Explore the Frontier of Global Academia

01.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-19 DOI: HASH:4141ee1023eaceb3a37126d8db8b14a0

Rumination as a cognitive vulnerability factor in perinatal bereavement: evidence from the CARING study

Authors:

Ravaldi↗Mosconi↗Raduzzi↗Olmi↗Neri↗Cocchi↗Vannacci↗

Purpose. Perinatal loss is associated with a high risk of persistent psychological distress, including prolonged grief, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Cognitive processes such as rumination may play a crucial role in maintaining and amplifying distress following loss, yet their specific contribution in perinatal bereavement remains underexplored. Methods. The CARING (Cognitive Analysis and Rumination INvestigation in perinatal Grief) study employed a cross-sectional design involving 298 parents who experienced perinatal loss within the previous five years. Participants completed an anonymous online survey including measures of depressive rumination (Ruminative Response Scale, RRS), angry rumination (Anger Rumination Scale, ARS), perinatal grief (Perinatal Grief Scale, PGS), general psychopathology (SCL-90), and post-traumatic stress symptoms (NSESSS). Non-parametric analyses were conducted to examine associations between rumination patterns and psychological outcomes. Results. Higher levels of rumination were significantly associated with greater perinatal grief, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and post-traumatic stress. Depressive rumination showed consistently stronger associations with all outcomes compared to angry rumination. Participants presenting both depressive and angry rumination exhibited the highest levels of grief intensity, psychological distress, and PTSD symptoms, suggesting a graded relationship between rumination patterns and severity of distress. Rumination levels were not significantly associated with gestational age at loss or with having received psychological support. Conclusions. Rumination, particularly in its depressive form, appears to function as a transdiagnostic cognitive vulnerability factor in perinatal bereavement. These findings highlight rumination as a potential target for early screening and tailored psychological interventions aimed at reducing long-term distress following perinatal loss.

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02.

arXiv (CS.CV) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15370

MNet++: Extended 2D/3D Networks for Anisotropic Medical Image Segmentation

Authors:

Kirsten Odendaal↗Rade Bajic↗

This work demonstrates a full reproduction and extension of MNet, a hybrid 2D/3D convolutional network designed for anisotropic medical image segmentation. The original architecture was re-implemented within the nnU-Net framework to verify its reported performance and robustness to variable voxel spacing, known as anisotropy. Experiments were conducted on PROMISE prostate MRI and a controlled subset of LiTS liver CT under matched preprocessing and compute constraints. The reproduced MNet achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 89.0 +/- 0.9% on PROMISE, within 0.8% of the published result, and 94.3 +/- 1.9% / 54.6 +/- 3.1% for liver and tumor segmentation on LiTS, respectively. Two lightweight extensions were further introduced: (1) a learned Fusion Gating mechanism enabling adaptive 2D-3D feature blending, and (2) a VMamba state-space module for efficient long-range depth modelling. The Spatial Gating variant improved DSC by +0.8% with less than 3% inference overhead, while VMamba improved performance consistency, reducing PROMISE Dice variation to +/- 0.7% and achieving the strongest LiTS liver performance at 95.8% Dice. Both extensions preserved MNet robustness to anisotropy, with delta Dice = 1.5% across 1-4 mm voxel spacing. Overall, the study confirms MNet reproducibility and demonstrates that adaptive fusion and state-space modelling have the potential to further strengthen segmentation reliability under anisotropic conditions. However, further tests are required to provide definitive conclusions.

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03.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-13 DOI: HASH:3519b1e711f9b33618770b12512bc32b

ADMETron: An AI-driven SaaS platform for comprehensive ADMET prediction and compound prioritisation

Authors:

Nair↗D. N↗Yadav↗R. S↗Jondhale↗P. M↗Didhate↗Gunjal↗Ranjit↗Patil↗Dawande↗Shisode↗…

ONTOSIGHT(R) ADMETron is an AI-driven platform designed for rapid prediction and visualization of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties to support modern drug discovery. The platform integrates an interactive web interface with a scalable predictive engine, enabling high-throughput virtual screening and batch analysis of chemical compounds. Its core architecture combines recurrent neural network (RNN)-derived molecular embeddings from SMILES representations with physicochemical descriptors, which are subsequently modeled using gradient boosting machines (GBMs). This framework provides predictions across 34 ADMET endpoints, including physicochemical properties, absorption, CYP450 interactions, hERG liability, and mutagenicity. The predictive performance of ADMETron was evaluated using benchmark datasets from the Therapeutics Data Commons (TDC), demonstrating strong performance and generalizability across both classification and regression tasks. Beyond predictive modeling, the platform introduces an interactive radar graph-based structure-activity relationship (SAR) visualization framework that enables real-time comparison of multiple compounds and reference drugs across selected ADMET parameters. This feature facilitates intuitive interpretation of multidimensional molecular profiles and supports lead optimization and compound prioritization. Comparative assessment against widely used online ADMET tools further demonstrated broad endpoint coverage spanning pharmacokinetic, physicochemical, toxicity, and medicinal chemistry properties within a unified environment. Together, these capabilities establish ADMETron as a comprehensive platform for ADMET assessment and data-driven decision-making in drug discovery. (https://admetron.partex.ai/).

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04.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11215

The Environmental Cost of LLMs in AIED: Reporting and Practices

Authors:

Sabrina C. Eimler↗Lukas Erle↗Daniel Flood↗Aditi Haiman↗Luca H\"ackert↗Andr\'e Helgert↗Lachlan McGinness↗B\"usra Yapici↗

arXiv:2606.11215v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) usage in recent years has become increasingly widespread in the Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) community. While LLMs offer unique avenues for learners and educators, using LLMs comes with computational and environmental costs. These costs are mostly hidden due to a lack of standardised procedures to measure and report these impacts. To address this gap, we first conducted a literature review of all papers published as part of the AIED 2025 conference proceedings, determining if and how computational or environmental costs of LLMs are reported. Most projects use LLMs, but few report computational resources used and almost none discuss environmental impacts of LLMs as an ethical concern. To address this lack of standardised reporting practices, we propose an open-source method for systematically measuring and reporting the computational expense of LLMs and environmental impact of running Machine Learning (ML) AIED systems. We provide software solutions to measure the carbon footprint for both local and cloud based hardware. We also provide an easy-to-use formula to calculate the computational expense of frontier LLMs even when the exact number of parameters is not known. Overall, we hope to motivate colleagues to use our method to strive for more transparent reporting of hidden costs of using LLMs in the AIED community.

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05.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2605.11378

An Empirical Study of Automating Agent Evaluation

Authors:

Kang Zhou↗Sangmin Woo↗Haibo Ding↗Kiran Ramnath↗Subramanian Chidambaram↗Aosong Feng↗Vinayak Arannil↗Muhyun Kim↗Ishan Singh↗Darren Wang↗Zhichao Xu↗Megha Gandhi↗…

Agent evaluation requires assessing complex multi-step behaviors involving tool use and intermediate reasoning, making it costly and expertise-intensive. A natural question arises: can frontier coding assistants reliably automate this evaluation process? Our study shows that simply prompting coding assistants is insufficient for this task. Without domain-specific evaluation knowledge, frontier coding assistants achieve only a 30% execution success rate and produce over-engineered evaluations averaging 12+ metrics per agent, indicating that strong coding ability does not automatically translate to reliable agent evaluation. We introduce EvalAgent, an AI assistant that automates the end-to-end agent evaluation pipeline. EvalAgent encodes evaluation domain expertise as evaluation skills (procedural instructions, reusable code and templates, and dynamically retrieved API documentation) that compose into a trace-based pipeline producing complete evaluation artifacts including metrics, executable code, and reports. To systematically assess generated evaluations, we introduce a meta-evaluation framework alongside AgentEvalBench, a benchmark comprising 20 agents, each paired with evaluation requirements and test scenarios. We further propose the Eval@1 metric to measure whether generated evaluation code both executes and yields meaningful results on the first run. Our experiments show that EvalAgent produces focused evaluations, improving Eval@1 from 17.5% to 65%, and achieving 79.5% human expert preference over baseline approaches. Further ablation studies show that evaluation skills are critical for handling complex evaluation: removing them causes Eval@1 to drop significantly from 65% to 30%.

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06.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2606.13565

A2D2: Fine-Tuning Any-Length Discrete Diffusion for Adaptive Decoding

Authors:

Sophia Tang↗Yuchen Zhu↗Molei Tao↗Pranam Chatterjee↗

arXiv:2606.13565v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Discrete diffusion models offer a simple and stable likelihood-based framework for sequence generation, recently extended to any-length settings via token insertion. Principled reward-guided fine-tuning for any-length discrete diffusion, however, remains largely unexplored. We introduce Fine-Tuning Any-Length Discrete Diffusion for Adaptive Decoding (A2D2), a unified framework for reward-guided fine-tuning of any-length discrete diffusion models via joint optimization of the insertion and unmasking policies together with a quality-based inference schedule. We derive the Radon-Nikodym derivative for the joint insertion-unmasking path measures, enabling theoretically guaranteed convergence to the intractable reward-tilted sequence distribution without requiring target samples. Building on this, we establish unmasking and insertion quality as tractable approaches for minimizing decoding error and introduce the Adaptive Joint Decoding (AJD) loss, which provably yields the optimal path measure that generates the reward-tilted distribution. Empirically, A2D2 improves reward optimization while enhancing generation flexibility and accuracy over prior fixed-length fine-tuning and inference-time guidance methods.

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07.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15521

Emergent retokenization symmetry in large language models: phenomenology and applications

Authors:

Kanishk Jain↗Matthew Day↗Tankut Can↗

Tokenization introduces representational redundancy: under a fixed token vocabulary, every byte string admits many valid token encodings, or segmentations, that decode to the same surface string. However, given a prompt, most language model tokenizers break this representational symmetry by returning a canonical segmentation. Training only on canonical segmentations should influence inference behavior, and there is little reason to expect models to respect segmentation symmetry on downstream tasks. We find that this symmetry partially emerges during training. Here, we probe this emergent symmetry through experiments testing token compositional understanding, representation diversity, and task focused benchmark performance. We primarily use retokenization – replacing a prompt's canonical tokenization with an alternative segmentation while preserving its bytes exactly. Relative to other prompt perturbations, retokenization is unusually clean because it isolates segmentation effects without changing syntax, semantics or surface form. We use retokenization to study sensitivity and robustness to semantically identical input representations across pretraining and post-training. Moreover, this partial retokenization symmetry suggests a distinct inference-time sampling axis. While temperature sampling generates diverse outputs from the model using its next-token probability distribution, retokenization generates diversity from the model's internal computations through semantically equivalent input representations. We find that while this retokenization sampling strategy can hurt performance on easy problems, it can also recover solutions that conventional sampling does not find. Overall, our work presents retokenization as a simple yet powerful probe of large language models, shedding light on compositional understanding and prompt sensitivity, and offering a novel sampling strategy.

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08.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-19 DOI: arXiv:2606.19954

Strain- and Electric-Field-Tunable Valley Polarization in Mo0.75V0.25Te2(Mo3VTe8) for Valleytronic Application

Authors:

Md. Mostaqul Islam↗Vivek Chowdhury↗Md. Nure-Alam-Dipu↗Ahmed Zubair↗

arXiv:2606.19954v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Valley polarization in 2D TMDs is promising for low-power valleytronic and spin-valley information processing, but time-reversal symmetry in pristine nonmagnetic TMDs keeps the K+ and K- valleys degenerate, limiting device applications. In this work, we investigated the structural stability, electronic properties, and tunable valley polarization of V-alloyed MoTe2 monolayer, Mo0.75V0.25Te2, using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Substitutional alloying of MoTe2 with V introduced magnetic exchange interaction, which, together with spin-orbit coupling (SOC), lifted the valley degeneracy at the unequal valleys. The alloyed structure was found to be energetically and dynamically stable due to the absence of imaginary phonon modes. In pristine MoTe2, SOC produced spin splittings of 34.0 meV and 218.9 meV in the conduction bands and valence bands, respectively, but no valley polarization was observed. In contrast, Mo0.75V0.25Te2 exhibited spontaneous valley polarization of 37.3 meV in the conduction band and 78.2 meV in the valence band. The valley polarization was further enhanced by external electric fields and biaxial strain. A transverse electric field along the crystal c axis produced the maximum valley splitting of 132.8 meV in the valence band, whereas biaxial tensile strain increased the valence band valley splitting up to 160.8 meV. The maximum conduction band valley splitting reached 54.4 meV under 2% biaxial compressive strain. These results demonstrated that V alloying, combined with electric-field and strain engineering, provides an effective strategy for achieving large and tunable valley polarization in MoTe2. Thus, Mo0.75V0.25Te2 can be considered a promising 2D platform for tunable valleytronic device applications, such as transistors and sensors.

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09.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-11 DOI: HASH:5cb34a0dff85519ccdcf05e39237631f

Large-scale proteomics and timing of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Authors:

Hauspurg↗Huang↗Greenland↗Pemberton↗Bairey Merz↗C. N↗Saade↗G. R↗Yee↗L. M↗Levine↗L. D↗…

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) may first be diagnosed antepartum, during labor, or postpartum. We utilized untargeted large-scale proteomics to identify pathways associated with HDP based on timing of onset. Methods: We performed a nested case-control study comparing differential protein expression, from the SomaScan 7K platform, based on timing of onset of HDP versus controls (referent) using first-trimester samples from the NuMoM2b-Heart Health Study, a multi-site cohort that followed nulliparous individuals from the first trimester. Associations of proteins with timing of onset of HDP, adjusted for co-variates, were assessed using logistic regression q value-based false discovery rates and pathway enrichment and differential expression analysis were conducted. Results: Of 1628 individuals included, 678 had HDP, of which 67% manifested antepartum (AP), 29% intrapartum (IP), and 3% postpartum (PP). After adjusting for co-variates, compared to controls, 698 proteins, 39 proteins, and 144 proteins were differentially expressed in those with HDP according to AP, IP, PP onset, respectively. There was little overlap in individual protein expression based on timing of HDP. Pathway enrichment and graphical summary analyses suggested distinct processes. Specifically, there was downregulation of angiogenic proteins in AP HDP, downregulation of immune-related proteins in IP HDP, and upregulation of complement activation promoting fibrotic changes leading to cardiac dysfunction in PP HDP. Conclusion: There are differences in first-trimester protein expression based on whether HDP first manifests AP, IP or PP. This raises the possibility that there may be distinct mechanistic phenotypes that could uniquely inform diagnostic and therapeutic targets for HDP.

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10.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2602.02028

Edit Knowledge, Not Just Facts via Multi-Step Reasoning over Background Stories

Authors:

Ya Gao↗Kalle Kujanp\"a\"a↗Pekka Marttinen↗Harri Valpola↗Alexander Ilin↗

arXiv:2602.02028v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Enabling artificial intelligence systems, particularly large language models, to update knowledge and flexibly apply it during reasoning remains a central challenge. Existing knowledge editing approaches emphasize atomic facts, improving factual recall but often failing to integrate updated information into a coherent framework usable across contexts. In this work, we argue that knowledge update is fundamentally a reasoning problem rather than a memorization problem. Consequently, a model should be trained in situations where the new information is instrumental to solving a task, combined with pre-existing knowledge, and exercised through multi-step reasoning. Based on this insight, we propose a training strategy based on three principles. First, new knowledge is introduced as a coherent background story that contextualizes novel facts and explains their relation to existing knowledge. Second, models are trained using self-generated multi-hop questions that require multi-step reasoning involving the new information. Third, training is done using knowledge distillation, forcing a student model to internalize the teacher's reasoning behavior without access to the novel information. Experiments show that models trained with this strategy effectively leverage newly acquired knowledge during reasoning and achieve remarkable performance on challenging questions that require combining multiple new facts.

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11.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2602.14913

Coverage Guarantees for Pseudo-Calibrated Conformal Prediction under Distribution Shift

Authors:

Farbod Siahkali↗Ashwin Verma↗Vijay Gupta↗

arXiv:2602.14913v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Conformal prediction (CP) offers distribution-free marginal coverage guarantees under an exchangeability assumption, but these guarantees can fail if the data distribution shifts. We analyze the use of pseudo-calibration as a tool to counter this performance loss under a bounded label-conditional covariate shift model. Using tools from domain adaptation, we derive a lower bound on target coverage in terms of the source-domain loss of the classifier and a Wasserstein measure of the shift. Using this result, we provide a method to design pseudo-calibrated sets that inflate the conformal threshold by a slack parameter to keep target coverage above a prescribed level. Finally, we propose a source-tuned pseudo-calibration algorithm that interpolates between hard pseudo-labels and randomized labels as a function of classifier uncertainty. Numerical experiments show that our bounds qualitatively track pseudo-calibration behavior and that the source-tuned scheme mitigates coverage degradation under distribution shift while maintaining nontrivial prediction set sizes.

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12.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-16 DOI: HASH:5ce607d3ef039ca1adc4a6f51eb0fe42

Super Learner Ensemble Modeling of CPTAC Proteomic Data for Survival Prediction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Authors:

Park↗Lee↗Oh↗E. J↗Tham↗Ahn↗

Survival analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is traditionally performed using Cox proportional hazards models, alongside some exploration into black-box machine learning methods. The Super Learner (SL) algorithm addresses this model selection dilemma by combining diverse candidate algorithms into a weighted ensemble to perform comparably to the best candidate method. This study evaluates the performance of SL in HNSCC. Proteomic features as well as clinical covariates from 96 CPTAC HNSCC samples were modeled with three candidate algorithms (Cox LASSO, Cox Ridge, and Random Survival Forest) as well as the ensemble SL method. Models were optimized via Uno's time-dependent Concordance Index (C-index) and tested at 1- and 3-year time horizons using 2000 bootstrap resamples. The Cox Ridge regression model achieved the highest predictive accuracy among the four total methods. However, the SL demonstrated stable performance over both time horizons (1-year C-index: 0.985; 3-year C-index: 0.960). Variable importance analysis of the Cox Ridge model successfully identified malignant proteins (ATR, MAML1, MIEN1) alongside novel potential prognostic indicators (ZNF800, KERA). This analysis emphasizes the statistical necessity for larger cohorts for ensemble learning, while providing a benchmark of proteomic indicators in HNSCC.

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13.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.04694

DuDi: Dual-Signal Distillation with Cross-Lingual Verbalizer

Authors:

Patomporn Payoungkhamdee↗Tinnakit Udsa↗Jian Gang Ngui↗Sarana Nutanong↗Alham Fikri Aji↗Peerat Limkonchotiwat↗

Small language models (SLMs) are efficient and scalable, but their multilingual capabilities degrade severely at sub-billion scales, especially for Southeast Asian (SEA) languages. We introduce DuDi, a dual-signal multilingual distillation framework that combines an online sequence-level signal with off-policy and on-policy token-level signals. DuDi further uses a cross-lingual verbalizer to refine teacher feedback and improve teacher-student transferability in multilingual settings. Experiments on SEA-HELM across multiple model families, scales, and teacher-student settings show that DuDi consistently outperforms competitive distillation baselines. Ablations and analyses confirm that sequence-level optimization, token-level supervision, and cross-lingual verbalization provide complementary and transferable learning signals for multilingual SLMs.

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14.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-17 DOI: arXiv:2606.17215

Sum-of-Squares Degree Barriers for the Reweighted-Hinge Method in Robust Halfspace Learning: A Christoffel-Function Characterization

Authors:

Xiaoyu Li↗

arXiv:2606.17215v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A certificate that removes outliers sees the data only through its low-degree moments, and an adversary exploits exactly this, hiding corruption where the clean data already looks typical, in the blind spot no bounded-degree test resolves. That blind spot turns out to have an exact size: the Christoffel function of the clean marginal, the very quantity modern data analysis thresholds to detect outliers, here read from the adversary's side as the corruption a bounded-degree certificate cannot remove. We turn this inversion into the organizing principle of the reweighted-hinge approach to robustly learning $\gamma$-margin halfspaces under malicious noise (Shen, 2025; Zeng and Shen, 2025): the governing resource is the Sum-of-Squares degree of the outlier-removal certificate, and the resolution principle states that the maximal corruption mass which can hide at a center $c$ from a degree-$2t$ certificate is exactly the Christoffel function $\lambda_{t+1}(c)$ of the clean marginal. Three consequences follow, all against the certificate method (not information-theoretic). A margin-degree tradeoff: certifying the dense pancake to error $\epsilon$ costs SoS degree $\Omega(\log(1/\epsilon))$ or margin $\Omega(\sqrt{\log(1/\epsilon)}/\sqrt{d})$, explaining why the $\log(1/\epsilon)$ margin Shen (2025) records is forced, with a weighted-Chebyshev reduction making the threshold $2t=\Theta((|c|/s)^2)$ tight modulo one classical weighted-extremal estimate. A degree-$2$ outlier barrier: the resolution principle realized as an explicit instance on which degree $2$ is stuck at $\eta^{1/2}$ while degree $4$ escapes, locating the method's small breakdown rate in the degree, not the analysis. And a degree-$2t$ algorithm tracing the frontier $\eta^{1-1/2t}$ (recovering Shen (2025) at $t=1$), whose gain is an explicit constant, capped by the pancake density and shown unimprovable by the degree-$2$ barrier.

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15.

arXiv (CS.CL) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2605.04221

Self-Prompting Small Language Models for Privacy-Sensitive Clinical Information Extraction

Authors:

Yao-Shun Chuang↗Tushti Mody↗Uday Pratap Singh↗Shirindokht Shiraz↗Chun-Teh Lee↗Ryan Brandon↗Muhammad F Walji↗Xiaoqian Jiang↗Bunmi Tokede↗

Clinical named entity recognition from dental progress notes is challenging because documentation is highly unstructured, domain-specific, and often privacy-sensitive. We developed a locally deployable framework that enables small language models to self-generate, verify, refine, and evaluate entity-specific prompts for extracting multiple clinical entities from dental notes. Using 1,200 annotated notes, we evaluated candidate open-weight models with multi-prompt ensemble inference and further adapted selected models using QLoRA-based supervised fine-tuning and direct preference optimization. Model performance varied substantially, highlighting the need for task-specific evaluation rather than reliance on generic benchmarks. Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct achieved the strongest baseline performance. After DPO, Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct and Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct achieved micro/macro F1 scores of 0.864/0.837 and 0.806/0.797, respectively. These findings suggest that automated prompt optimization combined with lightweight preference-based post-training can support scalable clinical information extraction using locally deployed small language models.

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16.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-11 DOI: arXiv:2606.11348

SwiftCTS: Fast Cross-Design Prediction and Pareto Optimization of Clock Tree Metrics via Few-Shot Calibration

Authors:

Barsat Khadka↗Kawsher Roxy↗Md Rubel Ahmed↗

arXiv:2606.11348v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) is a computationally expensive stage in the physical design flow, requiring iterative EDA tool invocations to navigate a vast configuration space for optimal power, wirelength, and timing skew. Existing machine learning approaches require computationally expensive retraining or fine-tuning cycles to adapt to unseen macro architectures and are architecturally mismatched to the millions of evaluations demanded by exhaustive combinatorial search. We present SwiftCTS, a physics-informed surrogate framework that addresses both limitations simultaneously. By coupling lightweight, physics-grounded statistical features with gradient-boosted ensembles, SwiftCTS trains in under five seconds on a CPU and delivers sub-millisecond inference without GPU support. To handle out-of-distribution (OOD) designs without retraining or fine-tuning, we introduce a K-shot multiplicative calibration mechanism that anchors predictions to just one or two physical reference runs, reducing power prediction error from 24.5\% to 3.3\% and wirelength error from 56.6\% to under 1\% on unseen macros. Integrating this engine with an evolutionary optimizer, SwiftCTS evaluates 100,000 CTS configurations in under ten seconds, yielding Pareto-optimal frontiers that are physically validated within the OpenROAD flow. Closed-loop validation confirms prediction errors below 0.5\% for power and wirelength, and timing skew predictions within five picoseconds on an OOD benchmark, consistently outperforming default tool heuristics across all target metrics. Code publicly available at: \href{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SwiftCTS-7E6E}{https://github.com/BarsatKhadka/SwiftCTS}

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17.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2605.00924

StyleShield: Exposing the Fragility of AIGC Detectors through Continuous Controllable Style Transfer

Authors:

Guantian Zheng↗

arXiv:2605.00924v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: AI-generated content (AIGC) detectors are increasingly deployed in high-stakes settings such as academic integrity screening, yet their reliability rests on a fundamental paradox: as language models are trained on human-written corpora, the statistical boundary between AI and human writing will inevitably dissolve as models improve. Commercial incentives have further distorted this landscape – detection services and "de-AIification" tools often operate within the same supply chain, replacing evaluation of content quality with judgment of content origin. We present StyleShield, the first flow matching framework for conditional text style transfer, operating directly in continuous token embedding space via a DiT backbone with zero-initialized cross-attention adapters conditioned on frozen Qwen-7B representations. At inference, we adapt the SDEdit paradigm from image synthesis to text embeddings, with a single parameter gamma providing smooth continuous control over the evasion-preservation trade-off. On a multi-domain Chinese benchmark, StyleShield achieves 94.6% evasion against the training detector and >=99% against three unseen detectors, maintaining 0.928 semantic similarity. We further introduce RateAudit, a document-level scheduling algorithm that demonstrates detection-rate verdicts can be set to arbitrary values, directly questioning the reliability of score-based evaluation.

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18.

arXiv (math.PR) 2026-06-16 DOI: arXiv:2606.15432

A Concavity Theorem for the Parisi PDE

Authors:

Fu-Hsuan Ho↗

arXiv:2606.15432v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We prove that the map sending the diffusion profile to the solution of a time-changed Parisi PDE evaluated at time-space $(0,0)$ is concave. This result strengthens the raywise concavity result proven by Auffinger and Chen (2016). As an application, for the balanced multispecies Ising spin glasses, the lower bound of Bates and Sohn (2025) matches the Hopf-type upper bound given by the Hamilton–Jacobi framework developed by Mourrat, Chen and Xia.

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19.

arXiv (quant-ph) 2026-06-15 DOI: arXiv:2603.02818

Merged amplitude encoding for Chebyshev quantum Kolmogorov–Arnold networks: trading qubits for circuit executions

Authors:

Hikaru Wakaura↗

arXiv:2603.02818v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Quantum Kolmogorov–Arnold networks based on Chebyshev polynomials (CCQKAN) evaluate each edge activation function as a quantum inner product, creating a trade-off between qubit count and the number of circuit executions per forward pass. We introduce merged amplitude encoding, a technique that packs the element-wise products of all $n$ input-edge vectors for a given output node into a single amplitude state, reducing circuit executions by a factor of $n$ at a cost of only 1–2 additional qubits relative to the sequential baseline. The merged and original circuits compute the same mathematical quantity exactly; the open question is whether they remain equally trainable within a gradient-based optimization loop. We address this question through numerical experiments on 10 network configurations under ideal, finite-shot, and noisy simulation conditions, comparing original, parameter-transferred, and independently initialized merged circuits over 16 random seeds. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests show no significant difference between the independently initialized merged circuit and the original ($p > 0.05$ in 28 of 30 comparisons), while parameter transfer yields significantly lower loss under ideal conditions ($p < 0.001$ in 9 of 10 configurations). On 10-class digit classification with the $8\times8$ MNIST dataset using a one-vs-all strategy, original and merged circuits achieve comparable test accuracies of 53–78\% with no significant difference in any configuration. These results provide empirical evidence that merged amplitude encoding preserves trainability under the simulation conditions tested.

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20.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-16 DOI: HASH:5daac90617509dd60edf6472642e7dae

Supplementation with Arabinoxylan Dietary Fiber at Low Doses Produces Behavioral, Metabolic, and Gut Microbial Changes in Healthy, Overweight Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Authors:

Arreza↗A. C↗Wang↗Girard↗S.-A↗Foley↗K. A↗Baisley↗Recker↗Atif↗Ackermann↗H. S↗…

Background: Dietary fiber comprises a heterogeneous group of compounds with distinct physicochemical properties and biological effects. As such, functional outcomes observed for one fiber cannot be generalized to others. Some fermentable fibers, such as arabinoxylan, may exert biologically selective effects across multiple physiological domains, highlighting the need to evaluate individual ingredients for their domain-specific activity in controlled human studies. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, parallel, 3-arm, placebo-controlled trial, healthy, overweight adults were assigned to consume one of two low doses of an arabinoxylan dietary fiber (3.5g or 5g) or placebo over the intervention period. Self-reported appetite sensations were assessed as the primary outcome using validated visual analogue scales. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included lipid parameters, gastrointestinal outcomes, mood-related measures, and gut microbiota composition and fermentation-derived metabolites. Analyses were conducted in the full analysis set and a high-compliance population to assess responses under sustained intake conditions, as per the intended dosing regimen. Results: The primary endpoint of appetite sensations did not differ between either arabinoxylan group and placebo. In contrast, evidence of microbial fermentation and selective microbiota engagement was observed. These responses occurred alongside consistent and favorable changes in lipid parameters under conditions of sustained intake, including reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Additional outcomes, including gastrointestinal symptoms and mood, demonstrated domain-specific responses. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that supplementation with low doses of arabinoxylan dietary fiber elicit biologically selective, domain-specific effects across metabolic, microbial, gastrointestinal, and behavioral outcomes, particularly under conditions of sustained intake. These responses occurred independently of changes in appetite sensation, indicating that functional effects were not mediated through appetite-related pathways. Collectively, the findings highlight the ingredient's biological versatility and contextual responsiveness across physiological systems, and suggest its prebiotic potential through alignment with ISAPP's definition of a prebiotic, supporting further investigation of specific mechanistic pathways. Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06884449, identifier: NCT06884449

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21.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-15 DOI: HASH:0d90a2da2a3d2d78dece637f14838033

oxo-flow: compiled, memory-safe bioinformatics workflow orchestration

Authors:

Wang↗

Bioinformatics analyses depend on workflow engines to coordinate dozens of computational tools across complex dependency chains. The most widely adopted engines-Snakemake, Nextflow, the Common Workflow Language (CWL), and the Workflow Description Language (WDL)-run on interpreted or just-in-time (JIT) compiled language runtimes, incurring hundreds of milliseconds of startup latency and providing no compile-time safety guarantees from the host language. We developed oxo-flow, a workflow engine written in Rust that compiles to a single native binary. On an Apple M5 processor, oxo-flow parses, validates, and dry-runs a production-scale workflow in roughly 22 milliseconds-before Snakemake or Nextflow have finished loading their runtime environments. Peak memory usage is 16 megabytes, representing six- to seven-fold reductions relative to Snakemake and Nextflow. Dry-run latency is essentially independent of workflow size: a hundred-fold increase in rule count adds approximately 0.4 milliseconds. oxo-flow integrates 31 command-line tools, a REST interface with 60 endpoints, an embedded web application, and native cluster submission into a single 10-megabyte binary. It provides per-rule environment isolation across seven backends, checkpoint-based fault tolerance with cryptographic output verification, and a formal installation and operational qualification protocol for regulated laboratory environments. Ten curated workflows and three demonstration pipeline repositories are available. oxo-flow is freely available under Apache License 2.0 at https://github.com/Traitome/oxo-flow.

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22.

bioRxiv (Bioinfo) 2026-06-11 DOI: HASH:8c9495a74363d5e789c22e203a01cdd7

ANCHOR: haplotype-aware allelic and isoform inference from single-cell long-read RNA sequencing with de novo variant calling

Authors:

Fu↗Z.-C↗Zhang↗Yan↗Xu↗Yin↗Tao↗Lu↗Liang↗Wu↗Cui↗Hou↗…

Long-read RNA sequencing enables haplotype- and isoform-resolved allelic analysis of transcriptomes, yet extending this capability to single cells and distinct cell types remains computationally challenging due to sparse coverage, sequencing errors, incomplete variant information, and reference-biased transcript assignment. Here we present ANCHOR, a haplotype-aware framework for single-cell long-read RNA sequencing that performs de novo expressed-variant discovery, molecule-level haplotype assignment and isoform-resolved allelic quantification. ANCHOR combines a signed-graph variant caller, pair hidden Markov modelling and beta-binomial UMI aggregation to infer parental allele counts for genes and splice-resolved isoforms, without requiring a pre-existing phased genotype or deep learning. In human single-cell long-read RNA benchmarks, ANCHOR improved variant-calling performance over tested long-read RNA callers at single-cell and low-to-moderate coverage, and its beta-binomial model reduced depth-driven false positives in allele-specific expression testing. Applied to newly generated single-cell long-read RNA-seq data from reciprocal mouse crosses during gastrulation, ANCHOR resolved cell-type- and isoform-specific parent-of-origin imprinting and identified an antagonistic maternally biased Sgce isoform. ANCHOR provides a general framework for allele- and isoform-resolved analysis of diploid single-cell long-read transcriptomes.

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23.

arXiv (CS.LG) 2026-06-18 DOI: arXiv:2605.22845

A finite-element-inspired bipartite graph learned simulator for manufacturability assessment in large-deformation sheet forming

Authors:

Yingxue Zhao↗Haoran Li↗Haosu Zhou↗Tobias Pfaff↗Nan Li↗

arXiv:2605.22845v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Explicit dynamic finite element (FE) simulations are widely used for large deformation engineering analysis, but repeated simulations remain costly during design space exploration and optimisation. In explicit FE analysis, nodal kinematics and element level deformation measures evolve through coupled node element updates. This motivates graph learned simulators that approximate one step FE state transitions and roll them out autoregressively. However, many mesh based graph surrogates are node centred, which makes element level variables and native nodal elemental exchange less direct to represent. This work proposes CAttBiGNN, a cross attention based bipartite graph neural network for coupled nodal elemental learning. The graph represents FE mesh nodes and elements as distinct entities linked by directed node element edges, enabling nodal displacement increments and element level deformation states to be predicted on their native discretisation domains. An edge aware cross attention processor uses geometric edge embeddings to modulate directional node element message passing. For larger graphs, CAttBiUGNN combines the bipartite processor with graph downsampling and upsampling to improve long-range information propagation. The method is evaluated on dome shaped cold forming and corner shaped hot forming benchmarks. Comparisons with node centred baselines and bipartite and attention ablations show improved accuracy and balance in nodal displacement and elemental thinning prediction during autoregressive rollout. The results indicate that the proposed finite element inspired learned simulator can support manufacturability oriented field prediction and efficient design space exploration in large deformation sheet material forming.

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24.

arXiv (CS.AI) 2026-06-12 DOI: arXiv:2604.24806

Versioned Late Materialization for Ultra-Long Sequence Training in Recommendation Systems at Scale

Authors:

Liang Guo↗Ge Song↗Litao Deng↗Jianhui Sun↗Chufeng Hu↗Lu Zhang↗Zhen Ma↗Shouwei Chen↗Weiran Liu↗Sarang Masti Sreeshylan↗Xiaoxuan Meng↗Yanzun Huang↗…

arXiv:2604.24806v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Modern Deep Learning Recommendation Models (DLRMs) follow scaling laws with sequence length, driving the frontier toward ultra-long User Interaction History (UIH). However, the industry-standard "Fat Row" paradigm, which pre-materializes these sequences into every training example, creates a storage and I/O wall where data infrastructure usage exceeds GPU training capacity due to data redundancy that is amplified in multi-tenant environments where models with vastly different sequence length requirements share a union dataset. We present a versioned late materialization paradigm that eliminates this redundancy by storing UIH once in a normalized, immutable tier and reconstructing sequences just-in-time during training via lightweight versioned pointers. The system ensures Online-to-Offline (O2O) consistency through a bifurcated protocol that prevents future leakage across both streaming and batch training, while a read-optimized immutable storage layer provides multi-dimensional projection pushdown for heterogeneous model tenants. Disaggregated data preprocessing with pipelined I/O prefetching and data-affinity optimizations masks the latency of training-time sequence reconstruction, keeping training throughput compute-bound by GPUs. Deployed on production DLRMs, the system reduces training data infrastructure resource usage while enabling aggressive sequence length scaling that delivers significant model quality gains, serving as the foundational data infrastructure for modern recommendation model architectures, including HSTU and ULTRA-HSTU.

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25.

medRxiv (Medicine) 2026-06-16 DOI: HASH:ca6a8918f1a13cfc0bf3fdfd95ca52e0

The biological clock of multimorbidity: temporal dynamics of disease co-occurrence in primary care

Authors:

Sanchez-Valle↗Zambrana↗Navarro-Martinez↗Costa↗F. X↗Rocha↗L. M↗Cirillo↗Violan↗Valencia↗

Multimorbidity is the dominant clinical reality of primary care, yet the temporal dynamics governing when and how persistent comorbidity associations emerge remain poorly characterised. Most large-scale comorbidity studies adopt a single observation window after an index diagnosis, implicitly assuming that associations detectable at one year are equally detectable at five. Using 11 years of electronic health records from 5,821,197 individuals in Catalan primary care, we applied a matched cohort design across nine complementary follow-up windows, five cumulative (0-1 to 0-5 years) and four conditional (1-2 to 4-5 years), to 1,315 index diseases, identifying 144,030 significant directed comorbidity associations in the five-year network. We found that 60.1% of these associations required at least three years of follow-up and were undetectable in shorter-window analyses, demonstrating that observation window length is a primary determinant of which comorbidities can be observed. To organise this temporal heterogeneity, we introduce the biological clock of multimorbidity: a two-dimensional framework that positions ICD-10 disease categories according to their rates of cumulative signal attenuation and the persistence of conditional risk. This framework identifies four reproducible temporal patterns (episodic, chronic stable, chronic progressive, and transient-persistent) that are robust under bootstrap resampling, leave-one-disease-out sensitivity analysis, and alternative clustering approaches. The biological clock is systematically modulated by sex, with Blood/Immune and Musculoskeletal disorders showing the largest sex differences in temporal dynamics. Network analysis identified 19 disease "initiators" that generate broad downstream comorbidity burdens and 21 "sinks" representing convergent endpoints of multiple disease trajectories. Comparison with hospital-based Danish data from 6,909,676 individuals showed that shared associations were 2.7-fold enriched over chance expectation (hypergeometric test, p

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