中 EN
Sign In Register

Academic Intelligence · Curated Daily

Explore the Frontier of Global Academia

AcademicHub aggregates real-time literature from top journals and preprint platforms. Build your personal research radar and let large language models compile cross-disciplinary analysis briefings automatically.

Sign In Register
01.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

Not Truly Multilingual: Script Consistency as a Missing Dimension in VLM Evaluation

Authors:
Prabhjot Singh↗Bhushan Pawar↗Madhu Reddiboina↗Rajvee Sheth↗

Current multilingual evaluations for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) assume a one-to-one mapping between language and orthography, overlooking billions of users of multi-script languages. We introduce PuMVR (Punjabi Multimodal Visual Reasoning), a benchmark of 1,000 strictly parallel image-text instances across Punjabi's three active scripts: Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi, and Roman. Evaluating 10 state-of-the-art VLMs, we expose a substantial and systematic Script Gap. Models frequently solve visual tasks in one script while failing identical tasks in another, with accuracy deltas reaching 16%. Crucially, visual input boosts absolute performance uniformly yet does not close the orthographic gap. Furthermore, cross-script in-context transfer is highly brittle, exposing script-locked knowledge representation. Supported by McNemar tests across all script pairs, our findings demonstrate that current "multilingual" VLMs are not truly multi-script. We propose the Script Consistency Rate (SCR), which falls as low as 24.8% on our benchmark, as a mandatory metric for script-agnostic evaluation to ensure equitable AI access. Data and code are available at: https://github.com/prabhjotschugh/Not-Truly-Multilingual-PuMVR.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
02.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

SPATIA: Multimodal Generation and Prediction of Spatial Cell Phenotypes

Authors:
Zhenglun Kong↗Mufan Qiu↗John Boesen↗Xiang Lin↗Sukwon Yun↗Tianlong Chen↗Manolis Kellis↗Marinka Zitnik↗

Understanding how cellular morphology, gene expression, and spatial context jointly shape tissue function is a central challenge in biology. Image-based spatial transcriptomics technologies now provide high-resolution measurements of cell images and gene expression profiles, but existing methods typically analyze these modalities in isolation or at limited resolution. We address the problem by introducing SPATIA, a multi-level generative and predictive model that learns unified, spatially aware representations by fusing morphology, gene expression, and spatial context from the cell to the tissue level. SPATIA also incorporates a spatially conditioned generative framework with confidence-aware OT reweighting and morphology-profile alignment for modeling target-state morphology distributions. Specifically, we propose a confidence-aware flow matching objective that reweights weak optimal-transport pairs based on uncertainty. We further apply morphology-profile alignment to encourage biologically meaningful image generation, enabling the modeling of microenvironment-dependent phenotypic transitions. We assembled a multi-scale dataset consisting of 25.9 million cell-gene pairs across 17 tissues. We benchmark SPATIA against 18 models across 12 tasks, spanning categories such as phenotype generation, annotation, clustering, gene imputation, and cross-modal prediction. SPATIA achieves improved performance over state-of-the-art models, improving generative fidelity by 8% and predictive accuracy by up to 3%.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
03.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

Shifting-based Optimizable Linear Relaxations for General Activation Functions

Authors:
Philipp Kern↗L\'aszl\'o Antal↗Erika \'Abr\'aham↗Carsten Sinz↗

arXiv:2606.20292v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The use of neural networks (NNs) is rapidly increasing, including in safety- and security-critical domains. To provide formal guarantees about NN behavior, many verification methods rely on optimizable linear relaxations of activation functions. However, existing techniques depend on hand-crafted relaxations for each activation function. Extension to state-of-the-art activation functions therefore requires substantial manual effort. In contrast, our approach SLiR (Shifting-based Linear Relaxations) is broadly applicable, requiring only a Lipschitz constant or a set of critical points. SLiR parameterizes relaxations by their slope and computes the corresponding offset via a shifting procedure that ensures sound upper and lower bounds over the input domain, enabling efficient optimization while maintaining correctness. Our experiments show that SLiR produces tight relaxations across a wide range of practical activation functions and enables verification of up to 7.8x more properties compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
04.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16

Decoupled Motion Representation Learning for Moving Infrared Small Target Detection

Authors:
Guoyi Zhang↗Peiwen Wu↗Han Wang↗Xiangpeng Xu↗Xiaohu Zhang↗

Infrared small target detection in dynamic scenes remains challenging due to the highly coupled motions among targets, imaging platforms, and dynamic backgrounds. Existing multi-frame methods usually perform implicit temporal modeling, where coherent background dynamics dominate motion correspondence learning, leading to an inherent trade-off between detection and false alarms. In this work, we observe that background motions exhibit strong global coherence, whereas small targets mainly correspond to sparse local motion anomalies. Moreover, many false-alarm responses maintain high consistency with globally coherent motion patterns, indicating that they mainly originate from coherent background dynamics rather than genuine target motions. Based on these observations, we propose a decoupled motion representation learning framework for moving infrared small target detection. Specifically, an explicit motion branch is introduced to model globally coherent motion dynamics using pretrained optical flow priors, together with a structure-preserving self-supervised adaptation strategy for infrared motion correspondence learning. Meanwhile, an implicit motion branch based on deformable feature alignment is designed to capture target-sensitive local motion anomalies under coherent motion guidance. Furthermore, a coherent-motion-guided local anomaly reasoning module is proposed to identify and suppress coherent-motion-induced false responses during localized motion modeling. Extensive experiments on two challenging infrared small target detection benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches, particularly in dynamic scenes with complex motions, while maintaining favorable inference efficiency.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
05.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24

An Analysis of Speculative Window Decoders for Quantum Error Correction

Authors:
Jocelyn Li↗Margaret Martonosi↗

arXiv:2606.24048v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Fault-tolerant quantum computing is essential for realizing the substantial computational speedups that quantum computing can bring, but it requires real-time error decoding with high performance. Speculative window decoding improves performance by reducing the time spent waiting for dependencies from prior decoding windows. However, speculative decoders have only been evaluated under the regime of superconducting qubits with fast gate speeds, surface codes, and matching decoders. Since different quantum technologies can have slower gate speeds, we evaluate the performance of speculative decoding under slow gate speeds. We also examine its sensitivity to speculation accuracy, decoder latency, processor count, and workload parallelism, which can vary across different quantum error correction codes, decoders, and hardware platforms. This work presents design principles for identifying when speculative decoding yields the greatest performance improvements. It also reveals the conditions under which non-speculative decoders outperform speculative decoders.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
06.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

LabVLA: Grounding Vision-Language-Action Models in Scientific Laboratories

Authors:
Baochang Ren↗Xinjie Liu↗Xi Chen↗Yanshuo Liu↗Chenxi Li↗Daqi Gao↗Zeqin Su↗Jintao Xing↗Zirui Xue↗Rui Li↗Xiangyu Zhao↗Shuofei Qiao↗…

Scientific laboratories increasingly rely on AI systems to reason about experiments, but the physical act of doing science remains largely outside their reach. AI can help read literature, generate hypotheses, and plan protocols, yet the execution of those protocols at the bench still requires a human operator. Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models provide one possible interface between written protocols and robot execution, but existing policies are trained mostly on household and tabletop demonstrations and rarely encounter the instruments, transparent liquids, or fixed protocol workflows found in scientific laboratories. Closing this gap requires both laboratory-specific supervision and a unified learning framework that can accommodate the diverse robot embodiments used to execute experimental protocols. We therefore identify data and embodiment as central bottlenecks alongside model design. To address the data side, we build RoboGenesis, a simulation-based workflow and data engine that composes configured laboratory workflows from atomic skills, validates and filters rollouts, and exports structured demonstrations across supported robot profiles. On the policy side, we present LabVLA, trained with a two-stage recipe: FAST action token pretraining first makes the Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct backbone action aware before any continuous control is learned, and flow matching posttraining then attaches a DiT action expert under knowledge insulation. On the LabUtopia benchmark, LabVLA achieves the highest average success rate among all evaluated baselines under both in-distribution and out-of-distribution settings.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
07.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

Color Matters: Trigger Color Affects Success in Federated Backdoor Attacks

Authors:
Kavindu Herath↗Joshua C. Zhao↗Saurabh Bagchi↗

Federated learning is vulnerable to backdoor attacks in which malicious clients inject poisoned updates while preserving benign-task performance. In this paper, we study a semantics-driven backdoor mechanism in which attackers use natural visual accessories as triggers and manipulate only the trigger color while keeping the attack pipeline fixed. Our framework considers semantic trigger objects such as masks and sunglasses, instantiated in black and white variants, and evaluates their effect in a controlled federated learning setting. Malicious clients construct poisoned samples by applying a trigger to source-class images and relabeling them to an attacker-chosen target class, while benign clients train only on clean data. We analyze this mechanism under both a standard poisoning objective and a stronger SABLE-based objective that combines clean classification loss, triggered target loss, feature-separation loss in the penultimate representation space, and regularization to keep malicious updates close to the global model. This design enables the attack to remain effective while reducing excessive update drift. Experiments on a four-class CelebA hair-color task show that trigger color significantly changes attack success rate even when trigger semantics, placement, and poisoning budget are unchanged. White triggers are more effective for attacks targeting the blond class, whereas black triggers perform better for attacks targeting the black class. The same trend persists under robust aggregation, showing that trigger color is a meaningful factor in the operation, persistence, and evaluation of semantic backdoor mechanisms in federated learning.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
08.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

It Takes One to Bias Them All: Breaking Bad with One-Shot GRPO

Authors:
Naihao Deng↗Yilun Zhu↗Naichen Shi↗Clayton Scott↗Rada Mihalcea↗

Warning: This paper contains several toxic and offensive statements. Modern large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned through large-scale post-training to ensure fair and reliable behavior. In this work, we investigate how easily such guardrails can be broken by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). We show that one-shot GRPO training on a single biased example is sufficient to induce systematic bias, with stereotype-driven reasoning generalizing across attributes, categories, and benchmarks. We further find that models differ in their susceptibility based on the initial likelihood of producing biased outputs. Our results reveal a critical vulnerability in post-training: alignment can be overridden by a single example.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
09.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

Causal Inference with Generative Artificial Intelligence: Application to Texts as Treatments

Authors:
Kosuke Imai↗Kentaro Nakamura↗

In this paper, we demonstrate how to enhance the validity of causal inference with unstructured high-dimensional treatments like texts, by leveraging the power of generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI). Specifically, we propose to use a deep generative model such as large language models (LLMs) to efficiently generate treatments and use their internal representation for subsequent causal effect estimation. We show that the knowledge of this true internal representation helps disentangle the treatment features of interest, such as specific sentiments and certain topics, from other possibly unknown confounding features. Unlike existing methods, the proposed GenAI-Powered Inference (GPI) methodology eliminates the need to learn causal representation from the data, and hence produces more accurate and efficient estimates. We formally establish the conditions required for the nonparametric identification of the average treatment effect, propose an estimation strategy that avoids the violation of the overlap assumption, and derive the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator through the application of double machine learning. Finally, using an instrumental variables approach, we extend the proposed GPI methodology to the settings in which the treatment feature is based on human perception. The GPI is also applicable to text reuse where an LLM is used to regenerate existing texts. We conduct simulation and empirical studies, using the generated text data from an open-source LLM, Llama 3, to illustrate the advantages of our estimator over state-of-the-art causal representation learning algorithms.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
10.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

Are We There Yet? Exploring the Capabilities of MLLMs in Assistive AI Applications

Authors:
Shayon Dasgupta↗Avijit Dasgupta↗C. V. Jawahar↗

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have redefined visual understanding by combining vision encoders with large-scale language models. This unified architecture enables strong performance on tasks like image captioning, visual question answering, and multimodal dialogue, often in zero- and few-shot settings. Their general-purpose capabilities and flexible interfaces make MLLMs a promising foundation for real-world vision-language applications. Assistive AI aims to help users interact with their environments through natural language. These scenarios demand robust visual recognition, contextual reasoning, and multilingual comprehension-capabilities that MLLMs are believed to offer. However, their effectiveness in assistive settings remains to be fully understood. In this work, we explore whether MLLMs can support Assistive AI by evaluating state-of-the-art models on real-world tasks: recognizing everyday objects like currency, answering questions based on scene text, and reading visually presented content across multiple languages. To this end, we developed a system, NetraLink, using a head-mounted GoPro to capture real-world egocentric data, and collected a benchmark covering these assistive scenarios. Our findings provide a comprehensive diagnostic of current MLLMs, highlighting their strengths and limitations in enabling assistive technologies grounded in visual perception and language interaction.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
11.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

Attention Expansion: Enhancing Keyphrase Extraction from Long Documents with Attention-Augmented Contextualized Embeddings

Authors:
Roberto Mart\'inez-Cruz↗Alvaro J. L\'opez-L\'opez↗Jos\'e Portela↗

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved strong performance in keyphrase extraction (KPE), largely due to their ability to generate rich contextualized representations. However, long-document KPE remains challenging because salient keyphrase evidence may be scattered across distant document sections that cannot be jointly captured within the limited context window of most PLMs. Although long-context large language models (LLMs) can process broader textual contexts, their computational cost limits their practicality for efficient and high-throughput KPE. To overcome this limitation, we propose an attention expansion mechanism that augments PLM token representations with information from surrounding out-of-context chunks using pre-trained word embeddings. The proposed mechanism expands the effective contextual scope of PLM-based KPE models without requiring full-document attention or expensive LLM-based inference. We evaluate our approach across five PLM backbones, including general-purpose, scientific, task-specific, and long-context encoders, using two training regimes and five benchmark corpora from scientific and news domains. Experimental results demonstrate that attention expansion consistently enhances KPE performance across all evaluation settings, outperforming state-of-the-art models and yielding notable improvements in F1 score. The improvements extend to domain-specific, task-specialized, and native long-context models, showing that the proposed mechanism provides complementary information rather than merely compensating for limited input length. These results establish attention expansion as an efficient and effective strategy for long-document KPE.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
12.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-24

An LMM for Precisely Grounding Elements in Documents

Authors:
Yijian Lu↗Chuangxin Zhao↗Kai Sun↗Lei Hou↗Juanzi Li↗Ji Qi↗

Visual grounding in documents is a crucial ability for Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) in areas such as document understanding, deep research and document error detection. However, existing approaches exhibit poor grounding precision in text-rich document images, often failing to accurately locate the critical document elements needed for reliable reasoning. To address this gap, we introduce PreciseDoc, an LMM specifically designed for precise element grounding and can be further optimized for Document VQA tasks. Specifically, to enhance the basic localization capability, we construct challenging training data by two pipelines capable of mass-producing high-quality documents with paired metadata of fine-grained coordinates, including synthetic hand-filled documents with camera effects. The model develops more real-world functions beyond straightforward localization of single text, such as locating personal information from CVs. Furthermore, we introduce a training paradigm for visual grounded reasoning where the grounding and reasoning are supervised jointly with reinforcement learning to improve the contribution of the grounded evidence. A comprehensive evaluation on various benchmarks demonstrates the advantage of the proposed data and methods in document spatial grounding and document understanding.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
13.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15

Reward-SQL: Boosting Text-to-SQL via Stepwise Execution-Aware Reasoning and Process-Supervised Rewards

Authors:
Yuxin Zhang↗Meihao Fan↗Ju Fan↗Mingyang Yi↗Yuyu Luo↗Guoliang Li↗Bin Wu↗Wenchao Zhou↗

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) trained with reinforcement learning (RL) have improved Text-to-SQL performance. However, RL-based approaches still struggle with complex queries due to two key limitations: insufficient stepwise execution-aware reasoning grounded in database feedback, and the lack of process-level rewards for guiding reasoning optimization. To address these issues, we propose CoCTE, a divide-and-conquer and execution-aware reasoning framework that progressively composes SQL queries through intermediate view validation and structured Common Table Expressions (CTEs), improving both accuracy and interpretability. To realize a CoCTE reasoning process, we develop Reward-SQL, a unified approach with three stages: (1) model initialization, which equips LLMs with structured CoCTE reasoning capabilities; (2) process reward design, which delivers fine-grained, execution-aware supervision; and (3) process-supervised RL and inference, which integrates process rewards into training and guides the inference stage by process rewards. This paper addresses the core challenges in Reward-SQL and makes the following contributions. We introduce a process reward model (PRM) that combines execution-aware trajectory scoring with entropy-based step weighting, providing dense and interpretable supervision across reasoning steps. We integrate PRM into both RL training and inference stages, stabilizing optimization and improving trajectory exploration with process-level signals. Experiments show that Reward-SQL significantly outperforms baselines with comparable model sizes, and exhibits strong cross-domain generalization.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
14.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24

Universal Dynamical Response to Slow Driving in Chaotic Systems

Authors:
Nachiket Karve↗Nathan Rose↗David Campbell↗Anatoli Polkovnikov↗

arXiv:2606.23810v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We propose a unified perspective on classical and quantum chaos based on the stability of a system's stationary states under slow driving. We probe this sensitivity via the system's susceptibility to the average protocol speed, which we call the ``speed-Fisher information," and relate it to irreversible entropy production in the system. We show that chaotic dynamics manifests as a divergence of the speed-Fisher information with the protocol time, and that this response is controlled by the perturbation's low-frequency spectral weight. This approach to chaos applies to both classical and quantum Hamiltonian systems, and naturally extends to non-Hamiltonian classical flows. We illustrate this framework with simple classical and quantum examples, along with a non-Hamiltonian flow that qualitatively exhibits analogous low-frequency spectral behavior.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
15.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12

Automated reproducibility assessments in the social and behavioral sciences using large language models

Authors:
Tobias Holtdirk↗Pietro Marcolongo↗Anna Steinberg Schulten↗Felix Henninger↗Stefan Rose↗Sarah Ball↗Bolei Ma↗Frauke Kreuter↗Markus Weinmann↗Stefan Feuerriegel↗

arXiv:2606.13670v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reproducibility in the social and behavioral sciences is typically evaluated by independent researchers who reanalyze the original data to assess whether the published findings can be recovered. However, such approaches are resource-intensive and difficult to scale. Here, we show that large language models (LLMs) can automate reproducibility assessments. Using N=76 published studies with predefined claims from the behavioral and social sciences, we compare LLM-generated analysis with the original findings and human reanalysis. For 7 studies, the LLM could not produce a viable effect size estimate. For the remaining studies, our LLM pipeline recovered the original effect sizes in 41% of studies using a +/-0.05 tolerance in Cohen's d. Further, our LLM pipeline reached the same qualitative conclusion as the original study in 96% of cases, where conclusions indicate whether the reanalysis supports the original claim. For comparison, human reanalysts recovered the original effect sizes in 34% of studies and reached the same qualitative conclusion in 74% of cases. Together, these results show that LLMs can serve as a scalable tool for automated reproducibility assessment and provide a foundation for systematic auditing of empirical results in the social and behavioral sciences.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
16.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12

Neuro-Symbolic Agents for Regulated Process Automation: Challenges and Research Agenda

Authors:
Alexander Rombach↗Chantale Lauer↗Nijat Mehdiyev↗

arXiv:2606.13405v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: LLM-based agents are entering regulated industries where they automate judgment intensive quality management processes. We argue that symbolic structures already embedded in these domains, including regulations, typed process models, and compliance constraints, should be treated not merely as external monitoring mechanisms but as core architectural components that shape the agent's decision-making and behavior. We propose compliance-by-construction as a complementary paradigm to guardrail-based monitoring: a structural foundation that prevents control-flow violations, while guardrails remain essential for catching semantic errors. We identify a structured set of neuro-symbolic research challenges on foundational and capability level and show that addressing them jointly enables compliance-by-construction. We call on the neuro-symbolic community to engage with regulated process automation as a high impact research domain.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
17.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-16

Theory of the correlated quantum Zeno effect in a monitored qubit dimer

Authors:
Severino Zeni↗Gobinda Chakraborty↗Alessandro Romito↗Alberto Biella↗

arXiv:2503.22846v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We theoretically investigate the stochastic dynamics of two qubits subject to one- and two-site correlated continuous weak measurements. When measurements dominate over the local unitary evolution, the system's dynamics is constrained and part of the physical Hilbert space becomes inaccessible: a typical signature of the Quantum Zeno (QZ) effect. In this work, we show how the competition between these two measurement processes give rise to two distinct QZ regimes, we dubbed standard and correlated, characterised by a different topology of the allowed region of the physical Hilbert space being a simply and non-simply connected domain, respectively. We develop a theory based on a stochastic Gutzwiller ansatz for the wavefunction that is able to capture the structure of the phase diagram. Finally we show how the two QZ regimes are intimately connected to the topology of the flow of the underlying non-Hermitian Hamiltonian governing the no-click evolution.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
18.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-11

Findings of the MAGMaR 2026 Shared Task

Authors:
Alexander Martin↗Dengjia Zhang↗Joel Brogan↗Francis Ferraro↗Jeremy Gwinnup↗Reno Kriz↗Teng Long↗Kenton Murray↗Andrew Yates↗Xiang Xiang↗

This overview paper presents the results of the shared task for the second workshop on Multimodal Augmented Generation via Multimodal Retrieval (MAGMaR). In this shared task participants submitted systems focused on either (i) video retrieval or (ii) grounded generation of articles given retrieved videos. Teams could submit to either task. For the retrieval task, we had 2 participating teams that submitted a total of 17 systems – all of which beat a baseline derived from the winner of last year's shared task. On the generation side, we had 4 teams submit 16 systems. All teams had at least one generated report that was labeled the best by a human annotator.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

SkillVetBench: LLM-as-Judge for Multi-Dimensional Security Risk Evaluation in Open-Source LLM Agent Skills

Authors:
Ismail Hossain↗Sai Puppala↗Md Jahangir Alam↗Tanzim Ahad↗Sajedul Talukder↗

arXiv:2606.15899v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Open-source LLM agent ecosystems are growing rapidly, yet the security of community-contributed skills - modular tool definitions that extend agent capabilities - remains largely unvetted. The gap we fill: existing scanners operate at the code layer and are structurally blind to instruction-layer and multi-agent risk - natural-language directives that hijack an agent, exfiltrate data through encoded side channels, or chain harm across pipelines - so what is needed is a semantic, multi-dimensional vetting system rather than another signature matcher. We present SKILLVETBENCH, a live public leaderboard on Hugging Face that uses an LLM-as-Judge to vet agent skills. What is new: SARS (Skill Agentic Risk Score), a five-dimensional agentic-risk metric with a principled weighted formula for instruction-following systems. What is integrated: full CVSS v4.0 vector decomposition and a ClawHub dual-view that places our LLM-generated review beside the official marketplace verdict. What is demonstrated: drawing on our companion benchmark paper [ 1], the LLM-as-Judge stage achieves zero false negatives across 78 confirmed-malicious skills and zero false positives across 22 benign controls, while the best static baseline (SKILLSIEVE) still misses 15%; for instruction-layer categories such as Prompt Injection and Memory Poisoning, conventional tools miss between 89% and 100% of threats (e.g., CODEBERT detects none of nine memory-poisoning skills). Detection rates vary from 35% to 95% across four LLM evaluators, motivating ensemble scoring in production deployments.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
20.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-15

Longitudinal monitoring exposes correlated temporal protein variations in the female plasma proteome

Authors:
Kalaidopoulou Nteak↗Drouin↗Michalik↗Salazar↗M. G↗Hammer↗Dhople↗Holtfreter↗Weiss↗van den Toorn↗Broeker↗Domanska↗…

The plasma proteome is a valuable resource for assessment of the physiological state of the donor. Containing hundreds of different proteins of variable concentrations, it displays substantial inter-donor differences in individual protein levels, making each plasma proteome highly donor-specific. Less is known about intra-donor variability in the plasma proteome over time, although such variations may even be more indicative of a changing physiological state. Here we assessed data obtained from the TIMES cohort, comprising 51 apparently healthy participants monitored monthly over 12 months, focusing especially on temporal variations in blood protein levels. Most strikingly, we observed that several women in this cohort revealed strongly correlated temporal variations in their plasma proteome, including most notably PZP, SHBG, FETUB, AGT, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, CP, APOL1 and KNG1, with levels sometimes fluctuating by more than 20-fold. In contrast, such variations were absent in men. Some of the fluctuating proteins have been known to be hormone-regulated (e.g., PZP, SHBG), but for others this was not yet fully clear. Through the tight co-variation observed for these proteins in the plasma proteome of women, we can conclude that all these proteins are similarly hormone regulated. The findings reported here not only corroborate previous studies showing estrogen-dependent regulation of several plasma proteins, but also extend this category to include also CP, APOL1, and KNG1. As these latter have been often proposed as candidate biomarkers, they should be validated in sex-balanced cohorts and interpreted with caution, especially in large-scale plasma proteomics studies wherein often only one or a few sampling time points are measured per donor.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
21.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

THEIA: Learning Complete Kleene Three-Valued Logic in a Pure-Neural Modular Architecture

Authors:
Augustus Haoyang Li↗

arXiv:2604.11284v5 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We present THEIA, a 2.75M-parameter modular neural architecture that learns the complete Kleene three-valued logic (K3) truth table from task data without external symbolic inference or hand-encoded K3 gate primitives. Across 5 seeds it passes all 39 K3 rules at >99% per-rule accuracy. K3 learnability is not the central finding: Transformer baselines also pass all 39 rules, and flat MLPs match THEIA on Phase-1 accuracy within 0.04pp. The contributions are two properties of the learned system. (1) Uncertainty-verdict asymmetric propagation. THEIA preserves Has-Unknown at every upstream boundary (80.0/91.1/90.8/99.7% across Arith/Order/Set/Logic vs. ~52% majority) while final-verdict decodability stays at or below a 73.4% U-vs-non-U oracle reference under linear and nonlinear probes. Activation patching on non-absorbent T->U cases flips 4,898/4,898 OR and 4,719/4,719 AND pairs across 5 seeds, ruling out residual shortcuts. (2) Reliability spectrum under discretized end-to-end training, on tasks decomposable along the engine boundaries. A mod-3 sequential composition task generalizes from 5- to 500-step evaluation at 99.96+-0.04% (5 seeds). Under identical Gumbel-softmax training, flat MLPs collapse to chance by 50 steps; a 2x2 ResMLP grid reaches >=99% on only 3/20 (config, seed) trials; a pre-LN Transformer reaches 99.24+-0.34%. Straight-through discretization prevents 0.999^500 compounding; the architectural separator is sustaining Phase-1 accuracy under Phase-3 training, where flat MLPs fail. Auxiliary: under per-architecture development defaults (not optimizer-controlled), THEIA reaches 12/12 Kleene coverage 6.5x faster than a parameter-comparable 8L Transformer; this narrows to ~3.6x with Transformer-standard tuning and 4.93x with the same recipe on both. Ratios are config-specific, not asymptotic.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
22.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18

SFT Overtraining Predicts Rank Inversion via Entropy Collapse Under RLVR

Authors:
Siddharth Aphale↗Kelly Liu↗

The standard heuristic of selecting the SFT checkpoint with the highest pass@1 for GRPO can fail when SFT compresses the rollout distribution. For binary rewards, the expected within group advantage variance is $p(1{-}p)(g{-}1)/g$; when early GRPO drives $p$ below $p^*(g)$, most groups have identical rewards and provide no group relative signal. We study SFT depth ladders for Qwen2.5-Coder-3B and DeepSeek-Coder-6.7B. We test Qwen2.5-Coder-3B across five depths and three seeds, and DeepSeek-Coder-6.7B across four matched depths and three seeds. On Qwen, pre RL pass@1 rises with SFT depth, but peak GRPO pass@10 falls from $0.806$ to $0.481$ (3 seed mean, $n{=}20$); pre RL entropy is positively associated with the GRPO outcome ($\rho{=}{+}0.69$). On DeepSeek, pass@1 remains far above $p^*(8){=}0.083$, and GRPO outcomes compress rather than invert. A two stage diagnostic, combining pre RL entropy triage with an early GRPO entropy monitor, flags high risk checkpoints and can stop failing runs early. Simple KL to reference regularisation and label smoothing variants do not rescue the collapsed Qwen checkpoint in our setting, suggesting the failure is not a trivial GRPO hyperparameter artefact.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
23.
arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-25

Invariant Measures of Lévy-driven Stochastic Differential Equations

Authors:
V. Knopova↗Y. Mokanu↗R. L. Schilling↗

arXiv:2606.25336v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We study the structure and regularity of (infinitesimally) invariant measures of the solutions to stochastic differential equations $dX_t = b(X_t)\,dt + dZ_t$, where $(Z_t)_{t\geq 0}$ is a Lévy process. We show, in particular, that the invariant measure has to satisfy a Volterra-type convolution equation; since we can obtain the kernels explicitly, we are able to apply regularity methods from harmonic analysis. As an application, we get a very short proof – in any dimension – of a classic result due to Sato and Yamazato on the form of the invariant measure of a generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
24.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-12

One Token to Fool LLM-as-a-Judge

Authors:
Yulai Zhao↗Haolin Liu↗Dian Yu↗Sunyuan Kung↗Meijia Chen↗Haitao Mi↗Dong Yu↗

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trusted as automated judges, assisting evaluation and providing reward signals for training other models, particularly in reference-based settings like Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). However, we uncover a critical vulnerability even in this reference-based paradigm: generative reward models are systematically susceptible to reward hacking. We find that superficial inputs, which we term ''master keys'' such as non-word symbols (e.g., '':'' or ''.'') or generic reasoning openers (e.g., ''Thought process:'' or ''Let's solve this problem step by step.''), can consistently elicit false positive rewards without any substantive reasoning. Our systematic evaluation demonstrates this is a widespread failure affecting a diverse range of models, including leading proprietary systems such as GPT-o1 and Claude-4. These results challenge the assumed robustness of LLM judges and pose a significant threat to their reliability. To address this, we propose a simple yet effective data augmentation strategy using truncated model outputs as adversarial negative examples. The resulting Master Reward Models (Master-RMs) demonstrate state-of-the-art robustness against these ''master key'' attacks while maintaining high performance in standard evaluation settings. We supplement these findings with a comprehensive analysis of the vulnerability across model scales, prompt variations, and common inference-time strategies, offering insights to guide future research on robust LLM evaluation. We release our robust, general-domain reward models and the synthetic training data at https://huggingface.co/sarosavo/Master-RM and https://huggingface.co/datasets/sarosavo/Master-RM.

Read & Discuss → View Source →
25.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16

S-SPPO: Semantic-Calibrated Self-Play Preference Optimization

Authors:
Xiwen Chen↗Wenhui Zhu↗Jingjing Wang↗Peijie Qiu↗Zhipeng Wang↗Huayu Li↗ZhengXiao He↗Xuanzhao Dong↗Prayag Tiwari↗Mingkun Xu↗Yujian Xiong↗Feng Luo↗…

arXiv:2606.01561v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is often formulated via Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). However, the standard Bradley-Terry instantiation of DPO is limited in modeling common departures from transitivity in human preferences. To address this, recent work has introduced Self-Play Preference Optimization (SPPO), which iteratively refines the policy by training on self-generated win-lose pairs. Our investigation, however, reveals a critical instability in SPPO: the optimization is prone to policy degeneration when the preference oracle assigns overly confident wins to semantically indistinguishable responses. To mitigate this, we propose S-SPPO, a dual-space semantic calibration framework comprising: i) Supervision Calibration via semantic gating, which anneals win rate targets toward the maximum-entropy baseline as semantic overlap increases; and ii) Representation Calibration via latent repulsion to enforce geometric diversity to prevent manifold collapse and maintain latent diversity between chosen and rejected samples. Theoretically, we show that the calibration preserves the constant-sum game structure, facilitating convergence to a Nash Equilibrium. Empirically, S-SPPO avoids the performance degradation seen in prior methods, achieving 52.19% win rate and 47.46% length-controlled win rate on AlpacaEval 2.0 with Llama-3-8B, without using additional human-annotated preferences during training. The code will be available at https://github.com/xiwenc1/s-sppo.

Read & Discuss → View Source →