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01.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-23

Associations Among Changes in Inflammatory Biomarkers, Pain Intensity, and Health-Related Quality of Life Following a 12-Week Aerobic Exercise Programme in Individuals with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain

Authors:
Nweke↗V. C↗Fatai↗K. E↗Madume↗A. K↗Ojukwu↗C. P↗Onyekwelu↗A. I↗Nwosu↗A. O↗…

Abstract Background: Non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) is associated with persistent pain, reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and low-grade systemic inflammation. This study examined associations among changes in inflammatory biomarkers, pain intensity, and HRQoL following a 12-week aerobic exercise programme. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from a randomized controlled trial involving 41 participants with NSCLBP (intervention, n = 21; control, n = 20). Participants received either supervised aerobic exercise plus health education or health education alone for 12 weeks. Change scores for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), pain intensity, and HRQoL domains were analysed using correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results: Improvements in IL-6 (r = 0.434, p = 0.005) and hs-CRP (r = 0.444, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with improvements in pain intensity. No significant associations were observed between biomarker changes and HRQoL domains. Treatment allocation was the strongest independent predictor of improvement in physical HRQoL ({beta} = 0.492, p = 0.017) and pain intensity ({beta} = -0.512, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Improvements in IL-6 and hs-CRP were associated with reductions in pain intensity but not with improvements in HRQoL. Treatment allocation was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement, suggesting that mechanisms beyond systemic inflammation may contribute to the benefits of aerobic exercise in NSCLBP. Keywords: non-specific chronic low back pain; aerobic exercise; inflammation; interleukin-6; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; pain intensity; health-related quality of life.

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02.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-24

A Physics-Informed Fourier-Wavelet Transformer for Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics Surrogate Modeling

Authors:
Somyajit Chakraborty↗Ming Pan↗Xizhong Chen↗

arXiv:2606.24696v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Physics-informed surrogate models can accelerate computational fluid dynamics simulations. However, many existing methods reproduce global flow patterns more reliably than localized multiscale structures. This study presents a physics-informed Fourier-wavelet transformer for next-step velocity-field reconstruction in real-world flow benchmarks. The proposed formulation combines hybrid Fourier-wavelet spectral encoding with physics-biased self-attention based on partial differential equation residual diagnostics. It also uses self-supervised pretraining through Masked Physics Prediction and Equation Consistency Prediction. The experiments are conducted on two real benchmark cases: cylinder-wake flow and fluid-structure interaction. All approaches are evaluated under a shared local protocol and compared with spectral, transformer-based, operator-learning, and physics-informed neural-network baselines. On the cylinder-wake benchmark, the proposed model achieves the best aggregate accuracy, with an all-channel normalized mean-squared error of 0.05875 and an all-channel Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97019. On the fluid-structure-interaction benchmark, it gives the lowest all-channel normalized mean-squared error of $2.70 \times 10^{-4}$, compared with $4.02 \times 10^{-4}$ for the strongest baseline. Component-wise field comparisons and scale-separated diagnostics further show stronger recovery of localized wake structures, including near-body, wake-core, and far-wake features. The results demonstrate improved real-world flow reconstruction while maintaining a practical accuracy-cost tradeoff.

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03.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

BusterX++: Towards Unified Cross-Modal AI-Generated Content Detection and Explanation with MLLM

Authors:
Haiquan Wen↗Tianxiao Li↗Zhenglin Huang↗Yiwei He↗Guangliang Cheng↗

The rapid advancement of generative AI has substantially improved image and video synthesis, amplifying the risk of multimodal visual misinformation. Recent MLLMs have shown promise for transparent AI-generated content detection through reasoning and explanation, yet existing approaches largely treat image and video forensics as isolated tasks, leaving cross-modal synergies underexplored. To address this, we present BusterX++, a unified MLLM for joint image and video detection with interpretable reasoning. We also introduce GenBuster-Bench++, a meticulously curated, difficulty-aligned benchmark containing balanced image and video samples spanning recent generation models and diverse real-world scenarios. Using this controlled setting, we revisit the widely adopted $SFT \rightarrow RL$ post-training paradigm. Notably, our findings demonstrate that a single-stage, pure RL strategy driven strictly by sparse outcome rewards consistently matches or surpasses a strong SFT+RL baseline across both unified and single-modality settings. Our key insight reveals that SFT imposes lower policy entropy, which restricts the policy search space and dampens exploratory freedom. In contrast, single-stage pure RL maintains higher policy entropy throughout training, effectively unlocking the spontaneous emergence of cross-modal capability transfer between image and video forensics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that BusterX++ achieves state-of-the-art performance, highlighting the powerful potential of RL for unified cross-modal visual reasoning.

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04.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11

READER: Robust Evidence-based Authorship Decoding via Extracted Representations

Authors:
Jiaxu Liu↗Sunnan Mu↗Dong Huang↗Liuyin Wang↗Jing Shao↗Jie Zhang↗

arXiv:2606.10794v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: As agentic applications increasingly route user tasks through official and third-party LLM APIs, provenance becomes an operational question: which model generated a given black-box response? We study Dynamic Black-Box LLM Provenance: identifying the source LLM from generations elicited by query-varying, non-predefined prompts rather than a fixed input set or benchmark suite. This setting is difficult because prompt semantics dominate the text, while model-specific authorship traces are weak and inconsistent at the surface level. We introduce READER (Robust Evidence-based Authorship Decoding via Extracted Representations), a lightweight provenance framework that treats a frozen proxy LLM as a reader of hidden authorship evidence. READER maps black-box outputs into proxy activation space, temporally filters token states within each response, and performs Bayesian Evidence Accumulation by summing single-response log-posterior evidence across independently sampled prompts. This avoids fragile mean-pooling of prompt-specific representations while preserving the query-wise evidence needed for calibrated confidence. On Agent500, a 50-target dataset built from agent-style prompts, READER reaches $31.0$-$42.4\%$ top-1 accuracy from a single response and $70.0$-$84.0\%$ from 50 responses, substantially outperforming sentence-encoder fingerprints. Scaling across nine proxy readers further shows that stronger LLMs expose more linearly decodable authorship structure, suggesting that authorship perception is already present in frozen LLM representations and can be converted into reliable multi-query attribution.

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05.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-12

Beyond-Third-Order Quantum Coherence in Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy via Order-Selective Isolation

Authors:
Xue Zhang↗De-Ran Zhang↗Hui Dong↗

arXiv:2606.12794v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A central challenge in nonlinear spectroscopy is the order-selective readout of weak higher-order responses that spectrally overlap with dominant lower-order signals. This bottleneck is particularly severe in two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, where extending conventional phase-cycling schemes to higher orders rapidly increases measurement and analysis complexity. Here we introduce a computation-assisted strategy that combines rotating-frame acquisition with a frame-shift tracking algorithm to separate signals by their frame-dependent spectral shifts. In a rubidium vapor experiment, we use this approach to isolate a 7th-order nonlinear contribution from coexisting 3rd-order components, enabling direct access to higher-order quantum-coherence dynamics without sacrificing operation at comparatively high pulse intensities. The method is broadly compatible with multidimensional spectroscopy platforms and provides a practical route to probing many-body and collective ultrafast dynamics beyond third order.

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06.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12

An LLM System for Autonomous Variational Quantum Circuit Design

Authors:
Kenya Sakka↗Wataru Mizukami↗Kosuke Mitarai↗

arXiv:2606.13380v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The design of high performing quantum circuits remains largely dependent on human expertise. We introduce an autonomous agentic framework that employs large language models (LLMs) to conduct iterative quantum circuit designs under explicit design constraints. Our system integrates seven components: Exploration, Generation, Discussion, Validation, Storage, Evaluation, and Review. These components form a closed-loop workflow that combines web-based knowledge acquisition, literature-grounded critique, executable code generation, and experimental feedback. We evaluate the framework on two tasks: quantum feature map construction for quantum machine learning and ansatz generation for variational quantum eigensolver applications in quantum chemistry. In image classification benchmarks, the best generated feature map outperforms representative quantum feature maps and, when scaled to larger qubit counts, surpasses the classical radial basis function kernel. In molecular ground state estimation across seven molecules, the generated ansatz attains competitive accuracy with widely used chemically inspired and hardware-efficient constructions while satisfying the imposed scaling constraints. These results establish LLM driven agentic system as a viable paradigm for automated quantum circuit design and illustrate how AI systems can participate in iterative scientific optimization workflows across scientific domains.

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07.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-19

Co-policy: Responsive Human-Robot Co-Creation for Musical Performances

Authors:
Xuetao Li↗Wenke Huang↗Mang Ye↗Zijian Liu↗Jinhua Xie↗Jifeng Xuan↗Miao Li↗

arXiv:2606.19914v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Art has long stood as a pivotal expression of human creativity. Embodied artificial intelligence offers a route for generative models to participate in that creativity through physical action rather than disembodied digital content. In robotic music co-creation, it is challenging to connect semantic musical understanding with real-time and physically executable performance. We present Co-policy, a framework for human-robot musical co-creation that separates semantic intent grounding, constrained musical variation, and visuomotor execution. To ground musical semantics, Co-policy uses pre-inference semantic anchors and a fine-tuned Qwen-vl planner (F-Qwen) to transform speech, live musical seeds, and visual observations into structured co-creation plans. To support low-latency execution, Co-policy introduces a Gaussian-Mixture Visuomotor Policy (GMP), implemented as a conditional mixture-density policy that maps target notes and visual context to multimodal robot actions in a single forward pass. Unlike robotic playback systems that merely reproduce user-specified notes, Co-policy generates complementary musical responses under both musical and physical constraints. Real-robot chime experiments, ablations, and expert evaluation show improved intent alignment, execution accuracy, and response frequency over diffusion-policy and ablated baselines, supporting physically grounded action generation as a key requirement for embodied human-AI co-creation.

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08.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-15

Concatenated Matrix SVD: Compression Bounds, Incremental Approximation, and Error-Constrained Clustering

Authors:
Maksym Shamrai↗

arXiv:2601.11626v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large collections of matrices arise throughout modern machine learning, signal processing, and scientific computing, where they are commonly compressed by concatenation followed by truncated singular value decomposition (SVD). This strategy enables parameter sharing and efficient reconstruction and has been widely adopted across domains ranging from multi-view learning and signal processing to neural network compression. However, it leaves a fundamental question unanswered: which matrices can be safely concatenated and compressed together under explicit reconstruction error constraints? Existing approaches rely on heuristic or architecture-specific grouping and provide no principled guarantees on the resulting SVD approximation error. In the present work, we introduce a theory-driven framework for compression-aware clustering of matrices under SVD compression constraints. Our analysis establishes new spectral bounds for horizontally concatenated matrices, deriving global upper bounds on the optimal rank-$r$ SVD reconstruction error from lower bounds on singular value growth. The first bound follows from Weyl-type monotonicity under blockwise extensions, while the second leverages singular values of incremental residuals to yield tighter, per-block guarantees. We further develop an efficient approximate estimator based on incremental truncated SVD that tracks dominant singular values without forming the full concatenated matrix. Therefore, we propose three clustering algorithms that merge matrices only when their predicted joint SVD compression error remains below a user-specified threshold. The algorithms span a trade-off between speed, provable accuracy, and scalability, enabling compression-aware clustering with explicit error control.

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09.
medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-22

AFFORDABILITY OF INTOXICATION FROM CHEAP ETHANOL: EVIDENCE FROM RETAIL ALCOHOL MARKETS IN UGANDA

Authors:
Muhamudu↗Niwagaba↗Rwakahangi↗S. P↗Kwagala↗Miller↗T. R↗Zyambo↗Rizzo↗Achoki↗

Background: Alcohol affordability is a determinant of consumption and alcohol-related harm. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), informal production, variable alcohol strength, and non-standard packaging complicate conventional affordability measures, limiting evidence on the economic accessibility of alcohol and the cost of intoxication. Objective: To assess the affordability of intoxication in Uganda by estimating the cost of obtaining ethanol to reach intoxication across alcohol products, packaging types, and retail contexts. Methods: Data were collected on 824 alcoholic beverages from urban, rural, and urban-slum retail markets. Ethanol-standardized pricing (price per gram of alcohol) was calculated, and the cost of consuming 60 g of ethanol was estimated. Multivariate regression identified determinants of ethanol affordability. Results: Affordability varied by product type and packaging. Opaque beers and illicit spirits provided the cheapest pathways to intoxication, with median costs of UGX 1,200-1,500 per 60 g of ethanol. Plastic packaging was associated with lower ethanol costs than glass packaging. Ethanol prices differed across formal and informal markets (p < 0.01), while rural areas and urban informal settlements had 20-25% lower costs than urban areas. Regulatory status alone did not predict affordability. Conclusions: In Ugandas diverse alcohol market, affordability is driven by access to ethanol rather than beverage price alone. Low-cost, high-strength alcohol sold through informal channels enables intoxication at minimal expense, among disadvantaged populations. Implications: Alcohol policies should target ethanol content through minimum unit pricing, alcohol-content-based taxation, and regulation of informal markets and packaging practices to reduce harmful consumption and inequities.

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10.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-24

Structural Kolmogorov-Arnold Convolutions: Learnable Function on the Values or the Filter Shape as Parameter-Efficient Alternative to Per-Edge Convolutional KANs

Authors:
Stefano Mereu↗Oleksandr Kuznetsov↗Gabriele Marchello↗Alessandro Galdelli↗Emanuele Frontoni↗Adriano Mancini↗Ferdinando Cannella↗

arXiv:2606.24371v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Convolutional Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs) replace the fixed weights of a convolutional kernel with learnable univariate functions. The dominant formulation attaches one such function to every kernel entry and lets it act on pixel values, expressive but parameter-heavy and prone to overfitting. We argue that the learnable functions are better placed in the structure of the convolution than on each edge, and we organise the design space along a single axis: whether the function acts on the pixel values or on the filter shape. We study three realisations. SV-KAN applies one shared univariate function to the values and leaves the spatial filter free and static, aa classical convolution with a single learnable shared activation. AG-KAN keeps the shared value function but supplies the spatial structure through a content-adaptive Gaussian gate. RF-KAN instead moves the learnable functions onto the filter shape, building each filter from oriented ridge profiles expanded in a localised oscillatory (Morlet) wavelet basis with content-adaptive amplitudes. Under a matched four-layer protocol with in-run references and three seeds, RF-KAN and SV-KAN reach $88.47\pm0.10\%$ and $88.20\pm0.31\%$ on CIFAR-10 and $64.40\pm0.19\%$ and $64.57\pm0.30\%$ on CIFAR-100, at about $0.4$M parameters. At this matched scale the shape model and the simplest value model meet at the top, both above a plain convolution and every per-edge KAN we tested, including the official Gram variant, at roughly a fifth of the parameters. A controlled study attributes the RF-KAN gain to an intrinsically localised oscillatory basis and to content adaptivity, and an ablation that removes the learned shape entirely, leaving only the shared value function, collapses accuracy by over forty points, identifying the learned shape as the load-bearing ingredient at this scale.

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11.
arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-19

PaAno+: Multiscale Encoding and Cross-Variable Attention for Time Series Anomaly Detection

Authors:
Youji Zhu↗Hongbing Wang↗Wenchao Liu↗Xiaodong Liu↗Xiangguang Xiong↗

arXiv:2606.20055v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Time-series anomaly detection has significant practical value for industrial and medical monitoring, as well as other critical domains. Current Transformer- and large-model-based detection approaches incur excessive computational overhead, while existing lightweight alternatives are constrained by insufficient feature extraction and inadequate modeling of dependencies across multivariate variables. To mitigate the above drawbacks, this study develops a lightweight, efficient anomaly detection model, dubbed PaAno, within the patch-oriented representation learning paradigm. In the encoder module, a multiscale feature-extraction backbone is constructed using convolutional kernels with differentiated receptive fields to capture hierarchical temporal characteristics; subsequent cross-scale adaptive attention aggregation, combined with residual connection optimization, further stabilizes feature representation learning. A cross-variable fusion attention module is embedded to explicitly characterize inter-variable correlations, empowering the model to identify anomalous patterns amid intricate operational conditions. Moreover, a novel pretext task based on temporal patch-window sorting is customized to uncover intrinsic structural properties of time series, and triplet loss is leveraged to optimize the patch embedding space for enhanced feature discrimination. Extensive experiments on the TSB-AD benchmark demonstrate that the proposed PaAno achieves state-of-the-art detection accuracy on both univariate and multivariate tasks, yielding significant performance gains across evaluation metrics, including VUS-PR, relative to the original PaAno. Leveraging a compact network design, the presented model achieves favorable computational efficiency, enabling deployment on resource-limited terminals for real-time anomaly inference.

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12.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-24

How rare are Markovian quantum dynamics?

Authors:
Charlotte B\"acker↗Nick Maryshchak↗Walter T. Strunz↗

arXiv:2606.24511v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A profound understanding of decoherence and dissipation in quantum dynamics is crucial for the realistic modeling of the evolution of quantum systems. In open quantum dynamics one distinguishes between a memoryless, so-called Markovian evolution and dynamics incorporating memory effects, termed non-Markovian. In this work we study how prevalent memory effects are in the set of all such dynamics. We thus investigate how often a Markovian description is applicable. This question is approached by investigating randomly generated two-step qubit dynamics with respect to different concepts and witnesses of non-Markovianity. We observe that almost all dynamics are non-Markovian, and only a small (yet finite) fraction is Markovian. Furthermore, we study how this proportion changes when considering certain subclasses such as lower rank or mixed-unitary dynamics. Importantly, our results shed light on the relative ratios of – and interrelations between – the sets of dynamics that are non-Markovian with respect to different criteria. Finally, we investigate the fraction of dynamics in which the memory effects are necessarily of quantum nature and establish a connection between two recently developed concepts that characterize the quantumness of memory in non-Markovian dynamics.

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13.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-17

Detail++: Training-Free Detail Enhancer for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models

Authors:
Lifeng Chen↗Jiner Wang↗Zihao Pan↗Beier Zhu↗Xiaofeng Yang↗Chi Zhang↗

Recent advances in text-to-image (T2I) generation have led to impressive visual results. However, these models still face significant challenges when handling complex prompt, particularly those involving multiple subjects with distinct attributes. Inspired by the human drawing process, which first outlines the composition and then incrementally adds details, we propose Detail++, a training-free framework that introduces a novel Progressive Detail Injection (PDI) strategy to address this limitation. Specifically, we decompose a complex prompt into a sequence of simplified sub-prompts, guiding the generation process in stages. This staged generation leverages the inherent layout-controlling capacity of self-attention to first ensure global composition, followed by precise refinement. To achieve accurate binding between attributes and corresponding subjects, we exploit cross-attention mechanisms and further introduce a Centroid Alignment Loss at test time to reduce binding noise and enhance attribute consistency. Extensive experiments on T2I-CompBench and a newly constructed style composition benchmark demonstrate that Detail++ significantly outperforms existing methods, particularly in scenarios involving multiple objects and complex stylistic conditions.

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14.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11

Evaluating Bias in Phoneme-Based Automatic Speech Recognition Systems: An Analysis of IPA Transcription Models

Authors:
Catherine Bao↗Maneesha Rani Saha↗Neal Patwari↗

The popularization of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems has increased exploration of the demographic biases related to race, age, gender, and accent, often formed from imbalanced training data. Most of these studies focused on standard grapheme-based ASR systems with comparatively little emphasis on phoneme-based systems, such as models that produce International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations. As ASR systems shift toward multilingual support and low-resource language modeling, IPA-based layers serve as a critical, language-agnostic foundation. In this study, we evaluate the performance of two state-of-the-art open-source ASR systems, WhisperIPA and ZIPA, that generate IPA transcriptions across diverse accents and language sources. Our evaluation includes existing multilingual speech corpora and demographically annotated English-language corpora. We measure model performance by comparing model-generated IPA transcriptions against grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) systems using both standard phoneme error rate (PER) and a proposed Soft PER metric that tolerates linguistically similar phoneme substitutions. Our analysis examines how performance varies across languages and demographic groups such as gender, accent, ethnicity, and age, revealing persistent disparities even after accounting for acceptable phonemic variation. These findings provide insight into potential sources of bias and inform the development of more inclusive and linguistically robust phoneme-based ASR systems. Our code and data will be made publicly available to the community.

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15.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12

Divination by Prompt: LLM-Mediated Xuanxue on Chinese Social Media

Authors:
Chuang Li↗Lixuan Wang↗Yuqi Chen↗Ze Hong↗

arXiv:2606.12418v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has produced a striking cultural practice: using conversational AI for divination. This paper offers one of the first systematic studies of LLM-mediated divination in the context of Xuanxue, an internet-native umbrella term for mystical and spiritual practices on Chinese social media. Using a mixed-methods design, we analyze 23000+ posts and comments from Xiaohongshu and conduct 32 semi-structured interviews with users and professional diviners. Users primarily consult LLMs about pragmatic concerns - romantic relationships, careers, exams, and in-game gacha draws - via two intersecting pathways: trend-driven curiosity enabled by viral visibility and zero-cost access, and event-driven anxiety under conditions of uncertainty. A defining feature is collaborative prompt refinement, which turns users into active prompt engineers. Among commenters expressing a clear stance, perceived efficacy skews positive, with "accuracy" often justified through biographical fit and retrospective confirmation, consistent with Barnum and confirmation bias. Users also develop verification practices such as repeated trials and cross-model comparison. Professional diviners, by contrast, portray LLMs as lacking the "spiritual power" required for genuine divination, reflecting both ontological commitments and economic boundary-work. We also show how participants navigate tensions between scientific and metaphysical frames when interpreting AI-generated readings. Situating these findings in anthropological and cognitive-evolutionary theories of divination, we argue that LLM divination preserves core functions of traditional practice while introducing scalability, repeatability, and prompt-driven co-production that reshape how divinatory authority is constructed and evaluated.

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16.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-15

A Lightweight Fiducial-Based Pipeline for 3D Hyperspectral Mapping of ex-vivo Lumpectomy Specimens

Authors:
Anna Bicchi↗Alberto Rota↗Leonardo Passoni↗Nicola Ancellotti↗Andrea Peroni↗Lorenzo Vinco↗Dario Polli↗Elena De Momi↗

Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) is a promising modality for intraoperative assessment of resection margins in Breast-Conserving Surgery (BCS), but its clinical translation requires aligning the inherently 2D spectral information onto the 3D shape of the excised tissue so that suspicious regions can be precisely localized for targeted follow-up. We present a fully automated, calibration-free pipeline that produces a 3D hyperspectral point cloud of an ex-vivo lumpectomy specimen from a set of consumer-camera RGB images and a single top-down HSI acquisition. The 3D geometry is reconstructed with a deep-learning Structure-from-Motion backbone, stabilized in a metric reference frame by a custom bundle adjustment that enforces consistency on the corners of four ArUco markers placed around the specimen. The HSI cube is then registered to the reconstruction without recovering the HSI camera pose: the markers, visible in both modalities, define 16 corner correspondences that drive a planar homography, and 3D coordinates are recovered by lookup on an orthographically rendered depth map. Evaluated on two ex-vivo lumpectomy specimens, the pipeline achieves a median 3D registration error below 1~mm and a 2D reprojection error below 0.02 mm, with a total per-specimen processing time under 4 minutes on accelerated hardware. These results support the feasibility of integrating HSI-guided spatial localization into intraoperative margin assessment workflows for breast-conserving surgery.

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17.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17

Dynamic Rollout Editing for Reducing Overthinking in RL-Trained Reasoning Models

Authors:
Zihao Wei↗Wenjie Shi↗Liang Pang↗Jingcheng Deng↗Shicheng Xu↗Shasha Guo↗Zenghao Duan↗Jiahao Liu↗Jingang Wang↗Huawei Shen↗Xueqi Cheng↗

Long-form chain-of-thought reasoning can improve LLM performance on complex tasks, but models often continue generating unnecessary reasoning after a correct answer has emerged. We refer to this behavior as overthinking. We study this phenomenon from the perspective of GRPO-style reinforcement learning (RL) post-training, framing it as a training-time credit-assignment problem rather than merely a decoding-time stopping problem. In rollouts sampled at the onset of GRPO training, we observe that successful trajectories can exhibit a slightly higher degree of overthinking than unsuccessful trajectories for the same prompts. This early imbalance provides a starting point for an undesirable feedback loop: because GRPO assigns sequence-level credit, it cannot distinguish the solution-reaching prefix from the unnecessary continuation that lengthens a successful trajectory. Both receive positive update signal, allowing the initial imbalance to grow into more severe overthinking during training. To address this issue, we introduce Dynamic Rollout Editing (DRE), a training-time intervention for successful trajectories that continue thinking after answer emergence. DRE preserves the accepted verified prefix, edits the remaining thinking, and prefers the edited trajectory within the same RL group, weakening the preference signal for unnecessary thinking without penalizing the reasoning needed to reach the answer. Experiments across diverse tasks show the effectiveness of DRE.

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18.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-11

Mach's principle in atomic transitions

Authors:
Subhajit Barman↗Bibhas Ranjan Majhi↗

arXiv:2606.11608v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We investigate the atomic transition probabilities in atom-mirror set-ups that are in circular motion. In one scenario, the atom is in circular motion inside a static cylindrical mirror. In the other scenario, the cylindrical mirror rotates around its central axis while the atom remains static. We report structural similarity in the atomic transition probabilities between these two cases – these probabilities are equivalent upon interchanging the field frequencies between the two scenarios. We interpret such an observation as a semi-classical phenomenon analogous to the classical Mach's principle.

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19.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

TL++: Accuracy and Privacy Preserving Traversal Learning for Distributed Intelligent Systems

Authors:
Erdenebileg Batbaatar↗Young Yoon↗

arXiv:2606.25627v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Distributed intelligent systems increasingly need to train across data silos without centralizing raw data. Federated learning keeps data local but can suffer under heterogeneous partitions and requires repeated full-model exchange. Split learning reduces communication through cut-layer activations, but standard protocols generally do not recover centralized mini-batch gradient behavior and may expose activations and gradients in plaintext. We present TL++, a two-mode traversal-learning framework that constructs virtual batches across nodes to recover centralized mini-batch gradient behavior under explicit synchronization assumptions. Base mode exchanges cut-layer activations and gradients rather than full models. Secure mode secret-shares each cut-layer activation and gradient between an orchestrator and a non-colluding helper, preventing either server from observing plaintext cut-layer tensors. This protection is limited to a semi-honest two-server setting; labels and loss-related outputs remain visible to the orchestrator. In the lightweight secure path evaluated here, exactness requires a linear or affine server path, while nonlinear operations require nonlinear MPC or approximation. We formalize TL++, analyze communication and computation costs, and evaluate it against federated and split-learning baselines on CIFAR-10 and BioGPT/PubMedQA using full fine-tuning and LoRA. On CIFAR-10, TL++ base cut 1 and exact secure cut 3 achieve accuracies of 91.41% (SD 0.19) and 90.93% (SD 0.17), respectively, exceeding the strongest measured non-TL++ baseline by more than 12 percentage points. TL++ base cut 1 also reduces per-step communication by 13.1-fold relative to full-model synchronization. PubMedQA results similarly favor TL++. Overall, TL++ approaches centralized-training performance while reducing communication and providing activation-level secret sharing.

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20.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-18

LLMZero: Discovering Adaptive Training Strategies for RL Post-Training via LLM Agents

Authors:
Haoyang Fang↗Wei Zhu↗Boran Han↗Alex Zhang↗Zhenyu Pan↗Shuo Yang↗Shuai Zhang↗Jiading Gai↗Peng Tang↗Cuixiong Hu↗Xuan Zhu↗Huzefa Rangwala↗…

RL post-training strategies are dataset-dependent and reveal a recurring empirical pattern: capacity parameters accumulate monotonically across stages, while regularization parameters predominantly oscillate in response to shifting training dynamics. This distinction matters because fixed schedules commit all parameters to fixed trajectories and therefore cannot express the non-stationary exploration-exploitation tradeoffs that regularization must track; the principle provides actionable design rules for multi-stage training. We discover this through LLMZero, a system where LLM agents search over training trajectories via tree search, diagnosing pathologies at each checkpoint and proposing coordinated multi-parameter transitions. Across 4 diverse GRPO tasks, LLMZero discovers strategies that improve over the base model by 9% to 140% relative and over grid search by 6% to 15% relative, consistently outperforming random search and the skill-based agent. The structural principle transfers across tasks, providing an explanation for why discovered strategies take qualitatively different forms yet share similar parameter dynamics.

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21.
Nature (Science) 2026-06-24

Optical cooling by interfacial charge transfer in 2D heterostructures

Authors:
Jiamin Lin↗

Optical refrigeration, or laser cooling of solids1, offers a cryogen-free route to temperature control for quantum and electronic systems. Existing progress2–8 relies on a phonon-assisted up-conversion photoluminescence approach, which remains constrained by stringent material and excitation requirements. Here we demonstrate a distinct route, interfacial-charge-transfer-driven optical cooling, in two-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures. Photo-excited carriers in WSe2 cross a type-II junction into MoSe2 or WS2, extracting lattice energy nonradiatively—through a phonon-assisted interfacial charge transfer process. Raman and photoluminescence measurements show prominent low-temperature signatures in the WSe2 layer, with transient absorption spectroscopy identifying a phonon-assisted, barrier-activated interlayer charge transfer. Molecular dynamics simulations show a prominent interfacial thermal resistance sustaining the temperature gradient. This barrier-mediated phonon extraction bypasses the need for near-unity quantum efficiency or resonant excitation, offering a promising strategy for cryogen-free refrigeration and thermal management in quantum, optoelectronic and nanoscale systems. Optical cooling in two-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures is demonstrated through phonon-assisted interfacial charge transfer, enabling cryogen-free thermal management without stringent quantum-efficiency requirements.

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22.
arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-25

FreeStory: Training-Free Character Consistency for Free-Form Visual Storytelling

Authors:
Sibo Dong↗Ismail Shaheen↗Sarah Adel Bargal↗

Visual storytelling aims to generate image sequences that are both aligned with narrative prompts and consistent in character appearance across images. Recent training-free methods improve character consistency by reusing attention features, but rely on structured prompts where full character descriptions are repeated in every prompt. This assumption simplifies the task but deviates from natural storytelling, where characters are typically introduced once and later referred to using pronouns or type-based expressions. We propose FreeStory, a training-free framework that reformulates character consistency under free-form prompts as entity-grounded feature reuse. Our method associates reference mentions with their corresponding character descriptions and combines dynamic character masks, correspondence-aware feature matching, key-value injection, and query blending to preserve identity while retaining generation diversity. We also introduce FreeStoryBench, a benchmark for this setting that includes both single- and multi-character stories. Experiments show that FreeStory achieves state-of-the-art performance among training-free methods on structured benchmarks and stronger overall consistency over baselines under free-form prompts.

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23.
arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-25

OmegAMP: Targeted AMP Discovery via Biologically Informed Generation

Authors:
Diogo Soares↗Leon Hetzel↗Paulina Szymczak↗Marcelo Der Torossian Torres↗Johanna Sommer↗Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez↗Fabian Theis↗Stephan G\"unnemann↗Ewa Szczurek↗

arXiv:2504.17247v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Deep learning-based antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery faces critical challenges such as limited controllability, lack of representations that efficiently model antimicrobial properties, and low experimental hit rates. To address these challenges, we introduce OmegAMP, a framework designed for reliable AMP generation with increased controllability. Its diffusion-based generative model leverages a novel conditioning mechanism to achieve fine-grained control over desired physicochemical properties and to direct generation towards specific activity profiles, including species-specific effectiveness. This is further enhanced by a biologically informed encoding space that significantly improves overall generative performance. Complementing these generative capabilities, OmegAMP leverages a novel synthetic data augmentation strategy to train classifiers for AMP filtering, drastically reducing false positive rates and thereby increasing the likelihood of experimental success. Our in silico experiments demonstrate that OmegAMP delivers state-of-the-art performance across key stages of the AMP discovery pipeline, enabling us to achieve an unprecedented success rate in wet lab experiments. We tested 25 candidate peptides, 24 of them (96%) demonstrated antimicrobial activity, proving effective even against multi-drug resistant strains. Our findings underscore OmegAMP's potential to significantly advance computational frameworks in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

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24.
arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-17

MoSE: Mixture of Slimmable Experts for Efficient and Adaptive Language Models

Authors:
Nurbek Tastan↗Stefanos Laskaridis↗Karthik Nandakumar↗Samuel Horvath↗

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically exhibits large discontinuities. We propose Mixture of Slimmable Experts (MoSE), an MoE architecture in which each expert has a nested, slimmable structure that can be executed at variable widths. This enables conditional computation not only over which experts are activated but also over how much of each expert is utilized. Consequently, a single pretrained MoSE model can support a more continuous spectrum of accuracy-compute trade-offs at inference time. We present a simple and stable training recipe for slimmable experts under sparse routing, combining multi-width training with standard MoE objectives. During inference, we explore strategies for runtime width determination, including a lightweight test-time training mechanism that learns how to map router confidence/probabilities to expert widths under a fixed budget. Experiments on GPT-style models, various routing regimes, zero-shot downstream reasoning benchmarks, and continual pre-training adaptation of DeepSeek model show that MoSE matches or improves standard MoE at full width and consistently shifts the compute-quality frontier toward lower inference FLOPs. The code can be found at: https://github.com/tnurbek/mose.

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25.
arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-16

Non-perturbative CPMG scaling and qutrit-driven breakdown under compiled superconducting-qubit control: a single-qubit study

Authors:
Jun Ye↗

arXiv:2603.29525v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Decoherence in superconducting qubits arises from both multilevel dynamics and structured environmental noise, yet perturbative models cannot capture all resulting signatures. Here, EmuPlat couples instruction-set-architecture-level waveform generation to the hierarchical equations of motion HEOM under $1/f$ non-Markovian pure dephasing. In the resulting non-perturbative regime – where filter-function predictions become quantitatively uninformative – CPMG scaling of a three-level superconducting transmon yields one calibration result, two physical findings, and one structural null. Y-CPMG exhibits axis-dependent scaling-law breakdown – non-monotonic decoherence, partial coherence revival, and pronounced X–Y population asymmetry ($0.204$ vs ${

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