for a broad class of parity-preserving non-Gaussian gates, independently of microscopic details, with numerics indicating that the same mechanism governs higher-order designs. Used as local building blocks in a glued-circuit architecture, they yield approximate parity-preserving $2$-designs in polylogarithmic depth with a sparse non-Gaussian gate count, with implications for Page-like entanglement growth and fermionic classical-shadow protocols. Finally, locality reshapes this picture: in local brickwork dynamics, design formation is diffusion-limited and far slower. Our results establish doped matchgate circuits as a controlled, analytically tractable route from free fermions to interaction-generated quantum designs.

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16.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2606.18309

SAGE: Retain-Aware Post-Hoc Sanitization of Final Unlearning Vector

Authors:

Jingyuan Zhang↗Yucheng Bai↗Peixi Wen↗Zhehao Huang↗Zhengbao He↗Hanling Tian↗Xinwen Cheng↗Haiyin Ran↗Xiaolin Huang↗

arXiv:2606.18309v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning aims to remove undesirable knowledge or behaviors while preserving retained capabilities. Current unlearning methods all involve a trade-off between unlearning and retention. We have found that the retention activation bias can also be used to quantify the damage an unlearning method inflicts on retention, without considering the specific implementation of the unlearning process. This allows us to restore retention performance for any unlearning method using a post-hoc approach. Therefore, we propose a complementary post-hoc setting to sanitize the final update vector without rerunning the original unlearning pipeline. In this setting, we design SAGE, Spectral Activation-GEometry Sanitization, a source-agnostic correction for final unlearning updates. SAGE collects real module inputs from a small retain proxy, extracts their dominant activation geometry, and solves a source-anchored optimization objective in closed form, which suppresses update components aligned with high-energy retained directions while preserving the source method's forgetting carrier. Across multiple unlearning methods, model scales, and benchmarks, SAGE consistently relieves the retain-forget trade-off, identifying post-hoc sanitization of final vectors as a practical and underexplored axis for machine unlearning.

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17.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2606.21362

Bell inequalities tailored to optimal global randomness certification

Authors:

Ignacio Perito↗Raffaele D'Avino↗Micha{\l} Jung↗Piotr Mironowicz↗Antonio Ac\'in↗Remigiusz Augusiak↗

arXiv:2606.21362v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We present two novel families of bipartite Bell inequalities designed to achieve optimal global randomness certification for an arbitrary number of outputs $d$. We first use symmetry arguments to argue that their maximal quantum violations certify $2\log d$ random bits. For the first family, we construct a quantum realization using $d\times d$ maximally entangled states which provides a quantum violation that we conjecture to be optimal for any $d$. It is then numerically shown that the obtained quantum violation certifies optimal global randomness, up to numerical precision, for $d=3,4$. For the second family, we provide the optimal quantum violation and its quantum realization for any $d$, again using $d\times d$ maximally entangled states and projective measurements over at least two unbiased bases on one of the parties. We self-test this realization for $d=3$, which implies the optimal certification of two fully random trits.

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18.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2412.01871

Quantifying Imaginarity in Neutrino Systems

Authors:

Ashutosh Kumar Alok↗Trambak Jyoti Chall↗Neetu Raj Singh Chundawat↗Yu-Feng Li↗

arXiv:2412.01871v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: It is a fundamental question why quantum mechanics employs complex numbers rather than solely real numbers. In this work, we conduct the first analysis of imaginarity quantification in neutrino flavor and spin-flavor oscillations. As quantum systems in coherent superposition, neutrinos are ideal candidates for quantifying imaginarity within the resource theoretic framework, using measures such as the $\ell_1$-norm and the relative entropy of imaginarity. We show that in the case of two-flavor mixing, these measures of imaginarity are nonzero. The measures of imaginarity reach their extreme values when the probabilistic features of quantum theory are fully maximized, i.e., both the transitional and survival probabilities are approximately equal. Our study reveals that the imaginarity, as a resource, can be harnessed not solely from the presence of a complex phase in the mixing matrix but also from the intrinsic quantum dynamics of time evolution itself. We further extend our analysis to explore the dynamics of three-flavor neutrino mixing, incorporating the effects of a nonzero $CP$ phase.

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19.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-15 DOI: HASH:fa74f08787365ac64b197ad5bc53cf33

Validating Field-Feasible Measures of Recent Khat Use: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study Comparing Amphetamine Immunoassay and Assisted Self-Report Against HPLC in an Ethiopian Male Cohort

Authors:

Atkinson↗H. F↗Mekonnen↗Suleman↗Oetzel↗Soboka↗Widmann↗Toennes↗S. W↗Tesfaye↗Stewart↗S. A↗…

Background: Khat (Catha edulis) is a widely consumed natural amphetamine-analog used across East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Accurate field-feasible measurement of recent khat use is a prerequisite for large-scale epidemiological research; yet no validated alternatives to laboratory reference methods have been identified in the scientific literature. This nested validation study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of two point-of-care measures, a commercial amphetamine immunoassay and a Timeline Followback (TLFB) Assisted Self-Report (ASR), against high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of urinary norephedrine (NE), while additionally assessing agreement between the two field measures. Methods: A prospective, random sub-sample of 119 male participants aged 18-40 years from the Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center (GGFRC) longitudinal cohort, Ethiopia (validation timepoint T2, 2015), was used. Three index-reference comparisons were conducted: (1) amphetamine immunoassay (nal von minden, Drug-Screen AMP test, 300 ng/mL cutoff) vs. HPLC; (2) binary ASR (past-week use) vs. HPLC; and (3) binary ASR vs. immunoassay. Sensitivity (positive percent agreement, PPA), specificity (negative percent agreement, NPA), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), overall accuracy (overall percent agreement, OPA), and Cohen's kappa were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Pre-specified secondary analyses applied three pharmacokinetically-informed recall windows (0-2, 3-5, and 6-7 days prior to interview) to ASR. Results: Against HPLC (77 positive, 42 negative), the immunoassay showed perfect specificity (1.0 [0.916-1.0]) and PPV (1.0 [0.91-1.0]) but low sensitivity (0.52 [0.40-0.64]), NPV (0.53 [0.42-0.65]), overall accuracy (0.69 [0.60-0.77]), and weak kappa (0.43 [0.34-0.52]). Binary ASR showed high sensitivity (0.96 [0.89-0.99]), specificity of 0.60 [0.433-0.74], PPV (0.81 [0.72-0.89]), NPV (0.89 [0.72-0.98]), with overall accuracy 0.83 [0.75-0.89] and moderate kappa (0.60 [0.51,0.69]). Restricting ASR to use within 0-2 days improved specificity to 0.69 [0.52-0.84], PPV to 0.86 [0.77-0.93], overall accuracy to 0.87 [0.79-0.93], and kappa to 0.69 [0.61-0.78] (moderate), while sensitivity (0.96 [0.89-0.99]) and NPV (0.89 [0.72-0.98]) remained stable. Against the immunoassay, ASR achieved high PPA of (1.0 [0.91-1.0]), NPA of 0.35 [0.25-0.47], OPA of 0.57 [0.48-0.66], and minimal kappa (0.27 [0.19-0.35]). Conclusions: Time-stratified ASR (0-2 days) is a valid, scalable alternative to biological testing for recent khat use in resource-limited settings. The immunoassay's 300 ng/mL cutoff functions as a marker of heavy or recent high-dose khat use rather than any-use detection. Its perfect specificity and PPV make it valuable as a confirmatory test for substantial exposure, while its lower sensitivity reflects calibration to amphetamine rather than to khat-derived cathinone metabolite. Keywords: khat; Catha edulis; diagnostic accuracy; STARD; self-report; immunoassay; HPLC; Ethiopia; substance use measurement

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20.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2606.14580

Persuasion Index: A Theory-Guided Framework for Persuasion Analysis

Authors:

Liancheng Gong↗Zhiyang Wang↗Yiwei Xu↗Julia Mendelsohn↗

Identifying persuasive rhetorical cues is critical across domains, from detecting information manipulation and improving AI safety to advancing public health communication. We propose Persuasion Index (PI), a taxonomy of 15 dimensions grounded in persuasion theories from psychology and communication, and one transparent implementation using 55 sub-features built from lexicons and rule-based detectors. The taxonomy is modular: individual detectors can be replaced while preserving the theoretical structure. By evaluating PI on four public datasets varying in domain, style, and outcome measures, we show that PI provides a shared feature space for interpreting rhetorical patterns associated with persuasion-related outcomes. Linear models show that PI features carry meaningful predictive signal while remaining computationally lightweight. Dimension-level analyses reveal recurring associations between PI dimensions and persuasion outcomes across datasets, while also highlighting topic- and stance-specific variation. We release PI as an open-source package and web interface for principled and auditable analysis of human and AI-mediated communication.

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21.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2506.11139

Grids Often Outperform Implicit Neural Representations at Compressing Dense Signals

Authors:

Namhoon Kim↗Sara Fridovich-Keil↗

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) have recently shown impressive results, but their fundamental capacity, implicit biases, and scaling behavior remain poorly understood. We investigate the performance of diverse INRs across a suite of 2D and 3D real and synthetic signals with varying effective bandwidth, as well as both overfitting and generalization tasks including tomography, super-resolution, and denoising. By stratifying performance according to model size as well as signal type and bandwidth, our results shed light on how different INR and grid representations allocate their capacity. We find that, for many tasks involving dense signals, a simple regularized grid with interpolation trains faster and to higher or comparable quality than any INR with the same number of parameters. We also find limited settings – namely fitting binary signals such as shape contours – where INRs outperform grids, to guide future development and use of INRs towards the most advantageous applications.

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22.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.06527

Characterizing the Impact of NVFP4 Quantization for Low-Power Edge AI Deployment

Authors:

Ovishake Sen↗Venkata Nithin Kamineni↗Daniel Lobo↗Swarup Bhunia↗Rickard Ewetz↗Baibhab Chatterjee↗

arXiv:2606.06527v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Energy-efficient neural-network inference at the edge requires reducing arithmetic cost, memory traffic, computation energy, and storage overhead while maintaining acceptable accuracy. This paper presents an ablation-focused study of NVFP4 quantization for edge-efficient neural networks, with emphasis on the relationship between activation precision, weight precision, block-size scaling, retraining, and model accuracy. NVFP4 activations are represented using 4-bit FP4 data, an FP8 block scale, and an FP32 tensor scale, enabling ultra-low precision inference while preserving activation dynamic range. A block-size ablation over six edge-efficient models shows that block size B = 16 provides a practical accuracy/storage trade-off, requiring only 4.5078 bits per input for N = 4096. A weight precision ablation further shows that FP8 and FP16 weights provide only modest gains over FP4 weights under the same NVFP4 activation path, suggesting that activation quantization and scaling dominate much of the accuracy behavior. To isolate the benefit of the NVFP4 data type, this work compares conventional unscaled FP4 activation inference and NVFP4 activation inference with and without retraining. The results show that conventional FP4 inference collapses accuracy for most compact models, while NVFP4 without retraining already recovers substantial accuracy by restoring activation dynamic range through FP8 block scaling and FP32 tensor scaling. When combined with retraining, NVFP4 achieves the best accuracy across the evaluated models, demonstrating the effectiveness of scaling-aware FP4 (NVFP4) inference. These findings provide general design guidance for hardware-software co-design of low power edge inference across a broad range of accelerator platforms, including GPUs, Tensor Cores, FPGAs, domain-specific AI accelerators, near-memory computing systems, and emerging edge-computing architectures.

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23.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2512.24946

HaineiFRDM: Structure-Preserving Diffusion for Film Restoration under Fast Motion and Diverse Defects

Authors:

Rongji Xun↗Junjie Yuan↗Zhongjie Wang↗

Existing film-restoration methods frequently fail under fast motion, producing limb disappearance and structural distortion due to inaccurate motion modeling. Moreover, high-resolution restoration under spatially-persistent and mixed defects remains insufficiently studied. We propose HaineiFRDM, a Film Restoration Diffusion Model that leverages the content modeling capability of diffusion models for content-aware restoration, removing defects while preserving scene structure.To enable scalable high-resolution restoration, we adopt a patch-wise strategy with position-aware global fusion modules to maintain cross-patch coherence. We further introduce a frequency-based module to enhance texture consistency and a patch-consistent inference framework to alleviate blocking artifacts introduced by patch-based processing.We also construct a film restoration dataset comprising categorized defect templates, professionally restored films, and realistic synthetic degradations.Extensive experiments demonstrate our superior restoration quality with strong structural consistency. Our design also reduces memory requirements, enabling high-resolution restoration on a single 24GB-VRAM GPU.Code and the dataset will be released at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/HaineiFRDM.

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24.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2604.07904

Kuramoto Oscillatory Phase Encoding: Neuro-inspired Synchronization for Improved Learning Efficiency

Authors:

Mingqing Xiao↗Yansen Wang↗Dongqi Han↗Caihua Shan↗Dongsheng Li↗

Spatiotemporal neural dynamics and oscillatory synchronization are widely implicated in biological information processing and have been hypothesized to support flexible coordination such as feature binding. By contrast, most deep learning architectures represent and propagate information through activation values, neglecting the joint dynamics of rate and phase. In this work, we introduce Kuramoto oscillatory Phase Encoding (KoPE) as an additional, evolving phase state to Vision Transformers, incorporating a neuro-inspired synchronization mechanism to advance learning efficiency. We show that KoPE can improve training, parameter, and data efficiency of vision models through synchronization-enhanced structure learning. Moreover, KoPE benefits tasks requiring structured understanding, including semantic and panoptic segmentation, representation alignment with language, and few-shot abstract visual reasoning (ARC-AGI). Theoretical analysis and empirical verification further suggest that KoPE can accelerate attention concentration for learning efficiency. These results indicate that synchronization can serve as a scalable, neuro-inspired mechanism for advancing state-of-the-art neural network models. Code is avaliable at https://github.com/microsoft/Neuro-inspired_Phase_Encoding.

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25.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-25 DOI: arXiv:2605.29682

Scaling Laws for Agent Harnesses via Effective Feedback Compute

Authors:

Xuanliang Zhang↗Dingzirui Wang↗Keyan Xu↗Qingfu Zhu↗Wanxiang Che↗

Agent harnesses shape language-model performance by controlling tool use, feedback, verification, memory, and repair. Yet raw test-time expenditure, such as tokens, tool calls, wall time, or cost, cannot distinguish useful feedback from redundant or unstable interaction. We introduce Effective Feedback Compute (EFC), a trace-level scaling coordinate for informative, valid, non-redundant, and retained feedback. We further define Estimated-EFC, NRS-EFC, harness efficiency $\eta$, and task-demand normalization for realistic traces and heterogeneous tasks. Across synthetic, real, held-out, and prospective evaluations, EFC-based coordinates outperform raw-compute baselines and SAS. Oracle-EFC/$D_{\mathrm{task}}$ reaches $R^2=0.99$ in controlled scaling, and NRS-EFC/$D_{\mathrm{task}}$ reaches $R^2=0.93$ on real traces where raw compute has near-zero or negative fit. Finally, \ours uses EFC as a companion control layer for existing harnesses, improving mean pass rate from $61.2\%$ to $68.2\%$ while reducing mean raw cost from $213.8$ to $85.1$ under matched settings. These results suggest that harness scaling depends on durable, task-sufficient feedback rather than raw computation alone.

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